PhD Theses

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Comparatives studies on the water balance and functional renal anatomy of several species of Uganda ruminants
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1969) Schoen, Alexander Richard
Comparative studies on the water balance and related phyological phenomenon of five East African goats obtained from three disnet geographical zones of Uganda, and of one or more representatives of each of four game ruminant species from three The present studies show that the dikdik, an arid country antelope is better adapted to heat stress and to restricted water availability than the bushbuck, reedbuck or Uganda kob, all three latter animals being moist savannah or bushland antelopes. The studies indicate that the East African goat is well adapted to most geographical environments encountered in Uganda. The studies suggest the existence of a direct relationship between the relative size of the renal medulla and the degree of aridioty of the habitat for these and several others, and that by comparison with a carnivorce, the domestic dog, the total relatives glomerular volume of those ruminants studied is smaller than that of a carnivorce which latter animal needs to excrete higher amounts of nitrogenous was to resulting from a higher protein diet.
Some aspects of the Biology of the Lesser Pied Kingfisher Cervle Rudis Linn
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1970) Douthwaite, Robert John
The Pied Kingfisher Cervle rudis Linn, is about nine inches long and entirely pied. The sexes are dimorphic and juveniles are distinguishable from adults. It is a common and slow – moving water throughout the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions. Three races have been described. This thesis is the result of two years fieldwork, principally on the Entebbe peninsula, Lake Victoria (00 10N; 320 300 E) combined with laboratory studies. The birds were found to avoid papyrus swamp, favouring areas of flooded swamp forest where only the stumps remained. On the Kazinga Channel, cliffs bearing tangled thicket at the water’s edge were preferred to more open shore. Population densities of two to six birds per Kilometer of shore appeared to be usual: higher densities recorded on the Kazinga Channel were probably exceptional. Considerable movement following the end of the breading season was thought to be a local response to the availability of fish. The population near Entebbe has increased in the last 60 years perhaps due to an increase in available nest sites. An increase in Kigenzi is possibly due to the stocking of the lakes with fish. Males outnumber females especially at the colonies. Six adult calls and sites over water are chosen. Birds fish from a perch or by hovering at a height over the water. The former method is more prevalent in calm conditions. and when small Engraulicypris sp, form the bulk of the diet. Three diurnal peaks of fishing activity are usual, but only two prolonged peaks occur when the diet consist of small Engraulicypris sp. Dives were successful on Lakes Victoria than on the Kazinga Channel, but less searching was required in the latter area. Small fish are swallowed in flight but large fish are crushed and battered before being swallowed. The amount of battering has a significant positive correlation with the size of the fish although rigidity is believed to determine the number of hits given. Variation in the response between birds precludes a predictive formula for estimating the sizes of fish eaten in the wild. Diet was studied by pellet analysis. Fish 4-11 centimeters total length are eaten. The sizes of fish dentaries in the pellets were related to the sizes of whole fish and calorimetry allowed the diet to be expressed in calories. The diet showed consistent changes between the two years; Haplochromis spp., are most important. The smaller though numerically more important Engraulicypris argenteus had four peaks of utilization. Emergences of alatemacrotermss natalensis gave it transitory importance, and Barbus SP. , Hemithaplochromis
The role of the institute of adult education in the process of development in Tanzania: a study of its direct teaching function in the city of Dar es Salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1970) Snyder, Margaret C.
This study is concerned with the role of the Institute of Adult Education (IAE) in Dar es Salaam in the process of development in Tanzania. Its objectives are to discover the actual and potential contribution of the Institutes evening classes and to determine whether they give to the nation returns sufficient to justify their existence in a country where poverty dictates a stringent budget and a carefully worked out programme of priorities. To learn about the students who attend the Institute and about (IAE) itself all data available in the Institute archives was examined, including enrolment and permanent record cards, and reports from Directors and various advisor bodies. A questionnaire was then designed and a sample of adult students was selected for interviews. The data were analyzed according to students’ origins, present circumstances and aspirations, and by the logical division of the Institute’s purposes into these which are intellectual and those socializing. With the findings and the records available, the effectiveness of IAE was assessed and a number of questions and suggestions towards increasing its contribution to the development of Tanzania were posed. It is concluded that the role of the Institute through its direct education of adults is: (1) to assist in the provision of a continuing supply of intermediate level workers who act as the instruments of development, (2) to provide that these workers are neither sheer functionaries nor seekers after personal gain by giving them an understanding of societal goals and of their roles within the process of development together with the knowledge and skills necessary to their work; (3) to assure continuous mobility from outside of and from within the middle and higher levels of employment by offering to partially educated persons the opportunity to gain the qualifications necessary to increased responsibility in their jobs; (4) and thus to act as a preventive against the fixing of social strata in Tanzania’s avowedly socialistic development.
