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Item Community empowerment and accountability in rural primary health care The case of Kasulu District in Tanzania(University of Dar es salaam, 2018) Damian, Respicius ShumbushoThe study investigated the relationship between empowerment and community based accountability in rural primary Health Care. The focus was on empowerment attributes among community members existing legal and institutional frameworks, the management of the community health fund, and the role of health facility governance committees in kasulu district. The study employed a mixed method approach that included both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods. The study found that the majority had lower levels of empowerment (87.3 percent) and limited capability to demand and enforce accountability (73.1 percent). The feeling of having power to influence choices; trust in health workers, government officials, and community leaders: possession of skills related to finance and health care: and the capacity to obtain, analyse, and understand financial and health related information were significantly associated with the capability to enforce accountability. However, gender, education, employment status, and occupation were found to have significant influence on the variation in the capability. Married males in the young-adult age with average rural household income, employed and having higher education were more likely to have the capability to enforce accountability. Principal component analysis results revealed that building mutual trust, increasing power and confidence of community members, adequate availability and utility of relevant and simplified information, and improving skills related to financial and health service monitoring could enhance the capability to demand and enforce accountability. The findings also revealed the existence of a gap between the formal guidelines and actual operations of both the community health fund and health facility governance committees community-level participation in the community health fund is limited to mobilisation, contribution , and accessing contribution updates through notice board. Health facility governance committees have limited autonomy to make financial and purchase decisions. While the district council exercises more control over allocation and purchase decisions. Delay in decisions result in persistent stock-outs of medicine and medical items, which cause mistrust from communities and thus limit the readiness to contribute and monitor resourcesItem Online management of student admissions and loans in higher education institutions in Tanzania(University of Dar es salaam, 2019) Tefurukwa, Oscar WhynijousThe introduction of e-government may result in improving services in public organizations. Likewise, Tanzania introduced a central admission system (CAS) and an online application system (OLAS) in the 2010/2021 and 2011/2012 academic year respectively to deal with perennial problems that resulted in wastage of government funds and human resources in higher in higher education institutions (HEIs). However, the extent to which online services helped to reduce or stop wastage of resources remained unclear and researchers rarely scrutinized his situation. This study used institution theory and socio technical theory to provide an analytical framework and sample size of 120 respondents. It used a questionnaire, interviews, focus group discussion, and secondary and primary sources to collect data. Findings portray that the CAS and OLAS automated transformed student admission and loans in the HEIs. Moreover, the study shows that unlike OLAS, most of the users of CAS experienced transparent, participatory, responsive, and reliable services. However, inadequate management of the student admission and loans was due to insufficient and untimely financial support from the central government and limited online connections within and amongst public organizations. In addition, negligence of students to follow instruction resulted in denial or delayed services. Unlike previous studies, this study shows that the English language was not an obstacle to the users of online services. The study shows that reliable e-government services need a comprehensive e-government policy. Additionally, timely and adequately availability of funds for e-government projects, and taking stern and instant measures against those who undermine e-government services can significantly reduce or stop wastage of resources experienced along the course of managing student admissions and loans in HEIs in Tanzania.Item The dynamics of faith-based organizations healthcare interventions in Tanzania: Ethnographic Study of Bethel Revival Temple and Africa Muslims Agency(University of Dar es Salaam, 2020) Muhoja, Mussa SaidThis anthropological study focused on understanding the dynamics of Faith-Based organizations’ healthcare interventions in Tanzania. The study explored ways the new generation of Christian and Muslim Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) have become involved, and established in healthcare interventions and the country’s public sphere at large since 1990s to 2020 amidst socio- economic, cultural and political changes brought about by Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), neoliberalism and globalization. This study examined types, character and content of FBOs’ healthcare interventions together with religious and professional motivation for their healthcare workers and management including the manner they relate with the government on healthcare interventions ever since. The study borrowed the concept of religion as model of, and model for lived reality by Geertz, and the conceptualization of religion in the public sphere by Casanova. Thus. Using ethnographic inquiry through selected cases of FBOs, this study explored how religious discourses were embodied in certain social practices, how social and historical processes have led to that particular embodiment, and how religion itself redefines its discourses and practices in regards to changing social, economic, and political contexts, results revealed that FBOs engaged in both clinical, non-clinical formal and informal healthcare interventions. It was noted that religious ideas practices, experiences and meanings were much alive and dynamic constantly informing the types of the FBOs healthcare interventions while reflecting existing socio-economic, cultural, historical