Masters Dissertations

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Adaptive algorithm for energy efficient multi path transmission control protocol for mobile devices.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Masalu, Musobi
Multipath TCP is a protocol designed by the IETF to enhance TCP performance by leveraging path diversity. It enables mobile devices to simultaneously use several physical paths through multiple radio interfaces to achieve significant benefits, e.g. resilience to network failure, traffic congestion reduction, higher throughput etc. Although Multipath TCP came with several advantages, applying it to mobile devices results in additional energy consumption per additional network interface. This makes the battery of mobile device drains faster and thus shortening the active time of the mobile devices. To improve energy efficiency, adaptive algorithm for energy efficient multipath TCPAMPTCP was developed based on the obtained results of energy consumption profiles for radio interfaces (LTE and Wi-Fi) used in multipath TCP. Using NS3 as asimulation software AMPTCP was implemented on LTE, because the LTE consumes more energy than Wi-Fi. AMPTCP predicts the expected packet arrival time and compare it with the tail time. If tail time is longer than expected next packet arrival time the LTE stays in tail state otherwise it switches to idle state to save more energy. Simulation results show that energy consumption rate is droped by 13.7% while energy efficiency is improved by 22.25% when MPTCP with new developed algorithm is compared to regular MPTCP. Improvement was achieved without adversely affecting throughput and packet delay. Therefore the proposed AMPTCP is more energy efficient than the existing MPTCP.
Adaptive anisotropic diffusion-driven model for denoising iris images
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2021-04) Kyando, Daniel M.
Biometric recognition is the automatic recognition of individuals based on their physiological or behavioral characteristics. A variety of systems require reliable personal recognition schemes to confirm or determine the identity of an person requesting access or service. IRIS recognition refers to biometric systems used to recognize individuals based on their IRIS patterns. In the absence of robust denoising method, these systems are vulnerable to the inaccurate interpretation of the patterns and granting access or service to illegitimate users. The classical Perona-Malik model has attracted wide attention of scholars for its ability to restore corrupted images while preserving useful details (edges and contours). Despite its notable achievements, this model requires manual tuning of the shape-defining diffusion coefficient to generate optimal results. Consequently, the tuning process, which suffers from inconvenience and time-ineffectiveness limits the model in time sensitive application like interpreting the IRIS patterns. Therefore, this work presents a method to adaptively update the value of the shape-defining diffusion coefficient in relation to the noise statistics in the IRIS image. Through a series of experiments, it was observed that the coefficient strongly correlates with the noise statistics in the IRIS image. Therefore, a relationship to describe the correlation was established and encapsulated into the evolutionary polynomial of order two. The polynomial was fitted from running 39 million iterations to generate two-dimensional space R^(K×σ) that contains K and σ variables. Least Absolute Residuals (LAR) is used to approximate the constants. The constants were α=0.00473,β=2.134,and γ=-0.3696 with 95% confidence boundary. The proposed diffusion function was further tested in removing noise in the IRIS images. It generated visually appealing denoized images with higher information content. It sharpens the edges and distinguishes them clearly from homogeneous image a region which is crucial in identification of texture patterns in IRIS images
Agricultural research online system: an approach to promote collaboration and sharing of agricultural research knowledge in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Lwoga, Edda
The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype of an agricultural research online system in order to promote collaboration and sharing of knowledge among researchers in Tanzania. Major focus was on the application of the open access (OA) and community of practices (CoP) concepts in order to improve the process of capturing and sharing of the agricultural technologies and knowledge to researchers, subsistence and commercial farmers and other stakeholders for the sustainable development of agriculture in Tanzania. An exploratory survey, system analysis and ICT-based design were the used methodologies to convey the current state and challenges of knowledge sharing activities among agricultural researchers, as well as to assess the user requirements and develop the Agrinet-Tz prototype. Survey results revealed that the current state of knowledge sharing activities in agricultural research institutes is still not satisfactory within the country. This is mainly due to poor knowledge sharing culture, poor ICT infrastructure, inadequate funds, lack of awareness about the OA issues and inadequate knowledge management support by the research institute management. Major features to be included in the proposed system were also identified in the survey with a greater emphasis on both intrinsic and interpersonal motivational factors in order to stimulate researchers to share their knowledge online. Prototype (i.e. Agrinet-Tz) of the agricultural research online system in Tanzania was therefore developed with the application features geared at both intrinsic and interpersonal motivational factors. This was done in order to resolve some of the revealed challenges such as poor knowledge sharing culture among agricultural researchers. The selected open source software (i.e. Dspace, SMF forum and Joomla portal software) were re-designed to develop the Agrinet-Tz prototype. Additionally, the system was also tested in order to assess the system usability, where the positive feedback was received from the respondents. User roles for the developed prototype were also defined in various categories in order to ensure the system sustainability.