The influence of agronomic factors on maize yields in western Kenya with special reference to time of planting
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1971) Allan, Alexander Young
Maize is Kenya’s staple food and most important crop. About one million hectares are grown, and estimated average yields are 12.5 quintals per hectare. Over 90% is planted by small famers for subsistence, and only their surplus is sold. Under 20% of Kenya receives adequate rainfall for maize; this area is mostly at higher altitudes in Central and Western Kenya. A though the Portuguese probably brought maize to the Coast in the 16th century, it did not spread inland until much later in some areas it arrived within living memory maize research in Western Kenya is centred at Kitale, 1 °N , 35°E, altitude 1 ,890m .The mean temperature is 1s.5°c , with moderate diurnal but negligible seasonal variations. Annual rainfall averages 1 , 140m.m ., occurring from late March to November. Before 1 964 maize agronomy research was rather uncoordinated, studying mainly fertilizers, varieties and spacing’s. Objective information was lacking on the relative importances of agronomic factors, and on their interactions. Without this knowledge there was little understanding of why yields were low, or how to improve them. Part 1 of this thesis was designed to obtain this information. A large factorial trial was laid down at 3 sites around Kitale in 1966, and again 1967. Six agronomic factors, in a 2^6 confounded design, were included, each at either a high level representing current good practices, or a low level representing current good practices, or a low level representing a defined level of bad practices. The mean yield was 51.5 g/ha. Overal1, high levels out yielded low by the following margins, (q/ha.): Early planting, 10.3; high population, 6.6; hybrid, 8.6; clean weeding , 5.3; phosphate,0.99 nitrogen, 3.2. Several important interactions considerably modified the main effects, especially the response to fertilizers. From these results, it was deduced that:- 1 ) farmers' yields are low because of poor husbandry, especially late planting; 2) output could be increased fourfold by adopting better practices and hybrid seed; 3 ) at current low yield levels, lack of fertilizer is not a major limitation; 4)fertilizer applied to poor maize is unprofitable, but cultural improvements make fertilizer profitable. Next the cost/benefit ratios were calculated, to assess the profitability of various treatments.
Coffee Diversion, a Strategy for Development: the Case of Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1974) Mbilinyi, Simon Michael Mhelema
Coffee is the number one agricultural commodity in international trade, surpassing cotton and wheat in terms of monetary value. In relation to all internationally traded commodities coffee ranks second to petroleum which is number one in value. The importance of coffee is further enhanced by the great number of countries in the Third World which depend on the crop for the development of their economies and for earning foreign exchange. In the consuming or importing countries coffee forms a substantial part of their agro business. The importance of coffee in the Tanzanian economy cannot be overemphasized. The crop contributes about 5% of GDP, accounts for about 20% of total agricultural exports, occupies over 230,000 acres (or 360 square miles) of the best land in the country, employs 215,000 to 300, 000 people in production and coffee related services and commands over Shs. 100 million in processing, curing and roasting plants. Inspite of the dominance and importance of the crop in international trade and in the economies of coffee producing countries in the world, the crop has experienced problems in recent years. The most acute problems include; first, wide fluctuations in price and foreign exchange earnings, associated with annual variations in production typical of tree crops. Second, these annual variations or fluctuations are superimposed on some prolonged cyclical movements in the world coffee economy extending as far as twenty years each, Third, the world coffee market is circumscribed in part by high tariffs in the consuming countries, high export taxes in the exporting countries and quantitative restrictions in accordance with the International Coffee Agreement. Fourth, the commodity is prone to react not only to the laws of supply and demand of its own, and its close substitutes (tea, cocoa, etc,) but to the general economic conditions of the developed countries. In addition to these general problems of the coffee industry, Tanzania’s coffee industry has its own problems; first the major coffee producing areas relies almost on the crop for their farm (cash) incomes. Second, a fall in price of the crop stagnates any economic and social activities in those districts and regions that produce the crop, Furth more the nation as a whole is then deprived of a substantial part of its foreign exchange earnings. The significance of the coffee industry and its problems gave impetus to this study. The study is attempting to: a) detail and analyze problems facing the coffee industry internationally and nationally; b) to trace the development of the crop quantitatively and geographically; c) to look at production and marketing policies used by the early coffee producing countries., so as to gain insight to the problems as they pertain to the Tanzania situation; d) to examine the socio—economic situation in the major coffee producing areas in Tanzania; e) to analyze the economies of peasant coffee production using farm budgeting and production function techniques; and f) present and suggest policy actions an implementations strategies with special emphasis on diversification and marketing. The problem, scope, objectives and the methodology of the study are discussed in Chapter I. Chapter II, traces the historical and institutional setting of the coffee industry internationally and nationally. The theoretical framework of the peasant economy ends the hypothesis of the study are presented in Chapter III. Chapter IV examines the socio— economic conditions in the five major coffee producing districts of Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Bukoba, Rungwe and Mbinga. The economic analysis