and political context’s. The types of FBOs healthcare interventions were designed to flow into the public sphere to broaden alternatives for beneficiaries and public to access healthcare services, especially those strongly affected by SAPs as well as weakened traditional and social ties. The character and content of the FBOs healthcare interventions possessed elements of appropriation of morals, extensive use of social networks, and capacity to generate social capital that contributed in protecting beneficiaries against life insecurities caused by SAPs neoliberalism and globalization since 1990s onwards. On professional and religious motivation, findings noted that religious ideas, practices experiences and meanings provided motivation for FBOs healthcare workers and management to engage in healthcare interventions and express for the same using spaces created by SAPs neoliberalism and globalization. On the relationship between the FBOs and the governmend, findings revealed that the socio-economic and political changes since 1990s have led to an increased government dependence on FBOs’ healthcare interventions thereby jeopardizing the former’s supervisory role. Such dependence has created additional space for the FBOs to penetrate their religious and non-religious agenda to the government. It is concluded that FBOs healthcare interventions are dynamic, adaptive and much alive, for they influence and they are being influenced not only by religious ideas, practices, experiences and meanings but also by the existing socio-economic, historical, cultural and political contexts. This study recommended further research into meaning attached to religious activities in specific contexts, situation and time in story. The study also calls for policies that should take into account the contributions of informal and non-clinical healthcare interventions on the overall healthcare system.Item The effects of land cover change on the conservation of mini-antelopes in the south district of Unguja, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Said, Mohamed KhamisThe coral rag forest, which is the only remaining habitat for the mini-antelopes found in Unguja Island, is continuously being affected by human activities despite the existence of conservation legal frameworks. The main of this study is to provide an understanding of how land cover change affects the conservation of mini-antelopes in the coral rag forest of the South District of Unguja. Specifically, the study, sought to determine the land cover changes of the South District of Unguja Island from 1975 to 2014, investigate the causes of such land cover changes, investigate the effects of land cover changes on the habitat of mini-antelopes and examine the extent to which the conservation measures in place help to conserve the mini-antelopes and their habitats. The study was conducted in six shehias, namely Paje, Jambiani Kibigija, Mtende, Kizimkazi Mkunguni, Kibuteni and Muyuni ‘A’ A total of 323 households were selected proportionally from the selected shehias for the study. The study also involved eight key informants and six focus groups with 5-7 members each. Data were collected through remote sensing image interpretation and geographical information system analysis, structured interviews, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, transect walk and field observation. ARC GIS and FRAGSTATS were used analyse spatial data while Statistical Product and Services Solution (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyse non-spatial quantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The results of the study show that the major change detected in the study area between 1975 and 2014 was the decline of natural vegetation.Generally, the forest decline by 28.3% from 43.31% to 15%. Shrubs slightly declined from 43.72% to 43.50%. Besides settlement/built up areas increased from 0.1% to 4.9% while semi-open forest and bush increase from 0.1% to 34.7%. The changes have been caused mainly by human activities, including shifting cultivation, commercial cutting of firewood, charcoal burning, cutting of sticks for seaweed farming and settlement expansion. The underlying causes included population growth, land tenure insecurity, tourism development and the nature of the soil, underlying rocks and terrain of the study area. As a result of land cover change in the South district of Unguja, the habitat for wildlife has declined from 87.3% in 1975 to 58.5% in 2014, and it has become increasingly fragmented. Consequently, mini-antelopes have become unevenly distributed across the study areas and their number has declined. For example, the Ader’s duikers are currently found only in Mtende while i the past they were found across the coral rag forest in the study area. The forage of mini-antelopes has declined and, consequently, they have adapted from eating wild food to eating cultivated foods (e.g. cow peas). Although different strategies for conserving mini-antelopes and their habitat have been introduced since the colonial period, most of them have failed because they were not adequately enforced and communities’ livelihoods were not considered. The establishment of community forest management areas (COFMS) since 2010, however, has improved the habitat. It is concluded that land cover change has negatively affected the habitat of mini-antelopes in the south district of Unguja Island, making the available species of mini-antelopes i.e. the Ader’s duikers and the blue duikers endangered and threatened, respectively. This calls for stern measures to reverse the trend of hbitst decline and fragmentation in order to protect the mini-antelopes. As a long term solution, there is need to establish development projects as an alternative source of income to reduce people’s dependency on the forest and wildlife resources. To conserve the mini-antelopes and their habitat, it is imperative to involve a wide range of stakeholders, including local people, at the beginning of conservation projectsItem The effect of small scale irrigation schemes on rural livelihoods in mbarali district, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Sabayi, Matilda MkamiOver the past 30 years, there has been a rapid expansion in the irrigated areas that influence lives of the people. Irrigation is the key livelihood activity in Mbarali district. However, to what extent does small scale irrigation schemes changes lives of the people in are could not be adequately studied. The current study focused on investigating the amount of irrigation produce in relation to the financial gains, expenditure and the family overall needs. Specifically, the study sought to determine the contribution of irrigation schemes towards the improved livelihoods of the people in Mbarali District. In this regard, the study aimed at making an appraisal on Mbarali people’s knowledge and skills in the management and conservation of irrigation agriculture. It also examine the role government and international organizations in developing small scale irrigation schemes in Mbarali district. Data were obtained through the use of interviews, focus goup discussion, participatory rural appraisal and GIS. Data were analysed by using qualitative and quanative tools. As the result, th study revealed that, 85% of the famers believe that irrigation farming is the most profitable and income generating catalyst. 