Institute of Kiswahili Studies

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Ulinganisho wa vikundi nomino vya Kiswahili na Kivunjo
(Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 1976) Moshi, Lioba
Madhumuni ya tasnifu hii ni kujaribu kulinganisha lugha mbili za Kibantu:- Kivunjo lugha ya kuzaliwa na Kiswahili lugha ya pili. Katika lugha hizi mbili, uchunguzi wake bado ni duni sana, kwa hiyo mengi yatakayojitokeza ni kutokana na juhudi za kibinafsi katika kutafuta na kupekuwa maandishi mbalimbali kuhusu lugha kwa ujumla nay ale machache yaliyowahi kuandikwa kuhusu Kiswahili na lugha nyingine za Kibantu. Mengine pia yametokana na watumiaji wa lugha hizi, mimi binafsi nikiwa mmojawapo. Watumiji wa lugha ya Kiswahili ni wakazi wa Tanzania na baadhi ya nchi za jirani. Niliohusu nao hapa ni watanzania tu. Watumiaji wa Kivunjo ni kikundi cha wachagga waishio kwenye miteremko yam lima Kilimanjaro katika wilaya ya Moshi, katikati ya wilaya za Hai na Rombo. Wenyewe hawakiiti Kivunjo, bali “Kianjo” kutokana na wakazi wake, Waanjo. Hawa ni watu waishio sehemu za Kirua, Kilema, Marangu, Mamba na Mwika. Wamochi wakaao sehemu ijulikanayo kama “Old Moshi” nao pia hutumia kilugha hiki ingawaje tofauti zilizopo kati ya watumiaji wa sehemu hizi nyingine. Tofauti hizo sitaziingilia katika tasnifu hii ila nitajishughulisha na Kivunjo kama watumiavyo Waanjo wa Kirua Vunjo – sehemu Kivunjo na Kiswahili. Hii itafanyika kama ifuatavyo. 1. Uchunguzi kuhusu ngeli za majina. Hapa dhana mbalimbali za wanaisimu zimejitokeza . Nadharia iliyotumika hasa ni ile ya upatanisho wa Kisarufi na utumiaji hasa ni ile ya upatanisho wa Kisarufi na utumiaji wa namba, kuainisha ngeli hizo. Vipengele vinginevyo vihusuvyo dhana ya ngeli pia vimejadiliwa. Matatizo yatajitokeza katika uchambuzi huu hasa katika Kivunjo ingawaje hayataelezwa kwa kirefu sana. 2. Uchambuzi wa vikundi nomino vyenyewe katika usawia wa vipashio muhimu K (Kisifio) Sh (Shina) na S (sifa).Sehemu hii ndio itakayokuwa muhimu kwa sababu inahusika zaidi katika tasnifu hii katika kivajadili vikundi nomino vya lugha hizi mbili: Nadharia ya “Scale and Categories of Grammar” ya Halliday (1961) ndio itakayotumika katika kujaribu kutekeleza lengo hili. Matatizo yatokanayo nayo yataelezwa pahitajipo. 3. Mahitimisho –sehemu hii itaonyesha marejeo ya kazi yote na kujaribu kuzilinganisha lugha hizi mbili: Muundo na mpangilio wa vikundi nomino ndiyo mambo yatakayo shughulikiwa katika ulinganisho huu, ulingano na tofati zikionyeshwa kwa maelezo mafupi iwezekanavyo. Kufaulu na kutofaulu ni sehemu ndogo pia itakayojitokeza hapa katika kuchambua vikundi nomino na vipashio vyake kwa kutumia nadharia itakayopendekezwa. Sababu zilizokuwa dhahiri zitatajwa, pasipowezekana, mapendekezo yatatolewa.
Mabadiliko katika fasihi simulizi ya wagogo
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1977) Balisidya, May L.Y.
Tasnifu hii ina 1engo la kuonyesha kuwa. ingawaje fasihl simulizi hutumiwa na jamii kisanaa kujieleza na hivyo kuielekeza na kuiendesha, hujengwa, na ni zao la jamii hiyo na mabadiliko yake. kwa hivi hutokea kuwa Itabadilika pamoja na jamii na katika kubadilika huku, itadhihirisha yale mabadiliko yanayoifika jamii, Fasihi simulizi haiachani na mwenendo wa jamii katika nyakati na maendeleo yake. ina ukongwe katika upokezi wa sanaa yenyewe, kama sanaa nyingine, hii sanaa iendayo wakati. Pia ni lengo la tasnifu hii kuuzingatia umiliki wa jamii wa fasihi simulizi na nafasi ya fanani wa fasihi hiyo katika jamii. Fasihi simulizi ni mali ya jamii kidhamira na kiutoaji, na kila mtu ana fursa ya kumilikl na kuzitumia tanzu mbali mbali. Fasihi hii ina fanani wake ambao hupewa hadhi kutegemea na nafasi inayopewa fasihi wanayo jihusishanayo l/ Tafasi ipewayo fasihi hiyo hutegemea dhima yake katika jamii yenyewe na jinsi gani fanani anaiwezesha fasihi hiyo kuitekeleza dhima hiyo. kwa hivi fasihi na fanani wake wataangaliwa katika