Masters Dissertations

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Microbiology and associated factors of rampant caries a Tanzanian child population
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Matee, Mecky
This study was prompted by the observations of rampant caries resembling nursing caries in Tanzanian infants aged between 12 – 30 months in the absence of nursing bottles, sweetened pacifiers and feeding abuse during weaning. In an attempt to elucidate factors responsible for rampant caries among these infants, microbiological and epidemiological studies were undertaken. Dental plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from infants with and without rampant caries. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were isolated from dental plaque of all infants with rampant caries and from most caries free infants. The quantitative bacteriological differences were not explicit in explaining the occurrence of rampant caries because many of caries free infants had as much mutans streptococcus mutans was the only mutans streptococcus species found to occur among the investigated caries actives and caries free infants. Consequently the caries status of the infants could not be associated with a specific mutans streptococcus species. The heavy oral loads of mutans streptococci in breast fed infants and in weaned children on starch diets found in this study have not been reported previously. For this reason, fed the establishment of S. mutans was investigated in dental plaque of specific pathogen free (SPF) rats fed starch and lactose diets which approximated those consumed by the infants. S. mutans established in high numbers in rats on the investigated diets, fitting well with the bacteriological findings in the infants. The ability of S.mutans to ferment carbohydrates in flours commonly consumed by the invesS.mutans stigated infants was investigated in vitro using forty four S.mutans strains isolated from Tanzanian infants. The amounts of acid produced cannot result into caries formation, but suggested a possible ecological role of the tested flour in the occurrence of S.mutans in dental plaque. A part from microbiological studies, the occurrence of rampant caries was investigated in relation to enamel hypoplasia, nursing and weaning habits. The overall prevalence of rampat caries was found to be 6.8%. the occurrence of rampant caries was significantly associated with linear hypoplasia and the breast feeding habit of allowing infants to sleep with the breast nipple inside their mouths. It is concluded that prevention of rampant caries with have to involve abolishing of the night breast feeding practice. Further studies are suggested to investigate factors which influence the occurrence of linear hypoplasia among the Tanzanian infants.
A computerized electronic system for temperature prediction
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1998) Mbalase, Gideon Robert Frank
A plug-in interface board has been designed and this together with the software for controlling the board and processing the data graphically have been developed and successfully tested. The board is used to interface the weather prediction machine (WPM) developed earlier by Njau (1) Software packages for implementing Njau’s temperatures prediction model (2) has been developed accordingly. This software is used to compute temperature data based on the model and finally display the predicted result onto computer screen. Both the hardware and software packages mentioned above are IBM PC compatible and have been successfully used by the author store data in hard memory and later on redisplay it graphically.
Development of a programmable computer interface circuit: a four diskette drive adapter
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2002) Kabadi, Mathias Jayunga
The function of a floppy disk controller (FDC) is to interface the microprocessor of a system to the disk drive. This FDC adapter is designed for double-density, MFM-coded four diskette drives and uses a write precompensation with an analog Phase-locked loop and data recovery. The adapter is a general-purpose device, using the NEC VL6765- 08PC compatible controller chip, which is programmable. The diskette drive write protect feature is also supported. The FDC is buffered on the I/O bus and uses DMA for record data transfers.
Design and implementation of a real-time computer-based monitoring system for TBL fermentation plant
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2004) Mtalam, Kassim Ismail
The fermentation process at Tanzania Breweries Ltd is a type of batch (stirred) tank reactors. In general, there is no steady state in a batch cycle, and therefore no “normal” conditions at which controllers could be tuned. Dynamics of the batch process vary with time; thus, the process variables, the process gains, and the time constants also vary during the batch circle. In addition, there are the problems of runway reactions and batch-to-batch product uniformity. Runaway reactions occur in exothermic reactions like the fementation process, in which an increase in temperature speeds to the reaction, which in turn releases more heat and raises the temperature further. In order to counter this positive feedback cycle, highly self-regulating coolong systems are required. The present control system, based on a PLC, is not good enough as far as temperature control is concerned and the manual operations involved. A computer- based Software (S/W) has been developed to improve the performance of the control system, in which a computer is linked to the PLC via a serial cable, such that the PLC becomes the master controller and the computer the secondary controller. The software solution enables accurate temperature control and renders the manual operations redundant. It also facilitates addition of useful functions like data logging, report production, remote process monitoring and visualization to the integrated into the control system. The software, developed in Visual C++ for Windows, was successfully tested in a real-time emulated environment, whereby the computer was used to emulate the PLC and the fermentation process. Tests and implementation on the real plant awaits availability of a PLC for further experimentation.