12% irrigators’ households could pay school fees at more than US$628.1 per year in private schools. By contrast, in non-irrigating villages, most of children were reported to be in the government schools located either in the village or nearby village. The study revealed that 49% irrigators and 67.2% non-irrigators of Mbarali household spent between US$ 314 and 628.1 for food. The study also showed that, financial capital is the most important resource for both irrigation farming and rain-fed farming. It was also noted that 21.9% of farmers in irrigated villages acquired knowledge about farming through experience and interaction with parents, relatives, neighbors and elders. Other source of knowledge about irrigation agriculture was from extension officers within the village that served for about 35.4% of the population. A larger percent, ie., 97% in Igurusi ad Ilongo mainly used manure. A fewer farmers in igurusi and Ilono used a small amount of chemical fertilizers and crop residuals. However, in non-irrigation village about 30% of the farmers were alsonoted to use a combination of manure and chemical fertilizers, whereas 18% used crop residual and chemical fertilizers. Most importantly, the study found that the role of government on the development of agriculture is crucial. Thus, the study recommends; first, reduction of the interest rate on SACCOs. This could motivate farmers to deposit money after selling the produce. The money would help them to obtain loan which would assist them not only in the development of agriculture, but also use of money to meet the needs of the family. Second, the provision of fertilizers and pesticides on time to enable farmers to get quality produces at the right time with reliable markets and transport systems, such as roads.Item Hydrological response to land use change and climate variability and its effects on households’ water availability in the sig catchment, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Clement, MrombaOvertime, hydrological systems of the Sigi catchment have indicated changes with unknown forms and magnitudes. These changes have profound effects on households that depend on increasingly fragile hydrological resources for their living. To uncover the dynamics in the hydrological systems, this study established the patterns ad trends of land use change and climate variability which were linked to hydrological response and ascertain their effects on households’ water vulnerability. The regression model, Mann-Kendall trend test, and Sen’s slope estimator were run to depict significance, trends, direction and magnitude of climate variability. The supervised classification using post-classification comparison, change detection, and transformation matrices were performed to ascertain spatial and temporal change in land use. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) was used to simulate hydrological response to the separate and combined effects of land use change and climate variability. Statistics analysis of 344 household questionnaires was done using descriptive and inferential statistics to understand extent of water availability. Finally, the structural content analysis was used to analyze the result from in-depth interviews and participatory field observations. Findings on the climate variability showed a shift from wet conditions in 1960s to relatively dry conditions in 2010s. Annual rainfall indicated a decrease of 3.2 mm-yr-1, while consecutive wet days and daily maximum rainfall decrease at a rate of 0.05 days-yr-1 and 0.06 mm-yr-1, respectively. The result showed increasing trends of consecutive dry days (0.16 days-yr-1) and simple daily intensity (0.06 days-yr-1), though the increase was not statistically significant (ρ>0.05). Additionally, trends of temperature in the upper and lower catchment increased by 0.02oC-yr-1and 0.01oC-yr-1, respectively. Land use change showed reduction in closed forests, shrub lands, and water bodies while open forests, built-up lands, and cultivated lands showed increasing trend. SWAT simulation showed good performance with Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) =0.58 and coefficient of determination (R2) =0.67 for calibration, and NSE=0.56 and R2=0.64 for validation period. Hydrological to land use change indicated increase by 23.1 mm and 7.2 mm, respectively. Influence of climate variability increased surface runoff by 29.9 mm, while base flow and water yield decreased by 36.1 mm and 14.2 mm, respectively. the observed hydrological change have affected households’ water availability since nearby one-third of the households (36.9% had to travel up to 2.5 km to water supply sources. From the study it has come out clearly that rainfall, temperature, and land use have significantly changed. It is also apparent to mention that the impacts of climate variability on hydrology of the Sigi catchment are larger than those of land use change. Although the Sigi catchment has various water supply sources, their number over time. Owning to the dilemma facing water resources in this era of climate variability and use change, long-term planning that balance households’ livelihood options that offers economic well-being and water resources management option is needed.Item An Investigation on Collaborative Information Seeking Behaviour Student Groups in Vocational Education Training Institutions in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Nkebukwa, Leontine LaurentThe main purpose of this study was to investigate collaborative information seeking behavior of student groups in