nafasi na dhima yao katika nyakati mbali mbali za mabadiliko ya jamli. Kwa vile hivi sasa fani nyingi za fasihi hii zimo katika Lugha za makabila, iIi kuyakinisha kazi ya tasniîu hii, jamii ya Wagogo Imeteuliwa kufanylwa uchunguzi. lakini, hata huko Ugogonl, fani za fasihi Birnulizi zimetarnba katika: nathari, ushairl na semi kiasi kwamba kuziinglza zote katika tasnifu hii kutakuwa ni kurudufu mambo yanayozungumziwa kwa hivi, tanzu moja tu imeteuliwa kuehunguzwa ili inasibishe hoja zilizotolewa hapo juu. Tanzu hii ni hadithi. ”Hadithi” kwa mujibu wa tasnifu hii ni tanzu nzima ya fasihî simulizl ambayo inazo fani mbali mbali ndani yake. Hadîthi, Itakuwa ni aina ya faslhi inayojihusisha na usimulizi katika umbo Ia nathari (Iugha ya ujazo ya maongezi ya kila siku). Usimulizi ambao hupangwa katika mtiririko wa vituko unaokamilisha kisa/visa 2 fulani. igawanyo huu umetokana na mijadala ya Mwaka wa III, Idara ya Kiswahill Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam 1975/76. Ruth Finnegan katike oral Literature in Africa, The Clarendon Press. oxford,1970 anagawanya Sasihi Simul izi katika sehemu tatu: Ushairi, Nathari na Fani Nyingżnezo. Fani ya Semi kwą muujibu wa tasniîu hii ni tungo fupi fupi zenye uzito wa taswira, aghalebu zenye mafunzo na maadili mathalan:methali, misemo, nahau, misimu vitendawili n.k. Kisa ina maana ya mfu1ulizo wa vituko unaokamilisha maelezo juu ya tukio fulani, Wahusika ndio nyenzo zitumiwazo (kwa kutenda, kutendewa na kujengwa kusimamia hali maridhawa za binadamu). Wao huzungumza, huzungumziwa na huzungumzishwa katika lengo la kutoa dhamira, maadili, ujumbe na falsafa zitakiwazo na mtunzi wa hadithi. kwa dhana hii, hadithi Ugogoni ina maumbo matatu: Simo Nghomo na Mbazi. Hata katika uteuzi wa tanzu hii, kulitafiti şuala la fasihi simulizi kama hilivyooneshwa, fani mbili tu zimeteuliwa kushughulikiwa, nazo ni Simo na Nghono. Hizi zinechaguliwa kwa vile ndizo kuu katika tanzu hii. Mbazi hazitashughulikiwa na tasnifu hii kwani si maarufu sana za huondokea kutungwa papo kwa papo zaidi kutegemea ufundi wa binafsi katika mazingira yanayo husika. mifano itakayotuniwa katika tasnifu hii itatolewa katika tafsiri sisisi iIi isipoteze ladha, usanii na maana yale katika Kigogo. tafsiri sabilia itakapotumiwa, ni pale tu ambapo kwa ajili ya kuapata maudhui kiujumla, pamelazimika kutolewa. ufupisho wa mfano mzima. Tasnifu yenyewe itagawanyika katika sehemu zifuatazo: Utangulizl: ambayo jamii ya Wagogo itaangaliwa katika muundo, mahusiano yake,historia na mazingira yake. Sehemu I Dhana ya hadithi kama Inavyoeleweka kwa Wagogo itazingatiwa na kugawanywa katika sura mbili kufuatana na fani zenyewe za hadithi. Sura ya Kwanza: Simo Sura ya Pill: Nghomo Sehemu II Kiini cha tasnifu hii kitakuwa hapa. Mabadiliko katika hadithi yataangaliwa kwa kugawanya sehemu hii katika sura tatu. Sura ya Kwanza: Mabadiliko katika Dhamana na Dhima ya hadithi.
A comparative study of Ruri, Jita and Kwaya languages of the Eastern shores of Lake Nyanza
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1977) Massamba, David Phineas Bhukanda
In this work a comparative study of Ruri, Jita and Kwaya “languages” of the eastern shores of Lake Nyanza, in Musoma District, has been made. The aim is to try to establish whether these so-called “languages” are really separate languages or are mere dialects of one common (parent) language. The introductory part of the work surveys the existing views as regards to these “languages” and their validity. Section II mainly concerns the methodological approach. Section III is an overview of previous classification of these “language” Vs ‘Dialect’ with a view to shading more light to the work intended. Section V embodies the main body of the work. Under this a comparison of two major items has been made: (a) A set of lexical items (b) A set of grammatical items. The work contains an Appendix at the end. These are samples of tenses.