Analysis of the impact of smartphone signaling load on call quality across radio network controller of a 3G network: a case of Airtel Tanzania
(University of Dar es salaam, 2020) Lema, Salha
This study is about analysis of the impact of smartphone signaling load on call quality across radio network controller of a 3G network. The study was conducted at Dar es Salaam region, in which Airtel Tanzania Limited was taken as a case study. The main motivation behind this study was the fact that smartphone is the recent innovative technology in the telecommunication industry and there were few researches done to analyse its impact in the existing network as well as services from different aspect especially in Tanzania or East Africa areas. The specific objectives of the study were; to estimate current Smartphone signaling utilization in the Radio Network Controller (RNC), to determine the impact of smartphone signaling load on RNC performance, to determine the impacts of RNC performance on call quality as well as to propose possible solutions that might help to improve call quality in 3G network. The methodology used involve both primarly and secondary data, were primarly data was collected via live network test and secondary data was collected by using documentary sources and case study network performance reports. The analysis of both primarly and secondary data was done using terms & ACTIX analyzer software’s provided by case study, and implementation of the study involves mathematical modal as well as analysis approach. The findings on the study were: - Smartphone signaling load has impact in call quality across the RNC of 3G network and 50.6% of the signaling available in RNC is due to smartphone’s which correspond to 72.3% of the current RNC signaling utilization threshold. The study recommends the possible solution for improving call quality in the 3G network to include features that will help RNC to enhance its capability of resource management and allocation
Analysis, design and implementation of a web-based information system for management of population and meteorological data in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Simon, Olipa
The web-technology is going through major changes these years, both with respect to types of systems based on web-technology, organization of the development work, required approaches and competencies, etc. With the experience of the software industry and evolution, Web application development methodologies are much improved from which existed decades ago. Hence, we must rethink the organization of the development work. This requires a deeper and coherent understanding of the nature of web-development. This dissertation is devoted to the analysis, design and implementing a web based information system. It first reviews the various Web application development models and tools in existence. The study has employed the Entity Relationship - Relationship Management model that is one of the data oriented methodology for web applications. ER-RMM is an improvement of RMM methodology. It uses scenario analysis to involve dynamic features in the application. This methodology contains the following activities: E-R analysis, scenario analysis, architecture design and attribute definition. A web-based Information system for management of population and meteorological data in Tanzania has been implemented after a thorough analysis and design. New modem tools have been employed, and consists of dynamic fetarures, which enables the information to be displayed on the web as well as update can be performed at any location the administrator resides.