Vocational Education Training institutions in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at examining information needs of student groups, assessing tools that students groups use to seek information during CIS, assessing factors fostering CIS among students groups; as well as investigating barriers VET student groups encounter during collaborative information seeking. The study was conducted in five regions in Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar, utilizing observation and interview as the major methods of collecting data, and Focus Group Discussions. Data collected was qualitatively analyzed using thematic analysis technique. Findings revealed that students at VETs had a wide range of information needs, based on type of course as well as type of activities that they performed. The lack of such information adversely affected accomplishment of their assigned group tasks. Findings revealed that student groups relied mostly on search engines as their search tool, and groups members, teachers, colleagues outside the team, textbooks, internet, as their source of information. With regards to information sharing tools, respondents relied upon face to face conversations, telephone calls, text massage, and social media. The finding however, revealed non-use of collaborative information sharing tools. Findings revealed various factor such as CIS, such as complexity of information needs, lack of awareness, lack of expertise, lack of experience, the need to save time, and the need to minimize cost. Findings revealed a number of barrier VET student groups encounter during CIS, such as lack of computer laboratories or connected computers, lack of libraries or support from librarians, limited awareness and search skills. This study recommends establishment of libraries with computers connected to the Internet, awareness creation on collaborative search tools and acquisition of software supportive of CIS.Item Understanding of agricultural biotechnology among farmers, journalists and scientists in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Nyinondi, Philbert . SThe purpose of this study was to examine understanding of agricultural biotechnology among farmers, journalists and scientists in Tanzania. The study established the status of agricultural biotechnology; awareness and the level of understanding of agricultural biotechnology among farmers, journalists and scientists; identified trusted information sources on agricultural biotechnology consulted by farmers, journalists and scientist; determined factors that influence the understanding of agricultural biotechnology and proposed agricultural biotechnology information communication model for Tanzania. The respondents were obtained through use of purposive, multi-stage, stratified and random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) guide. Experts’ meeting and observation guide whereas secondary data were collected through documentary review. Data collected were harmonised and organised according to research questions. Quantitative data were analysed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. A sample of 414 respondents (survey) participated in the study, 34 key informants (FGDs) and 40 agricultural lead scientists (experts meeting) in Tanzania. The key findings revealed that Tanzania has policies and legal environment for the application of agricultural biotechnology. The country has two genetic engineering projects, one for maize in the confined trial and cassava in the laboratory. Tanzania has not commercialised any genetically modified crops and has no ban on modern agricultural biotechnology. Furthermore, the findings show that scientists (20.7%) and journalists (5.2%) have reasonable understanding of agricultural biotechnology. Using Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) as indicated by most (90.3%) farmers followed by journalists (81.9%) and scientists (40.5%) could not give examples. The study concludes that the level of understanding of agricultural biotechnology among various actors is relatively low. Therefore, the study recommends step by step communication approach to create awareness and understanding of agricultural biotechnology in Tanzania.Item Role of non-timber forest products in communities’ adaptation to climate variability effects in Iringa district, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Haule, Tiemo RomwardThis study was conducted to examine the role of non-timber forest products in communities’ adaption to the effects of climate variability in Iringa district. The study examined five villages surrounding Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve (KFR) which are: Itagutwa, Kinywang’anga, Kitapilimwa Mawindi and Mfyome. The sample constituted 328 respondents. Mixed research design was used to collect data whereby both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Data collection methods were structured interview, in-depth interview, focused group discussions, field observation and documentary review. International Business Machines Statistical Products and service Solutions (IBM SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Excel 2007 software’s were used to analyse quantitative data whereas content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The findings indicate that in Iringa district for the past 31 years (1986-2016) there is a statistically significant increase in temperature and a statistically non-significant increase in rainfall coupled with intra-seasonal dry spells, late rainfall onset, early rainfall cessation and high annual rainfall variability. These variables have impacted on the local communities’ livehoods, including rain-led agriculture leading to, among others, low crop yields, food insecurity and low income. Similarly, the study found that the local communities adjacent to KFR use NTFPs from the reserve as a strategy for adapting to the effects of climate variability through direct household consumption, trade in NTFPs and exchange. Also, the study identified five main factors which threaten the adaptation role of NTFPs. The factors are anthropogenic degradation of the NTFPs, increase in temperature and low and erratic rainfall regime seasonal availability of some of the NTFPs unfair trade in NTFPs and strict by-laws that limit access to NTFPs. It is concluded that climate variability and its effects in the study area are evident as observed through increased temperature, low and erratic rainfall and a