Master dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2004) Severine, Theresia Gwamaka
The libraries all over the world, in universities, faculties, departments, schools etc. are automating their services so as to meet general and professional requirement using modern technologies. The faculty of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering (ECSE) library like any other library is a source of information. The library should provide a standard and extensive overview on all kinds of publication materials available in its stock. It should provide means to secure interlibrary loans and should contribute to public education and information arrays. So far the library has been used as a store of publications whose records upkeep and utilization is a dream and even the question of sharing resources does not exist. In this research work a thorough study and analysis of the situation in the faculty of ECSE library was done. It was established that an automated system in the solution for the established problem. The research work focused on a design of a database system that automates library services to overcome the shortcomings found in the library. The database gives a provision to store records in standards manner, for all publications, patrons, visitors and also staff members.
Performance analysis of communication protocals for powerline communication channel
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2005) Iddi, Hashimu Uledi
The thesis explores the use of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for the power line networks. MAC protocol plays a vital role in making the effective use of the shared medium of the power line communications networks. The use of MAC protocol removes conflict between different users trying to access the PLC channel at the same time a proper power line MAC protocol will increase performance of the system and produce a reliable communication link for the whole power line network. In this thesis, firstly the MAC protocols for both wireless and wire line networks have been discussed and analyzed. The analysis includes MAC protocols designed for different network types and their performance limitations. Secondly, the CSMA/CA protocol has been proposed as MAC protocol for automatic energy meter reading using power line networks. The analysis has taken into account the power line environment, metering data traffic of 1Okbps and Poisson data distribution with different number of users. Simulation results show that the CSMA/CA protocol gives throughput of 0.32 which is better compared to 0.053 of 1-persistent CSMA/CD and other analyzed protocols which gives low throughput for metering traffic with data rate of 10 kbps
Identity management for ICT services at the University of Dar es salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Lwanda, Peter Herbert
ICT service is faced by several security problems. The major problem is identity theft which causes unauthorized access to resources, difficulties in resources sharing, between users. Identity management is the concept of centralizing user identities, controlling resource provisioning and managing system access by using technology combined with effective business process. This dissertation presents the findings on the current identity Management system of the University of Dar es salaam. The research was done using questionnaires, laboratory experiment and practical experience. The study showed that the University of Dar es salaam has sufficient technology to implement identity management system but it is lacking proper business process. Since the University of Dar es salaam network is a heterogeneous, comprising of window servers, Linux servers and Windows workstations. The best way of improving identity management system under this condition is creation of Enterprise directory (University wide Directory), using Fedora Directory server for Authentication purpose and Departmental directories using either active directory or OpenLDAP for resource authorization. The University should also develop ICT policy and procedures to support that technology
Agricultural research online system: an approach to promote collaboration and sharing of agricultural research knowledge in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Lwoga, Edda
The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype of an agricultural research online system in order to promote collaboration and sharing of knowledge among researchers in Tanzania. Major focus was on the application of the open access (OA) and community of practices (CoP) concepts in order to improve the process of capturing and sharing of the agricultural technologies and knowledge to researchers, subsistence and commercial farmers and other stakeholders for the sustainable development of agriculture in Tanzania. An exploratory survey, system analysis and ICT-based design were the used methodologies to convey the current state and challenges of knowledge sharing activities among agricultural researchers, as well as to assess the user requirements and develop the Agrinet-Tz prototype. Survey results revealed that the current state of knowledge sharing activities in agricultural research institutes is still not satisfactory within the country. This is mainly due to poor knowledge sharing culture, poor ICT infrastructure, inadequate funds, lack of awareness about the OA issues and inadequate knowledge management support by the research institute management. Major features to be included in the proposed system were also identified in the survey with a greater emphasis on both intrinsic and interpersonal motivational factors in order to stimulate researchers to share their knowledge online. Prototype (i.e. Agrinet-Tz) of the agricultural research online system in Tanzania was therefore developed with the application features geared at both intrinsic and interpersonal motivational factors. This was done in order to resolve some of the revealed challenges such as poor knowledge sharing culture among agricultural researchers. The selected open source software (i.e. Dspace, SMF forum and Joomla portal software) were re-designed to develop the Agrinet-Tz prototype. Additionally, the system was also tested in order to assess the system usability, where the positive feedback was received from the respondents. User roles for the developed prototype were also defined in various categories in order to ensure the system sustainability.