of peasant coffee production is discussed in Chapter V 9 which include the use of farm budgeting techniques, the Cobb—Doughlas .as production function approach and the presentation of the empirical results. Chapter VI reviews production, marketing and institutional changes pertaining to coffee in Tanzania and briefly suggests policies, recommendations that might improve the development of the coffee industry in Tanzania. Findings that may be of rea1 use and interest for policy makers are those contained in Chapter IV, which detail in descriptive statistics the factors of production of the crop by peasant farmers. The resources there is a chance that they will choose crop mixes or enterprise combinations that will maximize farm incomes. The empirical results of the Cobb—Doughlas production function, with all its limitations, show •that there 901.10 factors of production that can be intensified in use so as to realize better yields and higher quality of the crop. It was found out that, the use of labor could be intensified in all the study areas. The response to modern inputs like chemical fertilizer, sprays and insecticides yielded varying results in the various districts, some negative while others positive. Experience in the field show that there are good positive responses for the use of these inputs. The negativity (or non— response) in our model is due mainly to poor data used. Land had a positive response to production but hag limited possibilities of expanding its use due to overpopulation in practically all the districts excepting Mbinga, The hypothetical case of possibilities for trade between the upper and lower belts in Kilimanjaro reveal that there is something to gain for both populations by adopting limited specialization in their economic activities. In order to spread out the gains accrued from such specialization, ujamaa village approach to modes or units of production would be the most useful strategy. The study has attempted to throw light on the major issues concerning coffee. It remains for the policy makers and implementors to develop projects that are viable and will benefit the peasants and the nation as a whole.
The role of the medicine men among the Zaramo of Dar es Salaam.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1974) Swantz, Lloyd William
This study of the urban Zaramo sets out to discover how the Zaramo socially and culturally understand and cope with their urban environment. It looks into the factors which facilitate or hinder the transition from traditional cultural life to modern urban society. It seeks to find the forces which guide and motivate Zaramo through this period of urban social change. The research revealed the central role of the medicine man in the urban Zaramo’s life. For this reason the focus was turned on him and his activities in relation to contemporary Zaramo urban society. In order to understand the role of the medicine man among the Zaramo today, 84 traditional medicine men and 9 Muslim clerics were interviewed concerning their therapeutic practices, methods and attitudes. One hundred clients of medicine men were interviewed to find out their problems, the causes, treatments given, payments and attitudes towards traditional medicine. One hundred and fifty Zaramo were interviewed in order to obtain quantitative data on Zaramo knowledge and practice of traditional culture, religion, religion, life cycle rites and medical practices in contemporary urban Dar es Salaam. In addition, some 200 Zaramo were interviewed on specific topics over a research period of five years. The quantitative evidence provided in this study substantiates the fact that the Mganga in his traditional role as healer of illness is well established in urban Dar es Salaam today. More than 700 medicine men are engaged in full time practice in Dar es Salaam and the number is likely to grow, not diminish. Between 8,000 to 10,000 clients are received each day for treatment by the Waganga. Through the situational analysis of numerous case studies and the mass of quantitative data, this thesis provides evidence to substantiate the main hypothesis proposed, that: The Mganga, is a key person in preserving traditional Zaramo culture, continues to function in modern urban society by adapting his role to the changing social conditions of his clientele.
Tanzania's relations with the third World
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1974) Bailey, Martin D
This study examines the development of Tanzania’s relations with Third World (Africa, Asia, and Latin America). The major determinants and decision-making structures of Tanzanian foreign policy are considered. Julius Nyerere emerges as the most important influence on the country’s external relations. The liberation of Africa from colonial and minority rule is a basic aim of Tanzanian foreign policy and the Government’s support to the struggle, particularly in Southern Africa, is examined. A general survey of Tanzania’s relation with independent Africa introduces a detailed examination of Tanzania links with her neighbours. Most of Tanzania’s African ties are with neighbouring states and these relationships clearly reveal the nature of Tanzania’s policies. The union with Zanzibar in 1964 is considered along with the subsequent problems that have arisen in its implementation. Relations with Kenya and Uganda are dealt with including the attempt to create a political federation the 1971 Uganda coup. Close ties have been forged with Zambia, Which has re-orientated its trade routes through Tanzania, but dispute have arisen with Malawi. Relations with the former Belgian territories of Zaire, Burundi, and Rwanda are still rather tenuous. The scope of the study is expanded from Africa to include the other two continents of the Third World. A very important friendship has been developed with China, which has provided a large amount of aid. Tanzanian relations with the rest of Asia are confined to a small number of nations and links with Latin America are few. Nevertheless co-operation among the Third world could increase its strength and hasten development. The study concludes with an evaluation of Tanzania’s relations with the Third World which considers the problems that have arisen and the degree of success that has been achieved.