decreases in crop yields. Also, the study concluded that despite restricted access to KFR and degradation of NTFPs, local communities use NTFPs from KFR to enhance their resilience to the effects of climate variability. It is recommended that in irder to reduce the vulnerability of the local communities to the effects of climate variability and improve the adaptation role of NTFPs, the government and other stakeholders should support the local communities in terms of adding value to NTFPs, strengthen non-farm and off-farm income generating opportunities and, lastly, the government should involve local communities in formulating forest management regulations in a manner which ensures local in formulating forest management regulations in a manner whixh ensures local communities’ access o NTFPs while maintaining ecosystem integrity.Item Street level bureaucracy and service delivery in local government authorities in Tanzania: the case of Mvomero district and Moshi Municipal Councils(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Kamugisha, DenisThe study examined the role of street level bureaucracy (SLBs) regarding their ability to cope with deterrent of effective service delivery in Mvomero District and Moshi Municipal Councils in Tanzania. Although decentralization reforms of 1990s emphasized on the interplay between SLBs, citizens and policy makers to ensure effective service delivery, literature review showed that service delivery in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) is largely in effective. This study was carried out to unearth how SLBs operate to cope with different effective service delivery. The study employed two theories, agency theory specifically for gaining an insight into dynamics of central-local relations and the SLB theory to guide an understanding on how SLBs cope with the status quo. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to examine deterrents of effective services delivery to determine the manner SLBs’ operations limit effectiveness of central government control over social fields. Methodologically, the study used a phenomenological approach, spatial quasi-design, thematic analysis, in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, documentary review and observation. It was found that SLBs cope with service delivery deterrents by rationalizing resources as well as simplifying, routinizing and modifying their work environment. It is concluded that although SLBs encounter scarce resources, still they can deliver effective if they will be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. It is recommended that the government should motivate SLBs in terms of their mind set and civic duties to increase their working morale and commitmentItem Management of public leaders’ ethics in Tanzania: a case of ethics secretariat(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Njama, Akili HassanThis study explored the capacity of ethics secretariat (ES) in managing public leaders’ ethics. Specifically, it sets out to investigate the capacity of the institution in managing public leaders’ ethics: examine the legal framework capacity, analyse human and financial capacity and asses the functional relations between the Ethics Secretariat and other institutions governing ethics, namely PCCB, CHRGG, the Parliament, the Court and the ministry for public service and good governance. The study employed the political economy theory and its methodology was primarily qualitative. Its findings relied heavily on questionnaires, documentary review and in-depth interviews with key informants of the institution mentioned above. Generally, it was found that the capacity of Ethics Secretariat in managing public leaders’ ethics is affected by various factors. Some of these factors include the weakness of Leadership Code of Ethics Act of 1995, insufficient human and financial resources, weakness in functional relations between the ethics Secretariat and other institution governing ethics mentioned above. The study concludes first, under inappropriate law, insufficient human and financial resources and inappropriate functional relations between the Ethics Secretariat and other ethics governing institutions, the management of public leaders’ ethics is difficult if not impossible to comprehend; at best it is likely to remain an elusive phenomenon. Second, in a context where unethical leaders are rarely sanctioned some leaders have an opportunity to act according to their wishes and not according to the law. The study recommends a substantial of the Leadership code of ethics act No 13 of 1995 amended in 2001 and enactment of a new constitution in order to create space for oversight institutions to work independentlyItem The effects of forest change on the socio-ecological system of Jambiani-muyuni forest, Zanzibar.(2019) Mshenga, Ameir HaidarThe jambian-mbuyuni forest has distinctive resources that offer numerous opportunities through its biological, economic and cultural roles. Despite the value of the forest, change in livelihoods resulting from growing population needs has caused forest change that is threatening the socioeconomic and ecological functioning of the forest. This study aimed at enhancing the understanding of the effects of forest change on the functioning of socio-ecological systems as biodiversity hotspots and sources of livelihood. Specifically, the study sought to detect forest changes that have occurred in the study area from 1977 to 2016; to determine the drivers responsible for the changes; to assess the effect of forest change on community livelihoods .A triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to collect data from 361 households, 58 key informants, 105 forest plots and aerial photographs. Temperature and rainfall data covering 34 years were also collected. Non-spatial data were analysed through IBM SPSS version 21, excel software version 2013, excess software version 2013 and MATLAB R2014 software (version8.3) whereas qualitative data analysed through Arc GIS version 10.3 and QGIS version 2.6.1. The findings from aerial photographs have revealed that the study area has experienced a loss of high coral rag forest of 27.2% over a 39-years period since 1977. Areas covered by settlements, agriculture and low coral rag forest change were social, economic, political and climate change. Cultivation, firewood harvesting, and charcoal making were among the most prominent economic drivers responsible for the forest change. Forest changes