The locative in Vunjo
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Mcha, Yohana
This study is an attempt at characterising the LOCATIVE category in Kivunjo language. The work is in two parts. Part one describes the semantic features associated with the concept of place and examines how these senses are surfaced in the expressions of place in Kivunjo. Place can be conceived of in many different ways depending on how we treat place. The static man and dynamic man view place differently. Many more diversified views would result from the conception of place depending on whether place is static or dynamic. Generally however, any conception of place would reflect the following important features. Place must be considered in terms of the up-down, left-right, back-front near-far, inside-outside opposition. Also important are the static-dynamic relations of place. If the dynamic aspects are taken count of, then place will be considered as a goal, a source or a path of an object. This study considers how Kivunjo reflects some of these semantic distinctions in the locative expressions. The morphological and syntactic modulations of the locative in Kivunjo have a strong bearing towards the Proto-Bantu locative cases. The description reveals that like most other Bantu languages, Kivunjo derives locatives from the Proto-Bantu locative classes 16 and 17. The HA and KU locative markers find reflexes in Kivunjo and their semantic coverage has been retained. MU is not reflexed in Kivunjo to cover the inside locational relations. Locative suffix-NYI which would have logically covered the inside locational relations in the absence of the MU class in Kivunjo assumes much greater semantic coverage than the Proto-Bantu INYI. Furthermore several other forms that bear no morphological resemblances to the Proto Bantu forms are cited in the study. Kivunjo therefore utilizes the HA and KU classes concords, the NYI suffix, bare substantives and other complex constructions in the locative expression. Part two describes the syntactic characteristics of the locative in Kivunjo. It focuses on the two grammatical categories of subject of an object of in sentences where the locatives are involved. It therefore goes about showing that the Locatives can function as subject and object of sentences in Kivunjo. Traditional studies about sentence structure assume that every sentence structure must have a nominal subject. Locatives are not nominals according to these studies. Locatives answer the question “where”. Place constructions would therefore normally function as adverbials of place in sentence structure. Although the same studies would accept “Moshi, the market and similar place names as nominals, they still consider them nominals of the lower order; i.e., they do not refer to entities of the first order (Lyons:1977). In surface sentence structure these place names can function as subjects of sentences, as in: (1a) Moshi is cold. Loc. + COPULA + a (2a). The market has a lot of people. Loc v object According to the theory of immediate constituents, these sentences have locative subjects. They are the left most occurring elements in the sentence structures, and they are also the topics or the Themes of the sentences, and they are also the agreement (singular subject, singular verb) in the sentences in which they occur. But transformational grammarians claim that these sentences can be paraphrased in the following way: 1b. There is coldness in Moshi. 2b. There are a lot of people at the market. According to transformationalists, the strings in 1a. and 2a. are not kernel sentences because of the fact that they could be paraphrased as 1b and 2b. The use of There in both cases to stand for the absent subjects is a further proof that the locatives in 1a and 2a are not subjects of the sentences. The author goes about showing that the grammatical category of subject hood can be occupied by the locative in Kivunjo. Since in Kivunjo, as in any other Bantu languages, all nominals 1 functioning as subjects control all grammatical agreement in the sentences they occur, the feature belonging to the locative class is copied onto any piece it governs, as the subject of the sentence. The object slot in sentence structure is occupied by nominal. Leech (1975) writes on objects saying: a) Like the subject, the object of a clause is a noun phrase; or a nominal clause b) The object usually refers to the person or thing etc., affected by the action of the verb. c) The object normally follows the verb phrase. (page 256). Since the exercise on showing that the locatives can function as subjects of sentences has yield positive results, providing that the locative can function as the object of the sentence is not difficult. The study fulfills the three conditions proposed by Leech above. Section 2:2 focuses on the Locative under major syntactic rules. The rules selected are those that would involve the grammatical categories of subject and object, of sentences. These rules are Passivisation, Topicalization, Relativization, Pronominalization and Tough Movement. According to Keenan (1976) in his Accessibility Hierarchy, the subject and the object of a sentence can easily be relativized, passivized, pronominalized, topicalized and tough moved. The claim is proved positively in this study. This study will be useful in two ways. First it is one of the earliest attempts to describe Kivunjo syntax, a field which is relatively untouched. The findings will provoke the interest of other scholars who might be interested in the field and especially those who might have better ideas on the Kivunjo language. Secondly, the findings might be a contribution to the field of syntactical analyses of languages in an attempt to pinpoint those features in the syntax of world languages that are universal. Methodological note: The work is mainly based on the author’s intuition about her own language backed by wide library research. Views have been drawn from important authors on Bantu languages and other linguists of the world. A few but limited contacts were made with other speakers of Kivunjo especially on the first part of the study. A note on Tone in Kivunjo. In Kivunjo, Tone is phonemic. There are two tones, falling tone and rising tone. In this study, tone will not be marked.
Tamthilia ya kiswahili na mabadiliko ya dhamira
(Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 1979) Kiango, Saifu David
Thanifu hii itojadili mabadiliko ya dhamira katika tamthilia za Kiswahili kati ya 1957 na 1975 kwa kutumia mtindo wa uchambuzi wa nadharia ya kihadhira. Mazigowanya dhamira za tamthiria hizo katika mafungu mawili. La kwanza ni zile tamthilia zilizoandikwa katika kipindi cha kabla ya uhuru (1957 hadi 1961) na la pili ni lile la tamthilia zilizoandikwa katika kipindi cha uhuru na baada ya uhuru. Tasnifu hii itajadili kuwa dhamira za tamthilia za kipindi cha kabla ya uhuru hazikushughulikia migogoro halisi ya jamii ya wakati ule, ana kwamba baadhi ya tamthilia za kipindi hicho zilijaribu kuonyesha mabadiliko ya uchumi kutoka ule wa asili hadi wa ukoloni, lakini tamthilia hizi hazionyeshi wazi wazi athari za ubepari. Aidha itajadili kwamba dhamira za tamthilia za kipindi cha uhuru na baada ya uhuru zilijadili matatizo mhimu ya baada ya uhuru na kuwa zinaonyesha wazi wazi mfumo na uchumi wa ujamaa. Sura ya kwanza itajadili mijadala ya tasinifu na stindo wa uchambuzi wa nadharia ya kidhamira ambao ndio utakaotumiwa katika tasnifu hii. Sura ya pili itahusu uhakiki uliokwisha fanywa na wahakiki wengine kuhusiana na tanmthilia zitakazochambuliwa katika tasnifu hii. Itaonyesha kuwa wengi wa wahakiki tahakiki zao zimekuwa za tamthilia moja moja na za jumla; hazikuwa na lengo la kujadili dhamira peke yake. Aidha itaonyesha kuwa hatak wahakiki waliojadili Zaidi ya tamthiia moja uchambuzi wao haukuhusu kipengele cha dhamira peke yake, na kwamba uchambuzi wao waliofanya kuhusu dhamira haukuonyesha mabadiliko ya dhamira katika nyakati mbali mbali. Sura ya tatu itajadili dhamira za tamthilia za kipindi cha kabla ya uhuru. Itajadili kuwa dhamira za kipindi hiki hazikuhusisha matatizo mhimu na makubwa ya wakati huo; na kwamba zile zilizojaribu kuonyesha athari za ukoloni mkonge na mfumo wa kibepari majaribio haya hayakufanikiwa kwa sababu ya kutumia mtindo wa vichekesho, madhuminui ya tamthilia za maandishi katika kuandika tamthilia hizo. Sura ya nne itachambua tamthilia za kipindi cha uhuru na baada ya uhuru, itajadili ya kwamba tamthilia za wakati huo zilihusisha matatizo halisi ya jami ya wakati huo. Itahusu dhamira za utamaduni na ukombozi. Itaonyesha kwamba tamthilia zenye dhamira ya utamaduni zitaonyesha athari ya ukombozi na kumulika madhara ya mfumo wa kibepari. Kuhusu dhamira ya ukombozi surah ii itaonyesha umuhimu uliowekwa katika itikadi, moja, silaha na mbinu za kivita. Sura ya tano itajadili dhamira ya ujenzi wa jamii mpya. Itaonyesha kwamba kimsingi mgogoro uliopo ni ule wa misingi ya ubepari dhidi ya ujamaa na kuonyesha jitihada inayofanywa na waandishi wa tamthilia katika ujenzi wa jamii mpya na matatizo yanayotokana na jitihada zao. Sura ya sita itakuwa ni hitimisho la tasnifu. Itatoa muhutaasari wa yote yaliyojadiliwa na kuonyesha mwelekeo ambao tamthilia za Kiswahili zimeelekea katika jamii.