Meat from goat in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1977) Kyomo, Martin Luther
The shortage of protein of high biological value in the tropics could be decreased by raising larger numbers of indigenous ruminant livestock, and of increasing off¬ take and weight per animal destined for slaughter. In Tanzania, where there are about five million goats and their meat is already very popular, improvement of goats through better breeding, feeding and disease control methods could lead to a several-fold increase in the present annual production of 1.3 million goat carcasses. The paucity of data on which to base goat improvement methods was the major reason for undertaking this study. A comparison was made in reproductive performance, growth rate and carcass yield between the Tanzania indigenous goats and the Tanzania x Boer and the Tanzania x Karmorai goats. The total numbers of animals involved in the study, which was conducted between 1972 and 1976, inclusive, were 7 sires, 177 dams and 559 progeny. The study confirmed earlier untested theories that the Tanzania goat, which belongs to the East African breed type of goat, produces kids throughout the year. There were, however, peak periods in which more darns kidded than in other periods .The total amount of rain falling during a given period was the only environ¬ mental factor affecting the time of conception of the dams (P < O.001). This relationship seemed to be an indirect one, in that more rain meant more forage growth and availability and therefore better body condition of the darns. Better fed dams ovulate, conceive when mated, and maintain pregnancy to term more readily than underfed dams. The twinning rates and mortality of kids have been reported in the thesis. The effects of year, sex, seasons and birth type, whether singles or twins, on weight at various ages have been reported. The slight superiority of castrates over the entire male kids in growth rate observed in this thesis calls for more studies to see if the hormonal patterns related to growth were different from those of animals of similar sexes in other domestic livestock. The heritability estimates for weight at birth , weaning, one year and 72 weeks of age were 0.7 ± 0.10, 0.14 ± 014, 0.07 ± 0.11 and 0.017 ± 0.16, respectively. of kids could, for practical purposes on the farms, be The weight predicted by the formula : Weight (in kg) = - 4.22 ± 0.15 .+ (0.00806 ± 0.00007 x Girth (in cm) x Length (in cm).(R2 = 88.2%). The cold dressed carcass percentages of the Boer and Kamorai crossbred and Tanzania purebred kids were 45.57, 45.34 and 45.34 per cent, respectively. The areas of the eye muscle (Longissimus dorsi) measured on the 10th and 11th ribs of the male and castrated kids ranged between 11.77 and 14.27 square centimeters. The castrated kids had more total lean, fat and bone than the entire male kids. The heritability estimates for cold dressing percentage, total lean, total fat and total bone within the carcass were 0.7, 0.3, 0.04 and 0.4, respectively. It is concluded that this study has contributed to the knowledge on meat goat production characteristics in the tropics and will form a basis on which to plan the breeding and management of commercial meat goats in Tanzania.
Studies on industrial polysaccharides from selected Tanzanian marine algae
(University of Dar es salaam, 1979) Semesi, Adelaida kleti
Studies have been conducted on the yield, characterization and gelling properties of phycooolloida from 27 speciesof Tanzanian scaweeds. The yields amongst the 23 species of red algae studied ranged from 17.5% to 74(dry weight). Amongst the phacophyta the yield ranged from 16.7%to 27.3%. Chemical analyses of the phycocolloids from the Rhodophyta species revealed galactose as the principal sugar residue. 3, 6-AG and sulphate were also detected in varying amounts. Some species contained xylose in trace quantities. Others contained methoxyl groups. From the results of chemical analyses, optical rotation, infrared spectra and physical properties, the following species were identified as falling under the category of agarophytes: Gracilaria crassa, G.fergusonii and G. millardetii. All the studied species of hypnea, eucheuma, titanophoro, Tenaciphyllum,chondrococcus, halymenia, sarconemaand corynomorpha, in Contrast, were characterised as carrageenophytes. The phycocolloids from C.hornemanii, H.venusta, C.prismatica and T.pikeana showed a resemblance to xi- and lambda carrageenans.The phycocolloids from S.filiforme, T.lobatum, R.africana were identified as deviant iota carrageenan; while those from E. okamurai, E.striatum and the four hypnea app. Behaved as kappa carrageenan. Those of E.platycladum and E. speciosum f. mauritianum showed features of both iota and koppa carrageenan. The phycocolloids from Acanthophora muscoides, laurencia papillosa, Spyridia hypomoides and Sarcodia montagneana were difficult to characterize: they were intermediate between agar and carrageenan. Gelling properties of the phycocolloids were also studied. Gelation was influenced by molecular weight, 3,6-AG and sulphate level (and its distribution)and the presence of K+ ions. Some of the phycocolloids melted and set at different temperatures and hence exhibited hysteresis loops when their their heating and cooling curves were plotted. As for the phycocolloids from the phaeophyta, it was found that guluronic and mannuronic acids were the building units and that guluronic acid occurred in greater quantities than mannuronic acid in all the species tested. Turbinaria tanzaniensis had the highest gel strength tested. The findings are discussed with reference to the M/G ratios, the molecular weights and the sequence of the mannuronic – and guluronic acids in the polymer chains.