Analyzing the process of integration of health information systems from technical and institutional perspectives: the case of immunization system in Zambia
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Chilaisha, Patricia Sundaram
This research analyzes the integration process of Health Information Systems in Zambia. Specifically, the objectives were: i) to study and understand the challenges encountered in the process of integrating the Health Information Systems with immunization program in Zambia; ii) to explore the approaches and strategies to deal with these challenges in general and specifically in Zambia from technical and institutional perspectives; iii) to make recommendations on ways of carrying out a successful integration of Health Information Systems in developing countries of similar context to Zambia. This study drew upon concepts from the institutional theory to analyze data gathered. Furthermore, the PRISM framework was adopted, as a lens with which to gain understanding of the factors influencing the status of the Health Information Systems in Zambia. Revision of the Health Information Systems in 2006 led to an increase in the data elements and new tools were introduced. However, these tools are not well institutionalized because they are too many; procedures of recording, tallying and reporting are too cumbersome. Other problems of the integrated Health Management Information System are facility staff unable to analyze their data; data flow is delayed and is inadequate, hence frustrating the work of program managers; data sharing mechanism does not exist. Improvement in the timeliness of Health Management Information System reporting may be achieved by increased awareness of the importance of data at the facility level and motivation of the staff through training. Having a functional Performance Assessment component may motivate the staff in improving their use of information for planning, monitoring and evaluation.
Application of geographical information systems in determining the distribution of health care facilities and services: a case study of Mtwara rural district, Southern Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Mremi, Irene Ronald
Access to health care facilities and services is a significant factor that contributes to a healthy population and it has a direct impact on the burden of disease in developing countries. The importance of the availability of adequate health care facilities in providing sustainable rural development can therefore not be overemphasized. This study explored use of GIS by developing a prototype that uses a web-based GIS spatial approach to portray the distribution of health facilities and their important information and aid the future planning of new health facilities. Data was collected from April to June 2009 involving 38 health facilities of Mtwara district. A hand held global positioning system (GPS) was used to geo-reference the coordinates of all HFs and a questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions was used to gather information from Patients who attended the respective facilities. Interviews with district officer and HF’s in-charge were conducted and additionally, observation method was used to complement the data that was collected. A prototyping systems development methodology was adapted, database and web based GIS prototype was then developed and tested as a tool to be used to identify health services availability and accessibility. A System’s Deployment Architecture was used to describe the web-based spatial system to establish processing units and the network configuration to generate a web service-mapping visual map layer.
Assessing users’ satisfaction with Tanzania’s public health supply chain electronic logistics management information system
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Omary, Zuhura Dika
The MOHCDGEC through MSD has been implementing eLMIS in order to streamline the flow of health commodities in the country. Approximately, more than 500 registered district pharmacists use the system on daily basis. While the acceptance of the system is positive, long-term success depends on its continuity and use, which is determined by users’ satisfaction with the system. This study examined factors affecting users’ satisfaction with an eLMIS through developing a research model from the literature and adopting sequential explanatory mixed research design. Data from a sample of 112 users out of 150 using convenient sampling was collectedfrom 4 regions and tested against the research model using regression analysis to identify factors that contribute toward users’ satisfaction. Finally, interview was conducted to 10 users to explore more information about these factors. The study found that four factors: information quality (β=.28), system quality (β=-.21), perceived usefulness (β=.22) and facilitation conditions (β=.26)had significant effect on users’ satisfaction with aneLMIS. However, system support did not have significant effect. Through interviews, many users indicated that they needed more training on the system and proposed new features that need to be added. Moreover, Internet access remained to be the main hindrance factor to the use of an eLMIS.The strategies on how to enhance users’ satisfaction of the system and consequently increase systems success have been presented and discussed.