have had negative effects on forest structure, tree species diversity as well as community livelihoods. The structure of the forest has been degraded and is dominated by small and short trees with with the average height of 3.3m, total basal area of 4.6 m ha, volume of 8.07 m ha and average can copy cover of 30.5%.the loss of forest has led to the disappearance of some tree species such as ficus lutea and carpodiptera Africana. The local communities are also experiencing such problem as shortage of firewood and building poles, poor rural housing, food insecurity and decline of income from the forest. It is concluded that changes in the Jambiani-Muyuni forest have had negative effects on the socio-ecological functioning of the forest, with the forest structure, species diversity and livelihoods of the communities living around the forest all having been negatively affected. It is therefore recommended that the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar should plan for proper settlements and improve agricultural land productivity so as to minimize shifting cultivation and unnecessary expansion of farms and settlement into the coral rag forest.Item Street level bureaucracy and service delivery in local government authorities in Tanzania: the case of Mvomero District and Moshi Municipal Councils(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Kamugisha, DenisThis study examined the role of street level bureaucrats (SLBs) regarding their ability to cope with deterrents of effective service delivery in Mvomero District and Moshi Municipal Councils in Tanzania. Although decentralization reforms of 1990s emphasized on the interplay between SLBs, citizens and policy makers to ensure effective service delivery, literature review showed that service delivery in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) is largely ineffective. This study was carried out to unearth how SLBs operate to cope with deterrents of effective service delivery. The study employed two theories, agency theory specifically for gaining an insight into dynamics of central-local relations and the SLB theory to guide an understanding on how SLBs cope with the status quo. The study was guided by three specific objectives: to examine deterrents of effective service delivery, to determine the manner SLBs operate to cope with deterrents of effective service delivery and to determine the manner SLBs' operations limit effectiveness of central government control over social fields. Methodologically, the study used a phenomenological approach, spatial quasi-design, thematic analysis, in-depth interviews, semi structured interviews, documentary review and observation. It was found out that SLBs cope with service delivery deterrents by rationalizing resources as well as simplifying, routinizing and modifying their work environment. It is concluded that although SLBs encounter scarce resources, still they can deliver effective services if they will be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. It is recommended that the government should motivate SLBs in terms of their mind set and civic duties to increase their working morale and commitment.Item An investigation on collaborative information seeking behaviour of student groups in vocational education training institutions in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Nkebukwa, Leontine LaurentThe main purpose of this study was to investigate collaborative information seeking behaviour of student groups in vocational Education Training Institutions in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed at examining information need of student groups, assessing tools that student groups use to seek information during CIS, assessing factors fostering CIS among student groups; as well as investigating barriers VET student group encounter during collaborative information seeking. The study was conducted in five regions in Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar, utilizing observation and interview as the major method of collecting data, and Focus Group Discussions. Data collected was qualitatively analysed using thematic analysis technique. Findings revealed that students at VETs had a wide range of information needs, based on the type of course as well as the type of activities that they performed. The lack of such information adversely affected accomplishment of their assigned group tasks. Findings revealed that student groups relied mostly on search engines as their search tool, and group members, teachers, colleagues outside the team, textbooks, internet, as their sources of information. With regards to information sharing tools, respondents relied up on face to face conversations, telephone calls, text messages and social media. The findings, however, revealed non-use of collaborative information sharing tools. Findings revealed various factors that foster CIS, such as complexity of information needs, lack of awareness, lack of expertise, lack of experience, the need to save time and the need to minimize cost. Findings revealed a number of barriers VET student groups encounter during CIS, such as lack of computer laboratories or connected computers, lack of tools and system to support collaborative information seeking, lack of libraries or support from librarians, limited awareness and search skills. This study recommends establishment of libraries with computers connected to the Internet, awareness creation on collaborative search tools, and acquisition of software supportive of CIS.Item Community empowerment and accountability in rural primary health care: the case of Kasulu district in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Damian, Respicius ShumbushoThis study investigated the relationship between empowerment and community-based accountability in rural Primary Health Care. The focus was on empowerment attributes among community members, existing legal and institutional frameworks, the management of the Community Health Fund, and the role of Health Facility Governance Committees in Kasulu district. The study employed a mixed method approach that included both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods. The study found that the majority had lower levels of empowerment (87.3percent) and limited capability to demand and enforce accountability (73.1 percent). The feeling of having power to influence choices; trust in health workers, government officials, and community leaders; possession of skills related to finance