Some aspects of Parasitaemia in the Laboratory white mouse during infection with Trypanosoma brucei (Plimer & Bradford, 1899)
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Mutani, Alex Mark
An investigation of the behavior of some haematological indices and carbohydrates was done in mice infected with trypanosome brucei. These trypanosomes had been syringe passaged in mice for about ten years. The trypanosomes were found to have lost their polymorphism, and the course of the disease in mice was of the acute type. The haematological indices investigated were packed cell volume or haematocrit (PCV%), red blood cell accounts (RBC), percentage haemoglobin (Hb%), and percentage mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC%). It was found that despite the 10% fall in PCV in infected animals, increasing parasitaemia had no significant fall in Hb and MCHC values with increasing parasitaemia. These results show that the demage sustained by the host in this investigation as regards haematological indoices, was mainly due to the red cells being inadequately filled with aemoglobin, a fact which is reflected by the lowered MCHC. Blood glucose studies revealed that infected mice had also observed that starting from the prepatent period of parasitaemia infected animals showed a significant decrease in blood glucose levels with increasing parasitaemia. The present study has shown that the trypanosomes used in this investigation decreased the blood glucose levels of the hosts. The animals tried to make for this loss by mobilizing glucose from hepatic glycogen was furthermore consumed by the parasites in the blood. This is supported by the fact that towards terminal parasitaemia, when almost all the hepatic glycogen was depleted, infected animals were losing weight, suggesting that during this stage they were mobilizing sugars from other sources in their bodies. The results of this study suggest that when T. brucei is syringe-passaged in mice for a long time, not only does its virulenceincrease, but also the course of the disease becomes different from what has been observed by other workers.
Women in wage employment : a study in their opportunities, needs and problems in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1980) Chijumba, B. J
The thesis has been divided into six major divisions dubbed chapters. Chapter one puts the problem or research topic in perspective by giving: (I) the purpose and importance of the whole study and the underlying hypotheses; (ii the geographical limitations within which the research was carried out; (iii) The methods used in data collection; and (iv) the definitions of some of the operational terminologies and/or concepts used in the study. This chapter thus as would be expected sort of opens the gate to let the reader through to the main body of the study. Chapter two gives the historical and cultural framework of the problem of female employment in Tanzania. It has outline the social values and other facts about women which have a bearing in their belatted entry in the world of employment. It then goes on to trace and analyse the factors that influenced their entry into wage employment during the early (1900-1930s) and latter (1940s-1961) colonial eras. It does this by examining the role of : (I) historical setting; (ii) socio-cultural setting; and (iii) techno-economic setting in (a) retarding or accelerating the entry of women in the world of work during the two colonial eras, and (b) determining the type of occupations available to those who ever took up jobs. Finally the chapter examines the colonial labour laws which were in force then, in its attempt to establish the position of women in wage employment prior to independence in 1961. Chapter three picks up from where chapter two left. In a form of recent history of female employment, it has divided the period between independence in 1961 to 1976 into two major periods (1961-1966 and 1967-1976) each with major factors or events which together with socio-cultural practices and values of the people in the society had some impact on the entry of women wage employment. In the first period the factors that positively or negatively influenced the expansion of female employment were mainly two: (I) the political ‘revolution’ independence; and (ii) the educational ‘revolution’ reforms in the educational system and practice. In the second period the main factor that had an appreciable influence on the size and structure of female employment was socio-economic ‘revolution’. That is, the relative expansion of the manufacturing industry and the Arusha Declaration with its policy of nationalization and self reliance that came with it, acted as catalysts for female employment by (I) creating more openings for women in the modern economy and (ii) creating an atmosphere in which any attitude or cultural norm that was against the employment of women seemed to be anachronistic, anti development and unsocialistic. In chapter four the factors that limit the opportunities of women in the labour market have been identified and assessed, and the problems and needs of those already in wage employment have been analysed. It has