An assessment of Halotel Tanzania promotional strategies in increasing customer base
(University of Dar es salaam, 2019) Solla, Eliafile Lucas
This study assessed the promotional strategies employed by Halotel Tanzania to create a customer base in an already saturated telecoms market. Specifically, the study intended to examine what promotional strategies Halotel Tanzania deployed to create a customer base in an already competitive business, assess the effectiveness of the promotional strategies Halotel deployed in relation to company performance and find out what made these promotional strategies unique and their implication for marketing telecoms products and services. The study used mixed methods in a case study. Also a survey was employed to support and facilitate data collection from fifty Halotel customers, advertising and promotion agents in Kinondoni Municipality and ten Halotel members of staff. These respondents were selected using convenience and purpose sampling techniques and a questionnaire survey with closed ended questions. The questionnaires were distributed to them and then later on followed unstructured interviews with Halotel members of staff. The data from unstructured interview were subjected to thematic content analysis whereby common themes from interview were identified and interpreted. The IBM Statistical Package for Services Solution (SPSS) version 21 on the other hand, was used to analyse data obtained from closed-ended questionnaires. The study found that, Halotel Tanzania was willing to lower prices, willing to risk and follow new customers to where other MNOs had not yet reached or were not willing to risk. Also, the study found that the firm was resilient in countering and competing with other MNOs that were well-established. Furthermore, the study found that Halotel Tanzania targeted people normally ignored in rural population and Halotel strategically invested their services which resulted in creating a fast growing customer base.
Assessment of ICT status in Tanzania.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Paul, Silayo Eladius
Assessment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) status aims to build support for the development of a comprehensive African capability to collect and manage key information needed to the support of the growing investment in ICTs as well as the transition' Africa to an information society. The study looks into the penetration, impact and effectiveness of ICT application in Tanzania. It is essential for the country to track developments in ICT so as to confront under the best possible conditions the range of challenges with which Tanzania is faced. The increasing importance •of ICT is creating pressure to update the data and information in many areas of ICT. This would involve gathering suitable monitoring data in order to develop the capacity to make and implement informed choices about ICTs on an on going basis. This capacity is a necessary basis of any effort by the country to muster timely information about recognised problems, which hinder transition to the information society. Overall, in Tanzania, many of the necessary data have probably not yet been obtained and practical information on ICT trends is hard to come by. This trend presents a major challenge for Tanzania as it moves to an information society. Despite efforts that were undertaken, a number of issues remain outstanding such as lack of concrete data and the problems of gathering them have constituted major obstacles. Hard data on what is actually happening on the ground is lacking. Also empirical work relating to ICT trends analysis in the country is very preliminary. iion on the scope of the available data, the study relied heavily on Given the lmitat available secondary data from various sources. The study concludes by proposing that there should be a continuous process of updating information on ICT trends.
Assessment of television white space availability in the Ultra high frequency band in Tanzania: a case of Dar es Salaam and Morogoro Regions
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Jumanne, Ikuje
Television white space ( TVWS) in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) TV hand refers to the unused or underutilized portion of frequency between 470 MHz and 694 MHz that can be utilized opportunistically by secondary devices on a non-interference basis. Frequency spectrum scarcity problem, lack of TVWS regulations and the opportunities arising from TVWS technology have been motivation factors behind this study. Apart from assessing and quantifying the available spectrum, the study aimed at demonstrating a tool that can simplify the detection of the TVWS. The study conducted in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro regions by carrying out frequency channel occupancy measurements using Frequency Monitoring systems from Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) and then analyzing the results. The web-based, geo-location database tool, was also designed and developed to demonstrate the simplification on detection of TVWS. The overall results indicated that 57.14% and 89.29% of the UHF TV band equal to 128 MHz and 200 MHz of bandwidths are available as potential TVWS in Dar es Salaam region and Morogoro Municipality respectively. In rural areas of the Morogoro region, TVWS availability was found to be 100%. The performance of the implemented geo-location database tool was validated by comparing results obtained from tool execution with that of frequency occupancy measurements at the same locations. The optimal performance result was found to be 75% accurate, indicating that the tool could be useful system to simplify TVWS detection and assessment
Assessment of the role of farmers’ local-traditional knowledge in adaptation to effects of climate variability and change in Ludewa.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Mlengule, Digna