Analysis, design and implementation of a web-based information system for management of population and meteorological data in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Simon, Olipa
The web-technology is going through major changes these years, both with respect to types of systems based on web-technology, organization of the development work, required approaches and competencies, etc. With the experience of the software industry and evolution, Web application development methodologies are much improved from which existed decades ago. Hence, we must rethink the organization of the development work. This requires a deeper and coherent understanding of the nature of web-development. This dissertation is devoted to the analysis, design and implementing a web based information system. It first reviews the various Web application development models and tools in existence. The study has employed the Entity Relationship - Relationship Management model that is one of the data oriented methodology for web applications. ER-RMM is an improvement of RMM methodology. It uses scenario analysis to involve dynamic features in the application. This methodology contains the following activities: E-R analysis, scenario analysis, architecture design and attribute definition. A web-based Information system for management of population and meteorological data in Tanzania has been implemented after a thorough analysis and design. New modem tools have been employed, and consists of dynamic fetarures, which enables the information to be displayed on the web as well as update can be performed at any location the administrator resides.
Challenges of adaptive eLearning in adaptive computing: a case study of Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Ndume, Vitalis A
This research was conducted with the purpose of establishing the acceptance of ELeaming. Identifying the implementation challenges of eLearning as proposing and designing a solution for eLearning for people with disabilities. The results of the analysis show that eLearning is accepted as a method of training by 75 of respondents. However people still have doubts about the certificates obtained from online programs. The challenges facing eLearning implementation at higher learning institutions are mans and interrelated, including intellectual investment. Accessibility normal and disabled people, management support design technology educational culture. Deliver method as well as the global employment market. The author has designed a tool to assist people with disabilities with for people with low vision. From the results it was concluded that eLearning is accepted and therefore it should be used in Tanzania to increase enrolment and give more Opportunities for lifelong learning in the country.
Modelling of mobile access point (map) for information and communication technology (ICT) connectivity in the rural areas of Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Greyson, Kenedy Aliila
The impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in rural areas of Tanzania is very limited despite its penetration into every corner modern life. The rural areas of Tanzania are characterized by the low income per household, difficult geographical conditions, lack of ICT infrastructure, and low population density. For these reasons ICT services are often out of reach of the rural inhabitants. This thesis expresses how ICT can be made available in order to alleviate poverty and enhance other social activities. It presents a model suitable for ICT provision in the rural areas of Tanzania. This model is based on footstep technology; asynchronous link for ICT penetration in the rural areas. Mwanga district in Kilimanjaro region is taken as a pilot area due to its common environment that describes the rural area of Tanzania. The framework model using mobile access point (MAP) is presented to implement sustainable broadband Internet Protocol (IP) services to complement voice services in Mwanga district. Clinics, dispensaries, schools and other centers are considered. This research shows that, when the proposed MAP model is used to provide basic ICT services in the rural areas of Tanzania. The service charge will be affordable in the common life of rural inhabitants. In Mwanga district for instance, if all 29 schools and 24 dispensaries will be provided with ICT services, in order to break- even in two years, students in the rural schools will have to pay only USD. 24 per year and dispensaries will be charged only USD 10 per month.
Software system for management of complete blood count (CBC) data for malaria study: a case study of Morogoro Regional Hospital
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Mbowe, Joseph E
In this dissertation, we explored the ability to extract laboratory results from Hematology analyzer machine for easy management and storage. Also, the management of complete blood count from Micros 60 OS/OT and patient records for Malaria Study in Morogoro Regional Hospital using relational database has been solved. The methodology used for the development of complete blood count management system includes; use-case techniques, site survey and hands-on practice, and evolutionary software development model. The study has presented four stages for implementation of serial port programs (1) the automatic Composition of bits into byte array data type for serial port transmission (2) the Transmission of the bits as a variant data type through the serial port buffer memories (3) the Convention of the received bits into its subsequently characters for human readability (4) the Composition of Character Array to build a character array basement for specific data block extraction for each individual components which make the complete blood count values. The study demonstrated that the method presented is general and may present a new paradigm for establishing the robust serial port communication systems for any digital device.
Development of a research information management system for higher education institutions in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Nyamwihula, Wilbard
Research findings and other scholarly works from higher education institutions in Tanzania are poorly captured, preserved, managed, assessed, monitored and let alone accessed giving rise to low visibility. Several local journals hosted by the higher education institutions are paper •based publishing, and there is no a full-scale online dissemination and sharing of the intellectual outputs. The high cost of publishing and distribution is hampering the circulation both within and outside the institution. The consequences are that many important scientific and technological findings are not being developed further beyond the laboratories and fieldworks. This study is an attempt to bridge that gap. It is focused on research and development of a research information management system (RIMS) to capture, preserve and manage research outputs and other scholarly works from different sources of a higher education institution in Tanzania; generate reports to aid an assessment of academic staff publications and provide visibility and controlled access to research findings, thesis and dissertation, and other scholarly works. The software engineering approach is based on object oriented methods and techniques that were modelled visually in unified modelling language (UML) with 3-tier clientljerver architecture for the application server and relational database model or the database server. The final result is the implementation of a prototype using Perl scripting language, XML, CSS, and MySQL on Linux Operating system with an apache web server.