been established for example that public attitudes in the country are not wholly facilitative to female employment or their advancement; and that some of the problems working women face to-day are the result of those attitudes. It has shown also that education alone cannot be the means to improve the lot of women in wage employment; what is required is a complete change in the society’s (i.e. government officials’, employers’, men’s and women’s) socio-cultural values and attitudes towards the present sex-role stereotypes. There should be arrangements and/or facilities for example, to help working women lessen the load of house making chores and child care problems. Chapter five deals with the question of the workers’ behaviour and attitude towards their jobs such as satisfaction/ dissatisfaction with one’s job and the resultant behaviour such as absenteeism, turnover and commitment to work.. It analyses the proportion of workers satisfied and dissatisfied with their jobs; the proportion of those who liked and disliked certain job factors; the proportion of those who quit their jobs and/or absented themselves from them. It does this by using several variables such as sex, age, marital status and length of service; for the underlying assumptions were that workers with similar educational achievements will exhibit similar behavioural and attitudinal trends; and that a satisfied worker will exhibit desirable behaviour and/or attitude towards her work. This chapter has, however established that these assumptions are not wholly valid. For it has shown that: (I) Although education is an important factor, it is not the only one that moulds and/or determines a worker’s behaviour and/or attitudes towards her job. There were other factors that influenced such behaviour and attitude. (ii) Job satisfied workers do not necessarily exhibit desirable behaviour and/or attitude at their places of work, nor is it true that dissatisfied workers always exhibit undesirable behaviour and/or attitude. The whole question of a worker’s behaviour and attitude thus depends on a complex interaction of complex factors; and no simple prediction based on any one factor can be valid. Finally chapter six summarizes the main findings, arguments and recommendations made in the study. One argument emerging out of this study for example, is that: socio-economic, political and techno-cultural situations of the country affected and still affect the female employment and/or advancement opportunities in it, much more than those of men. The second argument is that education though an important factor cannot singly be used to make a valid prediction of a worker’s behaviour and/or attitude towards her job. From the whole body of findings and discussions the chapter has then drawn out possible implications for policy and action and identified four groups of people, the government officials, the employers, the men (husbands) and the women themselves to which recommendations for measures to adopt those policy and action has been made. This chapter in other words puts in a brief form what the society should do among others to improve the lot of WOMEN IN WAGE EMPLOYMENT
Modern creative Makonde sculpture.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1982) Ntiro, Sam Joseph
The study sought to investigate on modern creative Makonde sculpture and show as clearly as it can what a Makonde carver looks for when he carves. What has been written down on these pages follow the words which have emanated from the carvers themselves. Frequently the descriptions of their carving activity are crude as they should be, since wood and not words, is their natural means of translating their creative ideas into tangible from the outside world. 56 Makonde carvers who are included in this thesis were not picked at random. The selection of them and their work is the result of many month’s work. Weeks and months were spent before hand, doing preliminary work in selecting those carvers are clear in their minds on what they wish to carve before they start carving. There was no point on my part to ask the carving. There was no point on my part to ask the carvers to show me their sketches. This would have been an insult to them because I knew that Makonde carvers never do preparatory sketches before they start carving. The study has proven beyond doubt that modern creative Makonde sculpture is an integral part of Makonde life and that if anyone wants to understand it fully he/she should be initiated to the Makonde people and work from within their society. Two examples have been given of who were initiated into the African society in order to interpret African creative activities properly namely Mr. Hans Cary who was initiated into the Wasukuma Snake Dancers of Tanzania and Professor Peter Rigby who was initiated into the Masai of East Africa. The approach of this study is obviously different from those of the European critics art historians or newspaper reporters who have written books and articles on African sculpture.
The economics of Smallholder Tea Production: The Case of Njombe District, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1986) Mabele, Robert B.