A study of tense and aspect in Shambala
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1985) Besha, Ruth Mfumbwa
TENSE and ASPECT as grammatical categories have long been the subject of theoretical and emprical studies by linguists, anthropologists and philosophers. The present study which investigates the manifestation of Tense and Aspect in Shambala is a further contribution to those efforts. It attempts to disentangle some of the key issues involved in the area in the light of what obtains in Shambala. The study is modelled on Reichenbach’s (1947) Scheme of Temporal relationships which rests on the idea that temporal relationships encoded in natural languages can be accounted for by the relations which hold between Speech Time: Event Time: Reference Point. Reichenbach’s scheme is modified to take account of the basic theoretical principle underlying this study that “every identifiable grammatical form is assumed to have one basic meaning”. This was necessitated by the need to distinguish clearly which among the many markers of the verb-group in Shambala are tense markers, which are aspect markers, and which are manifestations of other grammatical categories. In order to identify the tense markers the “adverbial test” is developed as a basic methodological tool. Thus the various tense forms are arrived at by considering the co-occurrence relationships between the verb forms and the temporal adverbials. The study is organized into seven main chapters and a short eighth chapter of concluding remarks. In the Introductory Chapter, the aim and objectives of the study are stated and the methods used to collect and analyze the data are discussed. The second chapter contains a broad sketch of the major phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Shambala. The verb-group is given lengthy treatment here, partly because it is complex and partly because it is the carrier of various grammatical markers including those of tense and aspect. Chapter three examines two categories of literature on Tense and Aspect. Section one examines literature that deals with Tense and Aspect from an essentially “sentential” point of view. Section two is concerned with literature that incorporates the role of “context” in the study of Tense and Aspect. Chapter four examines critically the key concepts used in this study and proposes definitions which it is hoped, clarify what has been unclear in many studies of Tense and Aspect. In Chapter Five the Tense Forms are discussed. The adverbial test is used to identify the various tense forms. The distributional constraints of the various forms are discussed and the characterisation of each form proposed. The Chapter further discusses how the tense forms interact with the temporal adverbials to specify the actual TIME of events. Aspect forms are discussed in Chapter Six where they are identified and characterised. The role of the adverbials and auxiliary verbs in expressing various aspectual distinctions is highlighted. Chapter Seven illustrates how the tense and aspect forms interact in actual discourse. It demonstrates the complimentarity between the sentential and the contextual factors in the use of tense and aspect forms. The concluding chapter contains several observations. The study shows that it is possible to reduce substantially the chances of overlap between tense and aspect forms at the grammatical level by adopting the principle of one form one meaning. Secondly the study has tried to show that while tense is a temporal grammatical category, the actual time of events is only established by the co-occurrence relationships holding between the tense forms and the temporal adverbials. Thirdly the study has tried to show that Shambala has limited grammaticalised aspectual distinctions; that many of the aspectual oppositions are manifested through the co-occurrence relationships between the tense forms and various lexical units in the language. Fourthly the study has tried to demonstrate that the use of present tenses in recounting past events can be successfully accounted for by employing the concept of different anchorage points for events in a communicative act.
The use of ka in Pemba Swahili variety
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1988) Mshindo, H. B.
Much has been done on Swahili structure. The present work is a further contribution to earlier efforts. In this work, we attempt to study the uses of the morpheme ka in Pemba Swahili variety using the Hallidayan theoretical model of cohesion. This morpheme in the named Swahili variety has not been discussed fully anywhere by earlier scholars. The data used are transcribed oral texts. This work is organized in five chapters. The first chapter presents the background to the study. It introduces the work by giving brief accounts of the theoretical framework and methodological procedures followed in the study. The second chapter reviews earlier studies on ka. In it previous characterization of the morpheme by other scholars is discussed. It is pointed out that there are inadequacies in their description of this morpheme. Chapter three provides preparatory information that will enable the reader of the thesis to understand better the data analysed in Chapter Four. This morphological analysis of the verb group done in chapter three highlights some differences existing between some verbal morphemes in this variety and their counterparts in standard variety. Throughout Chapter Four we have tried to justify our claim made in Chapter One that ka in Pemba Swahili variety acquires its meaning by establishing cohesive relationship with other linguistic elements in the structure. Before that we established the types of ka present in the discussed variety. In Chapter Five the major findings are noted namely, in Pemba Swahili variety there are two types of ka both though cohesion. In this chapter, we also note some morphemes present in this Swahili variety which need t be investigated further as their description in the previous studies, this one inclusive, leaves much to be desired.