Smallholder farmers constitute a significant portion of the world’s population that is vulnerable to climate variability and change. These farmers derive their livelihoods from agriculture which heavily relies on rainfall as a source of water for crops production. Therefore, they are exposed to changes in rainfall patterns, temperature variation and extreme events like floods and drought that are translated into disasters. In this case adaptation strategies are fundamental to reduce the impacts of climate variability and change. Although government’s emphases have been placed in formal modern knowledge of adaptation and farming systems, in most cases they are not accessible and affordable to most smallholder farmers. Farmers have their local knowledge that they use to adapt. This study uncovers the role of smallholder farmers’ local knowledge in adaptation to climate variability and change in Ludewa district. The study used qualitative and quantitative research methods. A total of 355 heads of households were interviewed in eight villages. Documentary reviews, unstructured interview, focus group discussion, in-depth interview and field observation were employed in data collection. It was found that farmers had their local ways of weather forecasting based on their experience and interactions with their environment. About 96% of farmers revealed that there was a decrease in rainfall while 72% indicated an increase in temperature. Climatic change and variability have negatively impacted on farmers’ livelihood activities particularly crop production. The impacts included low yield, spread of pests and diseases, drying of seedlings, stunted growth of crops and the decay and drying of crops and inundation of crops by floods. Thus, increase of incidence of hunger and food shortage particularly in the lowland areas. To reduce vulnerability to climate variability farmers employed local-traditional adaptation strategies such as use of local weather forecasts, valley bottom cultivation, diversification of crops, early preparation of farms, and use of drought tolerant crops and diversification of economic activities and soil moisture conservation methods such as mulching. This is largely due to the fact that the use of modern adaptation techniques were influenced by level of income and technology, inadequate infrastructure, access to market and information credit and extension services. It is concluded that smallholder farmers have diverse local-traditional knowledge to adapt to climate variability. That local-traditional knowledge helps farmers to withstand the impacts of climate variability when formal knowledge is not feasible. Therefore, it is paramount to take into consideration the local-traditional knowledge in the design of adaptation plans to anticipated climate change. This is because neither local-traditional knowledge nor formal-modern knowledge is sufficient on its own right for sustainable adaptation.
Assessment of the vertical health programmes information systems integration: a case of reproductive and child healthcare in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Badi, Hassani
There have been integration initiative efforts for Vertical Health Programmes (VHP) Information Systems (ISs) globally including Tanzania. These were inevitable initiatives as the ISs for VHPs were so much fragmented making it hard to get reliable information. This study aimed to assess the current status of integrated Health Information System (HIS) for the case of Reproductive and Child Health Services (RCHS) programme, how the integration objectives were achieved and strategies used during the process. Qualitative research method was used through structured and unstructured interviews, documents review and observation in the process of data collection. Data were analysed through content analysis in which findings were coded then sorted according to thematic areas. The thematic areas were then compared for their association across codes. The HIS integration process brought about three products; technology, revised data collection tools, and harmonized management. Currently 95 percent of RCHS routine data are collected using the integrated HMIS tools and almost all the RCHS routine data are available in DHIS2. However, achievement of the integration objectives has faced challenges particularly in adapting the three HIS integration products. The study also realized that the strategies used, "one fit all", did not take into account the facility structure, complexities of the services and the existing systems with installed bases. Following difficulties in adapting HMIS tool, the study recommends using Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in the facilities where the infrastructure allows.
Assessment of usage and challenges of automated sms for genexpert TB diagnosis results notification: case study of Manyara and Tanga regions.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Kigombola, Andrew Joseph
Delays in Tuberculosis diagnosis is recognized as a hindrance in management and control. SMS based results notification system (XpertSMS) was installed in Tanga and Manyarato ensure rapid results dissemination to the healthcare workers (HCWs). But early reports and field assessments showed underutilization of the system. This study aimed to assess usage and challenges associated with the use of XpertSMS for delivering GeneXpert Lab results to the HCWs in the selected regions. Mixed method research approach was used. Three facilities were visited and 13 HCWs were conveniently chosen and interviewed on use, beliefs, attitude, perception and challenges related to using of XpertSMS. Review of documents such as registers, TB reports and manuals was done. The quantitative/descriptive analysis was done to supplement qualitative findings. In all three facilities the proportion of samples’ results sent over the XpertSMS was low. While actual usage was low (an average of 52%), intention to use the system was high. (84.6%). On the Perceived Usefulness (PU); 77% agreed the system improves job performance, 85% agreed the system simplifies work. On PEOU; 77% considered the system to easy to learn.84.6% of respondents had a positive attitude toward using the XpertSMS system. Also, TAT for TB results was reduced across all facilities. Lack of adequate IT support, inadequate users’ training, upload of results and multiple reporting systems were identified as challenges which hindered the optimal use of the system. The study concluded XpertSMS as a well-accepted and useful tool among HCWs. Low usage was caused by the aforementioned challenges.
Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene information system within health management information system in Tanzania: a case study of Mpwapwa district council
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Msengwa, Asha Suleiman
Reliable source of routine information is a key factor for management and assessing progress of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) intervention in the country. However, insufficient WASH data in the routine system, the Health Management Information System (HMIS) related data, create difficulties to measure the implementation and progress of WASH. The main objective of this study was to explore existing gaps in WASH data within HMIS and propose appropriate strategies towards the development of an integrated and comprehensive WASH Information system within HMIS. Data for this study were collected through: interviews, observation and document analysis. Data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS). The findings indicate that, WASH data within HMIS in Mpwapwa face challenges such as data forms are not completed in series, forms are not submitted timely, data collected are not consistent and WASH managerial function not actively implemented. The findings further reveal that there are inadequate resources, inadequate WASH supervision, WASH activity flow chart is not clear and there is inadequate knowledge of WASH checking data accuracy. From these challenges, this study has proposed different strategies for strengthening of WASH Information and involvement of community in all stages of HMIS such as increase awareness on information quality, develop and adopt WASH information manual and application guideline, increase frequency of HMIS WASH data collection tool, emphasis staff motivation and ensure availability of resources.
Authentication voters on mobile E-Voting technology: a case students' Election System at the University of Dar es Salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Benedict, Logatho
Mobile phones are set to dominate most of the human activities such as informal and formal communications, mobile banking, business transactions and advertisement. Currently the use of mobile phones on supporting the process of voting such as vote casting has a little bit started but it is lacking security. Most of the research has been done on how to authenticate user on e-voting based on remote internet through personal computer, Laptop and other special device purposely made for e-voting Mugisha (2008). This work proposes a method on how to authenticate voter on mobile e-voting process through his/her mobile phone number supported with registration number and password. user is required to create password must first be stored in a database used for matching the correct stored and encrypted mobile phone number and registration numbers. the stored phone number is encrypted by using MD5 hash function and password is encrypted by using two fish encryption function. The two algorithms are used because are strong enough and light to be used in mobile phone applications. The issue of coercion is still not completely solved for this type of e-voting as it is possible for someone to either by force or bribery tell another person to vote in favour for some preferred candidates. Thus alleviating the problem of coercion on mobile e-voting is left as a future work.
Automatic detection of traffic rule violations at road junctions
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Alexander, Denis;
Traffic rule violations are common at road junctions. Violations cause accidents and congestion which can be minimized by improving the enforcement of road rules and regulations. The current enforcement methods use variety of deployment options including the use of traffic police sometimes in police patrol cars. The problem with this method includes high demand of human resource at all the problematic areas which requires more budget for hiring more police officers and for operation expenses which are scarce. Other challenges of the current methods include inconsistent, discontinuous, and involving one officer in many cases. This study used quantitative approach in data collection and analysis when determining traffic light violation at road junctions. Also, observations of driver’s behavior were made at selected junctions to understand better the red light jumping problem. Analysis of the observation was done and used as a basis to design algorithms. From the observation it was determined that three sub algorithms have to be designed to facilitate the detection of vehicles violating traffic light rule. Red light violation detection system was implemented based on the designed sub algorithms. Violation is detected and processed without human intervention by processing video serial images. The developed system can increase the effectiveness of the traffic regulations enforcement operations without significantly increasing the human resources required. Sample data collected from the field were used to test and evaluate the implemented prototype. The evaluation showed that the prototype was capable and effective in detecting red light violation with 73% success rate.