The objective of this study was to identify the factors that determine output on smallholder tea farms in Njombe District, Tanzania. If total output is known, the estimation of yield for annual crops is easily done by dividing total output by total area. This would, however result in very poor estimates of yields in the case of tea- a perennial tree that start bearing green leaf the product for which it is cultivated three years after initial planting but reaches full mutuality after 10 years and has an economic life of another fourty years therefore. The study there fore develops the theoretical and empirical framework for analysing the determinants of output on smallholder tea farms. The analysis is based on farm level pooled cross- section and time series input-output data from 87 households in Njombe District for the 1961/1962- 1979/80 period. The theory of the family farm, a hybridization of two neo classical micro-economic theories -the theory of the firm and the theory of the consumer provided the theoretical underpinning of the study. On the basis of this theory, the farmer was assumed to maximize utility subject to an income constraint. The behavioral model derived from this theory showed that the production function for tea was only a part of a large system of equations in which output and input are jointly determined. The empirical analysis, however, concentrated on tea. First the parameters of the production function were entered subjected to econometric test. The two most important parameters from the policy point of view were the yield coefficients of various vintages of tea bushes and the farm effect coefficient measuring inter-farm variability in managerial efficiency among farms. An important finding of the study was that that managerial efficiency was not strongly correlated to scale. The use of the production function assumes that the farmer is a profit maximizer and therefore responds to price changes. The other major objective of the study was to measure the smallholder’s supply responsiveness to changes in economic incentives. One important hypothesis in this respect was the one proposed by Por (1971) which is that the smallholder producers respond to changes in income derived from the crop in question rather than to changes in price per se. thus both income and prices per se. thus both income and price models were formulated to test this hypothesis. One variant of the price models sought to test the hypothesis of the reversibility or otherwise of farmers response towards declining prices as contrasted to their response toward increasing prices. In terms of the goodness of fit a consistency with theory, the result was good for all the models except the real price variant. The reasons why this was so are taken up in the discussion results. In addition to the empirical analysis done, the study describe the historical and institutional development tea production and marketing in Tanzania. Similarly, there is a descriptive analysis of the international tea economy.
Participatory research and the "pastoralist question" in Tanzania: a critique of the Jipemoyo project experience in Bagamoyo district
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1986) Mustafa, Kemal
This thesis sets out to explain why the livestock producing peasants in Tanzania have been marginalized by the Livestock Policy of Tanzania. It is argued that the state capitalist sector has been given priority over the peasant sector and that the pastoral peasants are not high on the list of Government development priorities. The process of capitalist accumulation on the basis of the livestock producing peasants, which is at the core of this new policy, is traced from the colonial period up to the neocolonial period with specific reference to the Parakuyo Maasai pastoralists in western Bagamoyo District. The situation facing other pastoralists is also referred to and it is argued that the rise of militant peasant movements, like SunguSungu is a direct response by the livestock producing peasants to this process of capitalist accumulation. The process of class formation and the development of class struggles amongst the livestock producing peasants are analysed in relation to the articulation of the capitalist mode of production in its imperialist stage to the precapitalist forms of livestock production characterizing the pastoralists. This provides the basis for the simultaneous dissolution and conservation of the livestock producing peasants, who are gradually being transformed into agro pastoralists or else proletarianized, as they are increasingly dispossessed of their major means of production, namely land and cattle. Those who can continue as pastoralists are rich peasants, and they too are in the process of developing into a rural petty bourgeoisie. The attempt by the Jipemoyo Project to involve the pastoralists in actively defending their interests, through politically conscious participatory research, is criticized for its failure to link the political mobilization of the pastoralists to the objective reality of their historical condition. The reliance on pastoralist leaders who tended to represent the richer pastoralists, led to the promotion of pastoralist development in a contest which was likely to lead to the development of a rural petty bourgeoisie. However, the development of a model of a participatory research project and the development of a materialist phenomenology represent theoretical innovations in the field of applied sociology.