The structure of Kiswahili sentences: a transformational generative approach
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1990) Mgullu, Richard S
This study is an attempt to make a precise structural analysis of Kiswahili sentences within the paradigm of Transformational Generative Theory. Chapter one is an introduction to this study. It includes, among other things, a brief account of the origins and development of Kiswahili, the statement of problem, objectives, and hypotheses. It also includes the review of literature, the theoretical framework and the methodology. Chapter two is devoted to the simple sentence in Kiswahili. The simple sentence is discussed by using its immediate constituents; the simple noun-phrase and the simple verb-phrase. The central thesis here is that the structure of a simple sentence depends, to a larger extent on the type of the verb which is used in a particular sentence. We illustrate how intransitive, intensive, monotransitive and ditransitive verbs affect the final structure of the simple sentence. It is finally concluded that a simple sentence must not have any coordination or subordination. Chapter three deals with the compound sentence. A very clear link between the compound and the simple sentence is established. The link is that a compounds sentence is an outcome of the coordination of two or more simple sentences. The transformations which are involved in the coordination of simple sentences are discussed. We conclude this chapter by positing a condition that a compound sentence must not contain any embedded sentence. Chapter four deals with the complex sentence in Kiswahili. It is established that the complex sentence is clearly distinguished from the other types of sentences in view of the fact that the complex sentence - and only the complex sentences - contain embedded sentences which are subordinate to their matrix sentences. The conclusion which is drawn in Chapter Five is that a Transformational model is very useful in any sound discussion on the structure of Kiswahili sentences, when one considers its ability to characterize the intrinsic linguistic competence of the speakers.
A study of the morphophonology of standard Kiswahili, Kipemba, Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1991) Maganga, Clement
This study investigates whether identical morphemes undergo similar or different phonological processes at identical morpheme boundaries in four Kiswahili dialects, namely, Standard Kiswahili, Kipemba, Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi. The theoretical model which is used in this study is generative phonology and the basic postulate of generative dialectology. The study is organized into six chapters. The first chapter, which is introductory, provides the background to the study. It states the problem, defines its scope, and articulates the objectives of the study. It also presents the hypotheses to be tested and the theoretical framework within which the discussion will be conducted. The methodology used in data collection and analysis is also discussed in this chapter. The four subsequent chapters discuss the major phonological processes which occur in the four Kiswahili dialects. Each dialect is examined separately under the following main sub-headings: underlying segments, pronominal prefixes, pronominal orphophonologica processes, noun classes, verb extensions and nominal deriva-tions. The sixth chapter attempts to synthesize the similarities and differences that have been observed in these dialects. The study shows that all the four dialects use the same inventory of sound segments and the same underlying forms for the prefixes whose underlying shapes are: /(C)u/, /(C)a/, /(C)i/ and /N/. The post-radical affixes are also basically the same in the four dialects. However, different tense aspect markers can be observed in the past and perfective affirmative verb forms, and the present, past and consequential negative verb forms. Seventeen phonological process which are governed by twenty different rules have been identified in this study. The major processes are glide formation (Rules 1, 2, 7 and 8); vowel deletion (Rules 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b); vowel harmony in the verb extensions (Rule 14); Palatalization.(Ru 11), place assimilation and nasal syllabification (Rules 12a and 12b), and neutralization(Rule 13) of the classes 9 and 10 nominal prefix /N/; and spirantization (Rule 15) and sibilantization (Rule 16) in nominal derivations. By making explicit the rules governing the occurrences of these processes in the different dialects, the study was able to provide a more accurate and systematic characterization of each of the four dialects. This can best be illustrated by referring to the two most common phonological processes, that is glide formation and vowel deletion. In Kipemba, glide formation is restricted to specific nominal stems which begin with nonback vowels while in the other three dialects, it always occurs whenever the /(C)u/ and /(C)i/ prefixes are immediately followed by non-high vowels or a high vowel with the opposite value for the feature [back]. In both Standard Kiswahili and Kipemba: (a) vowel deletion is restricted to specific nominal stems, while in Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi it occurs before both nominal and verb stems, (b) only one type of vowel coalescence occurs whereby /a + i/- [S] (Rule 6), while in Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi there are two types, namely, /a + i /- [å]and /a + u/-[É] (Rule 19 ). In standard Kiswahili, Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi, the prefix /mu/ undergoes vowel deletion -cumnasal syllabification before consonant initial morphemes, while in Kipemba, this prefix as well as the prefix /ni/ and the tense/aspect marker + na + undergo vowel deletion, nasal syllabification and place assimilation in a similar environment (Rules 17a and 17b). Assibilation - cum - vowel deletion in the prefix /ki/ (Rules 10 and 9) only occur in standard Kiswahili, Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi but not in Kipemba, where glide formation occurs instead. Finally, the study has shown that standard Kiswahili and Kipemba are closer to each other than they are to Kitumbatu and Kimakunduchi which are also very much alike.