Challenges and strategies on standardization of information systems for integrated TB/HIV services in Tanzania: a case of Kinondoni district
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Mukasa, Esther Kokugasha
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co morbidity has triggered the emergence of multiple collaborative TB/HIV implementing partners, aiming at controlling duo diseases worldwide. In Tanzania, several partners support the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) through National TB and Leprosy Program (NTLP) and National AIDS Control Program (NACP), in the same vicinity. Each of these works towards the national goal and objectives and also partner specific requirements of Health Information Systems (HISs). This situation facilitates disparity of HISs across them, thus impairing Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system of the MoHSW. Experience from Kinondoni shows data inconsistencies across these partners, necessitating HISs standardization. The study explored challenges and proposed strategies on standardization of HISs for integrated TB/HIV services. A quantitative and qualitative cross sectional study was conducted through purposive sampling. HIS users at three levels of Health Care Providers (HCPs), Coordinators and System developers were involved. Primary and secondary data was collected through structured questionnaires, interviews and observations of existing documents and practices. It was then analysed using descriptive statistics by SPSS software. HISs diversity across partners was revealed. Elicited fundamental challenge for standardization is the existence of many partners per vicinity, in absence of HIS standards control mechanisms. Standard HIS Quality Assurance and Partner Regulatory Authority (PRA) approaches are the key standardization strategies drawn. Strong control mechanisms for HIS standards are therefore recommended.
Challenges of adaptive eLearning in adaptive computing: a case study of Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Ndume, Vitalis A
This research was conducted with the purpose of establishing the acceptance of ELeaming. Identifying the implementation challenges of eLearning as proposing and designing a solution for eLearning for people with disabilities. The results of the analysis show that eLearning is accepted as a method of training by 75 of respondents. However people still have doubts about the certificates obtained from online programs. The challenges facing eLearning implementation at higher learning institutions are mans and interrelated, including intellectual investment. Accessibility normal and disabled people, management support design technology educational culture. Deliver method as well as the global employment market. The author has designed a tool to assist people with disabilities with for people with low vision. From the results it was concluded that eLearning is accepted and therefore it should be used in Tanzania to increase enrolment and give more Opportunities for lifelong learning in the country.
Characterization of factors influencing electromagnetic interference and radiation in outdoor broadband power line communication systems: a case of Tanzania electrical supply company Ltd
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Naiman, Shililiandumi
The performance of BPLC technology suffers from various unsolved challenges including attenuation, reflection, radiation, noise, multipath, and notches affecting channel characteristics. This thesis identifies and characterizes factors contributing to BPLC radiation, formulates suitable model to characterize the radiation, and, lastly, devises suitable radiation mitigation mechanisms to minimize the emitted radiation. The contributions of number of nodes in the network, number of branches at the node and line length as well as load mismatch to radiation levels have been investigated culminating into a model to characterize the radiation behaviours based on Maxwell integral theory for scattering field on wire using MoM and validated using CST software as a modeling tool and live network measurements. The transmission line Bewley transient method has been used to obtain line current for different topologies. The characterization shows that an increase in line length from 100 m to 300 m results in a decrease in emitted radiation from 0.043 V/m to 0.035 V/m while an increase in the number of branches at a node and the number of nodes both increase the emitted radiation to the extent that, at a node with 4 branches the emitted field is 170 µV/m which increases to 330 µV/m when the branches increase to 10. Furthermore it has been shown that radiation increases due to mismatch at the load; for a matched load the radiated emission level was1.9 µV/m which increased to 28µV/m for short circuit load. The time reversal techniques have been applied as mitigation solution with time-reversal (TR) nulling and focusing filtering techniques showing the capability of reducing BPLC radiations by up to 20 dBV/m of emitted radiation with TR Nulling cancelling all the reflected signals.

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