and health care; and the capacity to obtain, analyses, and understand financial and health related information were significantly associated with the capability to enforce accountability. However, gender, education, employment status, and occupation were found to have significant influence on the variation in the capability. Married males in the young-adult age with average rural household income, employed and having higher education were more likely to have the capability to enforce accountability. Principal Component Analysis results revealed that building mutual trust, increasing power and confidence of community members, adequate availability and utility of relevant and simplified information, and improving skills related to financial and health service monitoring could enhance the capability to demand and enforce accountability. The findings also revealed the existence of a gap between the formal guidelines and actual operations of both the Community Health Fund and Health Facility Governance Committees. Community-level participation in the Community Health Fund is limited to mobilization. Contribution and accessing contribution updates through notice boards. Health Facility Governance Committees have limited autonomy to make financial and purchase decisions while the district council exercises more control over allocation and purchase decisions. Delays in decisions result in persistent stock-outs of medicine and medical items, which cause mistrust from communities and thus limit the readiness to contribute and monitor resources and service delivery. Essentially, limited confidence, legitimacy, and trust that Health Facility Governance Committees can address critical concerns of the communities undermine their efficacy as institutions for enhancing community-based accountability. The study concludes that community-based accountability interventions are more likely to be effective if they integrate promotion of agency among communities and improving the opportunity structure. Specifically, both enhancing the capacities of community-level actors to hold service providers and government officials accountable and creating institutional environments that facilitate community actors' control over the key financial and service delivery decisions and actions are imperative. Finally, a participatory approach to designing and implementing health policy interventions is critical for developing community ownership as a key prerequisite for successful community-based accountability. Among others, the study recommends strengthening capacities of community-level implementers, improving cooperation between the district council and community-level stakeholders, and interventional studies to assess the impact of trust, information, and financial skills on community-based accountability.Item Dynamics of sex preference, rertility and educational attainment in selected matrilineal societies in Morogoro, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Mulema, Jaha MwalukisaThis study was conducted in Kilosa and Mvomero districts in Morogoro region. The objectives of the study were to establish the patterns of sex preference, examine the influence of sex preference on fertility and educational attainment and evaluate factors influencing the relationship between sex preference, fertility and educational attainment among matrilineal societies in Morogoro region. This study employed a theory by Lee and Marwell on their General Theory of Gender Preference for Children to analyse the relationship between sex preference, fertility and educational attainment. It adopted a descriptive research design that involved quantitative research methodology as a complementary approach. It involved 384 respondents from Mvomero and Kilosa districts in Morogoro region. A social survey, focus group discussion and documentary review methods were used for data collection. Frequency distributions, cross-tabulations chi-square and logistic regression, were used for quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data was analysed and presented based on predetermined themes, categories and patterns into which data from the field collapsed. This study shows that matrilineal societies in Morogoro region were dominated by daughter preference. Desire for girls led to higher fertility among daughter preferring couples’ decisions to send their daughters in private ordinary level secondary schools compared to sons. Owing to the strong influence of education in minimizing the influence of sex preference on fertility the study recommends the government to expand provision of education from lower to higher levels.Item Impact of dairy market hubs and economic efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania: the case of Tanga and Morogoro regions(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Bayiyana, IreneThis study examines participation in Dairy Market Hubs (DMHs), impact of DMHs and economic efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania. Using secondary data collected from 461 smallholder cattle keepers in four districts in two regions of Tanzania (Tanga and Morogoro), the study employs quasi-experimental methods combining propensity score matching and difference-in-difference to estimate treatment (dairy hub) effects. A logit random effects model was used to analyse the factors influencing smallholder participation in DMHs while economic efficiency was estimated using a stochastic frontier translog cost model. The results indicate that participation was encouraged by group membership, land holding and education of the household head. It related negatively with age and squared years of schooling. Dairy market hubs on average increased household dairy income by 2.59 percent points per household, for the period 2014 to 2016 compared with the expected effect of 5 percent points annual increase. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.003-0.999 with a mean of 0.932 points implying that the sampled farmers were close to being fully economically efficient in the allocation of resources for producing a given level of milk output. Key factors indirectly related to cost inefficiency were education level, farmer’s age, hub membership, and farmer location. These results imply that it would be productive to support livestock producer groups across all potential dairy areas to move forming DMHs.Item Access to and use of information for forest management among communities surrounding Kazimzumbwi and Pugu forest reserves, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Mkhai, Emmanuel MarcoThe main objective of this study was to examine how local communities access and use information for forest management. The study was undertaken in communities around Kazimzumbwi and Pugu Forest Reserves, Kisarawe District, Coastal Region, Tanzania. The study examined different sources of information consulted by local communities to access information for forest management. Additionally, Participatory Forest Management (PFM) activities and their significance to the local communities around forest management. Mixed research approach was used in conducting research. Kisarawe, Pugu Kajiungeni and Kimani (neighboring Kazimzumbwi Forest Preserve) and Kola, Kazimzumbwi, Kifuru and Maguruwe (neighbouring Pugu Forest Reserve) villages were selected purposively because of their proximity to the forest reserves. The data were collected through questionnaire from 282 respondents, interviews from 18 respondents using interview guide, two focus group (7 participants in each group) discussions and observation. Purposive sampling technique was used for selecting key informants and villages while stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used for selecting community members. The findings revealed that there is poor access to and use of information for forest management due to unharmonised policies from different ministries, unsupportive working environment for the leadership, and inadequate support from forest officers. Other factors contributing to inaccessibility of forest information included poor information infrastructure and poverty in most villages. The findings indicate that generally access to and use of information was significantly influenced by unharmonised policies from different ministries, poor infrastructure as well as cultural, demographic, economic, educational and social factors. This study recommends provision of up-to-date information for forest management, identifying alternative sources of income in the villages and government’s cooperation with communities in forest management through Participatory Forest Management.Item Ethnic Consciousness and political change in Rorya District, Tanzania, 1800 To the Present(University of Dar es salaam, 2019) Onyiego, AlbetusThis thesis examines ethnic formation and ethnic relations among the Suba- and Luo-speaking peoples found in Rorya District, Mara Region, in northern Tanzania. It is a follow-up study in response to the scholarly debate which started in the early 1980s concerning the nature of African ethnicity. The overall objective of the thesis is to enable the reader to understand the historical developments that have taken place among the Suba and Luo from the late pre-colonial period (c. 1800) to the present, and to appreciate the role of those dynamics in the making of ethnic relations that we witness in Rorya District today. Without prejudice to the rich and diverse archival documents used in this thesis, it is worth noting that the larger part of this research has relied on oral information, including oral traditions and oral testimonies. The reliance on oral methodology was prompted by the nature of the topic itself and the need to promote the skills of oral interpretation in historical scholarship. The main finding in this thesis is that ethnicity has been at work for a long time among the Suba and Luo of Rorya District and it has influenced major historical developments in the area, including migrations, settlement patterns, social relations, ritual performance and competition for political office. The findings indicate that both colonial and postcolonial states tried to re-define and/or manipulate ethnicity to suit their own political agendas but heritage from the past has endured. The moral here is that ethnicity-related problems are best handled through efforts at containment, negotiation and accommodation rather than eradication. This study proves that ethnicity is a phenomenon under perpetual formation, constantly shaped by the prevailing social and political conditions of a given moment. In this case, ethnic formation in Africa cannot be adequately understood by looking at the forces that operated during the pre-colonial or colonial periods alone. Instead, a comprehensive understanding of African ethnicity should take into account all major transformations that have taken place from the pre-colonial, through the colonial to the post-colonial epoch. This view is in keeping with the constructivist model recently proposed by Bruce Berman which posits that ethnic identities in Africa are continuously in a process of construction and reconstruction.Item Women empowerment, technical efficiency and market participation: a study of smallholder rice farmers in kilometre district, Tanzania(University of Dar es salaam, 2019) Achandi, Esther LeahThis study examines women empowerment, technical efficiency and market participation by smallholder rice farmers in Kilombero using the Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). For the study site, the overall WEAI is estimated at 0.54and the determinants of women empowerment for female headed households are; age of the household head, education level, group membership, condition of dwelling and distance from the nearest major town, all of which have a positive association with women empowerment while monthly income has a negative association. For the male headed households; age of the husband and number of male children have an association with women empowerment. The study also analyzes technical efficiency of production using the stochastic frontier analysis. Findings indicate mean technical efficiency scores of 0.50 and 0.66 for female and male headed households respectively. The factors that affect technical efficiency are empowerment of the women; gender, primary occupation, group membership and education level of household head and, fertilizer use in production. In examining market participation, a double hurdle model is used with findings indicating that being a male household head, group membership of household head, hiring labour, empowerment of the woman and ownership of modern equipment have a positive effect on the decision while, irrigation and customary land ownership have a negative effect on the decision to market. Plot size, education, age squared, ownership of modern equipment has a positive effect on quantity marketed while age has a negative effect on quantity marketed.