Mabadiliko ya kijamii na riwaya ya upelelezi Tanzania
(Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 1991) Kimura, Eiko
Riwaya ya upelelezi ni fani ya fasihi ambayo imetokea kuenea na kupendwa sana duniani. Riwaya hiyo ilianzia ulaya na marekani katika karne ya 19, na ilifika Africa katikati ya karne hii. Riwaya ya kwanza ya upelelezi katika lugha ya Kiswahili, mzimu wa watu wa kale, iliandikwa na M.s. Abdulla mwaka 1957. Tangu wakati huo, riwaya za upelelezi zimechapishwa kwa wingi Tanzania. Hasa katika miaka ya 1970-1980. Tasnifu hii inajaribu kuchambua sababu za kupendwa na kuenea kwake nchini Tanzania. Tasnifu inatetea hoja kuwa riwaya ya upelelezi inazuka wakati huu kutokana na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi na kijamii yaliyotokea wakati wa ukoloni na baada ya ukoloni. Mabadiliko hayo ni pamoja na kupanuka kwa shughuli za kiuchumi na kijamii, hasa kuongezeka kwa viwanda na kuenea kwa elimu ya msingi nay a watu wazima, kuongezeka kwa watu,kukua kwa miji, kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na athari ya lugha na tamaduni za kigeni. Wahusika na maudhui ya riwaya za upelelezi yanaekuwa yakibadilika kufuatana na mabadiliko hayo ya kijamii riwaya za mwanzo za M.S. Abdulla zilisawiri mpelelezi binafsi aliyechunguza uhalifu uliowahusu watu wa matabaka ya juu huko Zanzibar. Riwaya za miaka ya 1960 na 1970 ziliwatumia wapelelezi wa dola (polisi na kachero) ambao walichunguza uhalifu utendekao mijini, hasa mauaji, wizi na ujambazi. Na riwaya za miaka ya 1990 zimeanza kuvuka nje ya mipaka ya Tanzania na kusimulia habari za ujasusi wa kimataifa. Kupendwa kwa riwaya hii kimsingi kulitokana na sababu au sifa za ndani za riwaya hiyo. Sifa hizo ni za kifani na za kimaudhui. Kifani, riwaya ya upelelezi inawavutia watu kwa kuwa ina athari kubwa ya fasihi simulizi (ambayo wasomaji wengi wameizoea) kimuudo na katika mbinu inazozitumia. Vilevile riwaya hiyo huvutia kutokana na taharuki, ucheshi na utamu wa lugha yake. Kimaudhui, riwaya ya upelelezi inaakisi mtazamo na mawazo ya mwanajamii wa kawaida kuhusu masuala ya uhalifu, dhuluma, urithi, tamaa, mapenzi na mapenzi haramu. Funzo lake kuwa “uhalifu haulipi” hukubalika kwa urahisi kwa wasomaji wengi, na hasa kwa watawala na viongozi wa dini. Baadhi ya riwaya zinakwenda mbele Zaidi na kutoa mawazo yahusuyo ukombozi. Kutokana na sifa hizo riwaya ya upelelezi kwa kiasi Fulani ni kioo cha jamii iliyopo, hasa ile ya mijini. Aidha ina dhima ya kufunza, kuadibu, kukuza lugha na kusahihisha jamii. Wakati huo huo, inasaidia kuburudisha watu na kuleta hali ya Amani na utangamano katika jamii.
A study of syntax of Kiswahili verbs
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1994) Kihore, Y. M
This study is an investigation of various syntactic aspects of the verbal category formation phenomenon in Kiswahili, a Bantu language. This phenomenon involves a constellation of various morphological elements appearing as prefix(es), root and suffix(es) which create verbal structural formations that form core of various sentence constructions. Each of the elements in the sets of morphological categories in question possesses some syntactic cases which become more apparent only in the context of a combination pattern of various such elements. This situation was, previously, taken to manifest an "inextricable link" between two linguistic domains - morphology and syntax. However, the various analyses undertaken in this study reveal that it is the morphological elements themselves that become inextricably linked to yield categories that are accessible to syntactic rules. The Kiswahili syntactic structures resulting from various combinations of such elements are introduced in Chapter one. In this chapter also Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) - the theoretical framework to be applied in this study - is introduced showing its basic concepts and analytical devices. The section on GPSG also incorporates literature review of contributions by the proponents of this framework. This is followed by the consideration of various aspects of the morphological elements involved in verbal structural formations and samples of their combination patterns in Chapter two. In chapters three, four and five, the three construction types earmarked for treatment are fully investigated and the rules formulated far discrete representations of their various structural types. The construction types in question are categorized as Basic, Compound and Complex verbal constructions. Chapter six is a conclusion drawing on the findings of the study and their implications for Kiswahili syntactic studies, syntactic theory in general and the framework used.
The significance of the journey in folk tales from Zanzibar.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1997) Senkoro, Fikeni Eliesikia Mwalili Kiondo
This thesis attempts to decode the journey in the Zanzibar folk tale in order to reveal its structural, psychological and, to some extent, ideological significance. The main part of the thesis takes off by making an analysis of the physical movement of a hero or heroine. It does so by subdividing the route of the journey into different loci and curves. Attention is paid to Locus A (departure point), Curve AB (the outgoing curve) and Locus B (arrival point). Although in some tales Curve BA (the return arc) and a new Locus A are present, the above-mentioned Loci and curve are indicated as the stable points in the journey folk tale from Zanzibar which, in their general terms, can sometimes be transferable from one tale to another. The subsequent sections of the thesis show how the journey motif goes beyond the spatial movement. The thesis asks and attempts to answer the question: Why does a character go on a journey? Does such character reveal himself or herself through that journey? In answering these and other similar questions, the thesis shows that the journey sheds a lot of light on the character's social concerns, so that through it the growing-up process is illustrated; human existence is explained, and conflict is managed and resolved metaphorically.