Development of in-house applications security analyzer (iasa)
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Mushi, Magreth Jubilate
In-house developed applications security has become a major concern in recent years. Hackers are using new techniques to gain access to sensitive data, disable applications and administer other malicious activities aimed at the applications. The need to secure applications is imperative for use in today's world. Until recently, applications security was an afterthought; developers were typically focused on functionality and features, waiting to implement security at the end of development. This approach to applications security has proven to be disastrous; much vulnerability has gone undetected allowing applications to be attacked and damaged. From Chapter two, it is clear that, developers are not effective in ensuring security is implemented in in-house developed applications, while at the same time most IT professionals (84.5%) employed in organizations have less than 5 years of IT experience, which is not enough to ensure that the applications developed and installed in their systems are secure. The study was about analyzing in-house developed applications to determine possible flaws in those applications and design and implement an analyzer which will be used to scan the application codes, discover the possible flaws and provide recommendations on how to mitigate them. A tool named Meg Application Analyzer has been developed specifically for this task. Meg Application Analyzer uses static analysis to inspect Java byte code for occurrences of bug patterns. Static analysis means that Meg Application Analyzer can find bugs by simply inspecting a program's code; executing the program is not necessary, which makes it very easy to use.
Mobile wireless techniques for remotely readin members' accounts from the database.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Nyaonge, Sylvia Oliver
Much has been said and written about the service quality concept and its application in solving problems. Service quality is an important tool that has been used by organizations as a means of attaining customer satisfaction and organizations' high performance. Studies, in the area of service quality, have shown that there was a considerable interest in service quality concept in both academic and business circles. In academics, the interest was on developing models, concepts, hypotheses and theories of service quality, whereas in business, empirical studies focused on understanding and measuring service quality, for example, in banks, telecommunication, credit cards, and health care. However, none of the studies have addressed the highly fundamental question of influence of service quality management factors particularly in cargo handling in the port industry in developing countries. Cargo handling in developing countries, like Kenya and Tanzania, impacts immensely on volume and value of foreign trade including domestic economy. Therefore, service quality for that aspect is seen by management of port authorities and port users to be crucial not only to port operations but also in achieving organizations' goals. The main objective of this study was to find out how service quality management factors influence the quality of cargo handling services in the port industry, using Dar es Salaam and Mombasa ports as case studies. Findings revealed that, in general, there were significant relationships between the service quality management factors and service quality in cargo handling in the two ports. It was observed that where factors were managed with high efficiency level, high service quality level was realised. On the basis of observations made from this study, it is recommended that service quality management factors be effectively managed in order to deliver high service quality level to meet customer satisfaction. Service quality level associated with desirable port performance depended on management factors used.
A prototype web based marketing information system (mis) for small-scale entrepreneurs
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Ally, Abdulla Faki
The major problems in today's global economy are the underdeveloped infrastructure limited access to key markets by the poor in developing countries, high cost of distribution services and above all unfair trading practices that favour large companies. These problems affect the conduct of business by small scale entrepreneurs and the poor majority. The category of such entrepreneurs do not have access to marketing information and cannot afford to advertise their goods and services due to the high cost of print and electronic media adverts. Consequently though productive, they do not get good value for their goods and services. They tend to be unaware of key markets; even when they are aware, they tend to be in far flag cities where the cost of distribution becomes a bottleneck. These challenges necessitated the development of a Web Based Marketing Information System for Small scale entrepreneurs. The system was developed based on 3-tier architecture; the analysis and design were based on Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM). The design and implementation of the system used MySQL DBMS to implement the database schema, the Macromedia Dream weaver and PHP scripting language for creation of user interface and link to the database and Web Server (Apache). In this research, the use of ICTs was proposed to help ease the conduct of business e entrepreneurs in underdeveloped economies. It is expected that these by small seal entrepreneurs could get good value for their goods and services if they could share their marketing information using cost effective means and help them pay only for services that they can a fiord .