Kiburi kinavyoficha unyonge: mifano kutoka riwaya za C.S.L Chachage
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Adachi, Fumiko
Kiburi hujitokeza kwa ajili ya unyonge . hili ni dai la mwanasaikolojia A. aldler. Kutokana na wazo lake, ni kwamba kila mtu akiwa na hisia ya unyonge, anajaribu kupambana na kuishinda hali hiyo. Lakini hisia ya unyonge ikiwa kubwa, mwenye unyonge anatafuta jinsi ya kuuficha unyonge wake na kuonesha ubora zaidi kutokana na hofu ya kushindwa na hisia hiyo. Hivyo ndivyo kiburi kinavyojijenga ndani ya mtu. Katika riwaya ya Chachage, tunaona wahusika wenye kiburi kutokana na elimu zao, utajiri wao, madaraka yao, na kadhalika. Tasnifu hii inaangalia jisni hawa ahusika wanavyotumia kiburi kwa kuuficha unyonge wao, ambao unatokea kutokana na malezi yasiyofaa, aumatatizo kwenye uhusiano katika familia au jamii. Hali kadhalika, Adler anaeleza kwamba wenye kiburi wanaangalia manufaa yao wenyewe tu bila kuwajali watu wengine. Lakini anadai kwamba watu hao wakiguswa na hisia za watu wengine au hisia za jamii, wanaweza kubadilika. Tasnifu hii inachunguza mabadiliko ya wahusika wenye kiburi yanasawiria vipi katika riwaya za chachage. Kwa kufanya hivyo, tunaelewa zaidi dhima ya kiburi, umuhimu wa uhusiano mzuri katika kukipiga vita kiburi katika jamii, na mchango wa riwaya za Chachage katika jam
Investigating sociolinguistic aspects of place names in Ruhaya in north-western Tanzania
(University of Dar es Slaam, 2010) Buberwa, Adventina
This dissertation reports on the design and findings of a qualitative study of the sociolinguistic factors behind the adoption of place names in the Ruhamba dialect of Ruhaya, a language spoken in north-western Tanzania. The study adopted Discourse Analysis approaches, drawing on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) traditions (Dijk, 2001), with special emphasis on the Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969). The study was based on the assumption that naming relies on phenomena such as socio-economic authority, as well as social dominancy and status, otherwise called power relations. These would be reflected in what the name was derived from in the appropriate time and place (appropriate context). The study findings suggest that Ruhaya place names have meanings which tend to be derived from phenomena such as fauna, flora, crops raised, habitation information, natural terrain and activities carried out in the area to which the name is given. Ruhaya place names also tend to have meanings relating to parts of the human body such as hip, nape, tongue, bald, breasts and heart. It was also observed that Ruhaya place names tended to change overtime due to either change relating to the phenomenon from which the name was derived (i.e. the loss of quality, decrease in quantity or perishing), leadership shifts as well as shifts in human habitation. The change could also be occasioned by shifts relating to what the given community considered to be influential events from time to time. Overall, it is observed that place names were not arbitrary labels but were connected with particular social-cultural phenomena such as community heroes or persons who made notable contributions to the society or people who had achieved particular notoriety or events that had come to be considered unique.
Breaking cultural barriers of HIV/AIDS intransigence through theatre: an examination of theatre-against-AIDS interventions in Kenya
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Mwita, Mahiri
In the beginning of the 21st century, HIV-AIDS prevention programs declared that ‘almost everyone in Kenya knows about AIDS and how deadly it is’. However, emerging statistics continued to report rising rates of infection, presenting a new challenge that this universal awareness was not translating into decline in the spread of the disease. This intransigence has been blamed on cultural stigma that inhibits people’s openness to be associated with AIDS and its services. In the search for innovative preventions to target this stigma, theatre-against-AIDS programs have been mainstreamed into many intervention programs in Kenya. However, little academic research is available on the quality and efficacy of these programs. This research studied the process of performing the theatre-against-AIDS interventions, the stigma they target, and the immediate and long-term efficacy of the programs. The study employed an ethnographic methodology comprising of memoing, participant observation, interviews, focus-group discussions, and theme-coding as its main methods of data collection and analysis. This study established that the theatre-against-AIDS programs are successful in mobilizing people into community-based forums in which they discuss various themes on the AIDS problems. Specific achievements include enabling forums that suggest local solutions to the AIDS issues and participants of these outreaches taking the action of going to VCT centres for HIV testing. Its main challenges include lack of socio-political and economic support structures to sustain the momentum created through the outreaches.
The effects of training and counseling for children from worst forms of child labour: a case study of Chodawu centres in Dar es Salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Chengula, Monica Mahua
This study investigated the effects of training and counseling of children from worst forms of child labour, a case study of CHODAWU centres in Dar-es-Salaam-Tanzania. The main objective of the study was to investigate how children from worst forms of child labour had benefitted from the vocational training and counseling acquired from CHODAWU centres. The study sample comprised of 49 respondents who were selected randomly and purposively. The study focused on the types of vocational training and counseling provided to children, type of work in which the children were engaged after completion of their training. The views of the children towards the training they had received were sought in relation to the activities they had engaged in. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and documentary reviews. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive data method. The study indicated that a large number of the respondents had entered into worst forms of child labour because of various influences including poverty and high dependence ratio. The study found that most respondents benefitted from vocational training and counseling, were able to establish their own businesses and sell products. The study recommended that training centres should be established in all regions and the government should support them helped by NGOs and CBOs.
The influence of kiswahili in chimalaba: a case of lexical and structural borrowing
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Hamisi, Amani
This study addresses the influence of Kiswahili in Chimalaba through lexical and structural borrowing. It seeks to investigate and identify lexical and structural items borrowed from Kiswahili into Chimalaba, to discover phonological and morphological strategies that Chimalaba uses to assimilate borrowed items into its system. It also tries to find out and identify language changes in Chimalaba due to lexical and structural borrowing from Kiswahili. The approach used in this study is based on Assimilation theory. According to this theory, when speakers borrow words from another language, they tend to assimilate them to phonological, morphological and syntactic habits of their own languages. The results show that Chimalaba has been heavily influenced by Kiswahili. There are a lot of lexical and structural features in Chimalaba which have been borrowed from Kiswahili. There are phonological and morphological strategies used to integrate borrowed items into Chimalaba. Also there are language changes in Chimalaba at the level of phonology, morphology, morphosyntax and in the lexicon. Although Chimalaba has changed in various ways by those borrowed features, various sub-systems such as phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics remain intact and they are basically of Chimakonde. The study also reveals that social factors, especially long-term contact with Kiswahili and high bilingualism, are primary determinant of linguistic borrowing in Chimalaba. It is recommended in this study that there is a need to conduct a study to investigate the influence of Kiswahili in Chimalaba focusing on syntactic aspects of sentential components (such as phrase distribution, subordination and word order), semantics, stylistics and pragmatics to see if structural borrowing is extended to these aspects.
Ulinganishi wa methali za Kiswahili na za Kichina
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Lei, Zhao
Methali ni kazi mojawapo ya fasihi simulizi ambayo inatumia maneno machache, kimafumbo au kwa kupigia mifano ili kuelezea maadili na uzoefu wa shughuli mbalimbali ambazo zinaitambulisha jamii fulani. Kazi hii inachunguza na kulinganisha muundo, tamathali za semi, taswira na dhamira za methali za Kiswahili na za Kichina. Methali za Kiswahili na za Kichina zinatofautiana kimuundo na zinatumia tamathali za semi kwa kiwango tofauti, tena zinatumia taswira zinazofahamika na jamii yenyewe. Hali kadhalika, methali za Kiswahili na za Kichina zinafanana kwa kiasi kikubwa kimaudhui. Methali hizo huwafundisha watu jinsi wanavyotakiwa kuwa na tabia nzuri, kuishi vizuri na watu na kushughulikia mambo ya ulimwenguni. Vipengele vyote vya kifani na kimaudhui vinathibitisha sifa za methali. Kutokana na ulinganishi wa methali, inadhihirika kwamba sifa za kijamii na kiutamaduni baina ya Waswahili na ya Wachina zinafanana. Watu wa jamii hizo wanaweza kuelewana kwa urahisi itikadi na amali zao.
Muundo wa kirai kitenzi katika lugha ya kisambaa
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Habibu, Nasra
Utafiti huu, unachunguza muundo wa Kirai Kitenzi katika lugha ya Kisambaa. Mtafiti anachunguza ni vipashio gani vinaandamana na vitenzi katika sentensi za Kisambaa. Uchunguzi huu wa Kirai Kitenzi cha Kisambaa umefanyika kwa kutumia nadharia ya Sarufi Jumuishi ya Miundo Virai. Nadharia hii ni mojawapo ya nadharia za Sarufi Miundo Virai, zinazotumika kuelezea sintaksia ya lugha. Ni nadharia iliyoanzishwa na Gerald Gazdar mwaka 1970. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonyesha kuwa kitenzi cha Kisambaa kinaweza kisifuatiwe na kipashio chochote au kinaweza kuandamana na vipashio mbalimbali kama vile Kirai Nomino, Kitenzi kisaidizi, sentensi, Kirai Kielezi na Kirai Kihusishi. Hivyo Kirai Kitenzi cha Kisambaa kinaundwa na Kitenzi kimoja; Kitenzi na Kirai Nomino chenye nomino moja au mbili; Vitenzi viwili; Kitenzi na Kiunganishi tegemezi na Sentensi; Kitenzi, Kirai Nomino, Kiunganishi tegemezi na Sentensi; Kitenzi na Kirai Kihusishi; Kitenzi na Kirai Kielezi. Pamoja na hayo vilevile katika utafiti huu imebainika kuwa dhana ya uelekezi wa vitenzi inajitokeza pia katika vitenzi vya Kisambaa. Hii ni kwa sababu kuna Virai Vitenzi vinavyoundwa na kitenzi pamoja na Kirai Nomino chenye nomino moja ama mbili, pia vitenzi ambavyo si lazima viandamane na nomino bali vipashio vingine kama kielezi.
Fonolojia ya Kigweno.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Charles, Asnath
Utafiti huu umelenga kubainisha miundo ya silabi za Kigweno, michakato ya kifonolojia pamoja na athali zake katika konsonati na irabu za Kigweno. Katika utafiti huu tumetumia hojaji pamoja na kusikiliza mazungumzo ya wazawa kupata data ambapo watoa taarifa wasiopungua 60 kutoka vijiji vya Vuchama. Mangio, Mcheni na Mwaniko walishilikishwa. Nadharia iliyotuongoza Katika uchanganuzi wa data ni nadharia ya Umbo Upeo (UU) ambayo inaachana na matumizi ya kanuni na sheria na badala yake inatumia seti ya mashartizuizi ili kufikia upeo wa ukubalifu. Matokeo ya utafiti yanabainisha kuwa, kuna miundo minne ya silabi za Kigweno ambayo ni 1, K,KI na KKI. Tumebaini pia kuwa Kjgweno kina michakato kadhaa ya kifonolojia inayoathiri konsonanti na ile inayoathiri irabu. Inayoathiri irabu ni pamoja na Udondoshaji wa Irabu, Muungano wa irabu. Tangamano la irabu. Uchopekaji wa irabu, Unazalishaji wa irabu pamoja na kanuni ya Uyeyushali. Kwa upside wa michakato inayohusu konsonanti tumebaini kuwepo kwa usilimisho pamwe wa nazali.

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