Computerized examination registration and delivery system
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Machange, Macdonald Salbaba
The study aimed at computerizing the operations of National Examination Councils of Tanzania (NECTA). It was leant that Computer Aided Examination Systems (CAES) have became increasingly important in education in recently years because of the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in general. During the study, it was recognized that IT would solve most of NECTA problems from candidate registrations, administration of various activities like grading, score processing, certificate issuing, secure storage of candidate information for future usages, and delivery of examinations. It was identified that NECTA system of storage relied on flat files systems that had poor update, deletion, and retrieval functionality. The relational database management system was recommended during the development of registration system as a remedy to the problems associated with old flat file database. The study reviewed various expert shells available in the market and identified the FastTest Pro as one of the best system that can be customized to run the CAES within NECTA. It was discovered that there is an unexploited opportunity of delivering NECTA examinations by using personal computers. The research further developed a prototype of an administration and delivery system from the FastTest Pro system shell. Also a prototype of a relational database system (to replace the flat file system) was designed and developed while implemented by access database management system. A recommendation was made that NECTA should improve its network infrastructure to enable and enjoy sharing of information within departments.
Some factors that might influence the lightning protection aspects in a telephone link between exchange and subscribers
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Damas, Jacqueline
The studies presented in this thesis contribute to the understanding of lightning induced transient over voltages and their protections on the telephone lines networks in Tanzania. Induced overvoltage’s and currents on overhead telephone lines due to lightning-induced transient electromagnetic excitation and the efficiency of Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) for protection of overhead telephone line against transient surge were modelled in this thesis. Induced over voltages and currents in the telephone line were calculated on a conductor of 7m height above the ground and /m depth below ground. Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method induced overvoltage was calculated as a function of distance from the strike point using MATLAB 7.0 package. Simulated results showed that induced overvoltages by direct strike were more severe compared to indirect strike and were associated with ground property. Three different ground conductivities; O. /mS/m, /mS/m and 10mS/m showed that the poorer the ground conductivity, the higher the induced voltage on the line at the strike point. However, variation of height of telephone line by /m from the 7m i.e. 6m, 7m and 8m showed no significant difference in the induced peak voltages even when the effect of ground conductivity was considered. In addition, the suitability of MOV for the protection of the telephone line termination points was also studied in this work. Induced lightning overvoltage’s on a telephone line based on different models for a fast transient lightning surge of peak value 10kA (0.11/200) using ATP-EMTP package showed that the Pinceti et al model replicates much closely the peak voltages specified by manufacturer's data for both fast and slow lightning transient surges compared to Non-linear resistor-model.
Study on issues that determine attainment of robust and high quality of service on VOIP system
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Ngatunga, John Ben
Voice over IP (VoIP) also known as IP Telephony (IPT) has been in existence for many years. It has only recently begun to take off as a viable alternative to Traditional Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN). Interest and acceptance has been driven by the attractive cost efficiencies, innovation support and improved access to communications services that organizations can achieve by leveraging a single IP network to support both data and voice over their Internet or Intranet. However, these new technologies pose challenges for regulators, because they do not fit neatly within the regulatory model of the recent past, which in many countries have traditionally treated voice and data services differently. Nevertheless, there seems to be a growing recognition in national and international bodies that these issues need to be resolved in ways that permit IP technologies to be used for voice communications, this will advance the goal of affordable services, support the deployment of the broadband networks and services that represent the future of communications in the era of digital convergence. This dissertation explores VoIP implementation fundamentals, focusing on VoIP infrastructure considerations for an organization or a company to deploy VoIP: VoIP bandwidth consideration (network capacity), quality of service (QoS) consideration, voice quality consideration, network devices, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and network assessment. The study would challenge the VoIP Service Providers to tackle more complex issues in the Internet protocol in order to deploy a secure, reliable and high performance VoIP network.
Development of an E- granary digital library for secondary school: A case of Duluti secondary school
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Kristantus, Kahuka Kristantus
Internet usage has become a popular focus in many educational institutions in Tanzania, yet the Internet has financial and technical implications to primary and secondary schools. Even though the Internet has revolutionalize traditional way of learning, it has the technical limitation of not easily accessing locally made teaching- learning materials. The major portion of this study focused on the development of prototype of egranary Digital library system which makes teaching- leaning materials cheaper and easily accessed by students and teachers in Tanzania secondary school education. The study involved several activities including user requirements definition and analysis modeling, system design, and system implementation. This study aimed at using the benefits of the eGranary digital library system to address the problem faced by the secondary school in accessing relevant teaching- learning materials and make them available in a familiar format without prohibitive cost implications and frustrating technical delays.The study found that the use of eGranary digital library system is vital to both teachers and students since it enables teaching – learning materials to be accessed easily and cheaply. Also through egranary digital library system availability of teaching – learning materials is ensured by storing selected educational materials from the internet and other sources at other institutions at the local server on the school LAN. Thus teachers and students do not have to rely only on outdated and scare text and reference books available in school. Basic infrastructure resources, such as computers and source of electrical power, are required to put the system in places

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