Mortality levels and differentials in Ethiopia with references to Mettu, Alemaya and Adddis Ababa
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1986) Mehary, Tesfa Yesus
Demographic estimates, on the basis of sample surveys, are of short duration in Ethiopia. The available estimates are considered plausible on a national level in that they are within the acceptable limits for sub-Saharan countries, but on regional or lower levels the figures are questionable, because they show significant differences. Also, the sample surveys covered only a limited number of variables which could not explain these, wide differences. The fertility and mortality rates generated from the data are quite low, not only for Ethiopia where health services are rudimentary and birth-control practices non-existent, but for developing countries generally. Thus, the main objective of the thesis is to determine the level and differentials of mortality in the selected areas of Ethiopia by verifying the earlier findings by means of a closely supervised study in three selected areas of the country. The areas selected are Mettu, an area of reported low fertility and low mortality; Alemaya an area of high fertility and high mortality rates and Addis Ababa, the capital city having average rates for purposes of comparison. Geographically the rural study areas are about 1,000 kms. apart. The thesis details the selection of study areas, the type of questionnaire administered, the field work, and the evaluation of the data collected. Many questions aimed at soliciting the required information on mortality have been asked and many new techniques for the estimation of mortality rates have been tried. Whilst no attempt has been made to describe the methods utilized in details, the techniques applied are discussed in general terms. Dependence on indirect means of estimating mortality, in the absence of a reliable vital registration system, remains to be without an alternative in developing societies such as Ethiopia. Therefore the highlights of the study focus an methods of estimating both infant and adult mortality. The estimation of infant mortality from proportion of children dying by age of mother was obtained using the Brass technique along with its modifications due to Sullivan and Trussel. The derived figures indicate that the differences between the results of the three methods is less than the differences within the Sullivan and Trussel methods according to which one of the four families of Model Life Tables is assumed to be applicable. Estimation of adult mortality was obtained by the use of orphan hood and widowhood data. The analysis of the orphan hood data resulted in an implied expectation of life for both males and females. Implied expectation of life for females obtained from male respondents generally exceeded those derived from female respondents, although the differences were small. Furthermore the implied expectation of life for males derived from both male and female respondents, was generally lower compared to the implied expectation of life for females. Socio-economic indicators are used to show possible differentials on mortality. Some of the indicators selected show stronger association than others. In infancy males suffer more than females, and that children born in stable marriages have a higher chance of survival than others. Worthy of note are also differentials based on the place of residence (rural versus urban), parental occupation (working mothers compared to housewives), the level of parental education, especially of mothers and weaning practice. The latter has the salutary effect on elongating the post partum amenorrhea, and therefore the interval between births. The relationship between fertility and mortality are examined using parity of women, pregnancy, current age of mother and survivorship rates. The analysis indicated that Alemaya has both a high level of fertility and a high level of mortality but these measures are low in Mettu, in fact too low for a developing agrarian society, and yet the causes for the low fertility in Mettu are shown as the cause of high Pregnancy wastage. The fertility and mortality levels in Addis Ababa are considered to be of average magnitude. In conclusion, the need for further studies are recommended along with policy implications of the prevailing demographic situation in the country.
Internal and external constraints on national liberation process in Tanzania 1961-1985.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1986) Rumulika, Mwangu
This is a study of internal and external constraints on Tanzania's national liberation process. It shows the national and international factors that have conditioned liberation and limited the degree of its attainment. National liberation is a process of setting the nation free from constraints. It is realized as exercise of freedom and increasing capacity to solve/control constraints internal and external at the political, social, cultural, economic scientific and technical levels of life. Constraints exist internally in the form of such factors as low level of development, socio-political set-up and natural economic endowments. These are externally reinforced by colonial legacy, neocolonialism and imperialism in administrative structures, in agricultural and industrial production, and in trade and aid terms. The study shows the extent to which Tanzania has achieved national liberation as self-determination, self-reliant, self-sustaining growth and development by controlling constraints at two major dimensions. At the socio-political dimension it is indicated, first, by the level of control of decision and pursuit of national policy in assisting liberation movements, participation in political alignments, and in managing the impact of classes; and, second, by the level of control on socio-cultural influences through the national ethic, institutional network, development of nationalist leadership, popular control and socio-cultural interdependence. At the techno-economic dimension the extent of Tanzania's liberation is indicated by, firstly, the degree of Tanzania's control on foreign economic relations through diversification of trade and aid and management of conflicts and negotiations; secondly, the extent to which Tanzania's agricultural strategy has promoted broad-based growth and development; thirdly, the degree to which Tanzania's industrial strategy has broken external exploitation of industrial enterprises and promoted higher and self sustained development; and fourthly, the extent to which Tanzania's scientific and technical strategy has achieved national self-sufficiency in skilled manpower. On the whole Tanzania has experienced formidable problems in the effort to break the constraints on its liberation. Tanzania has given notable support to liberation movements inside and outside Africa, and has made great strides internally in extending socioeconomic services to the majority of the people. But there has been increasing dependence on external development finance and technical assistance in most sectors, and supervision of the implementation of decisions has remained weak. This has increased national indebtedness, impaired local capital formation and technological innovation, satisfaction of local needs and hence liberation as self-determining, self-reliant, self-sustaining growth and development. The study suggests some strategic changes that could improve the situation
Choice of technology in the grain milling industry in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1987) Bagachwa, Mboya Serapion Daniel
This study focuses on choice of technology within the grain milling industry is Tanzania. The interest in this particular area stems from its relevance both analytically and policy wise. The initial choice of technology has major consequences not only for plant layout, type and nature of machinery and equipment to be employed but also on the overall production organization which shape technological progress. The interest in the grain milling industry stems from its policy relevance in a basic needs oriented development strategy currently being pursued in Tanzania. Another reason for undertaking this study stems from the renewed interest in the promotion of small scale industries by policy makers in Tanzania. The scope of this study is limited to maize and rice milling activities, however, being the most important food grains grown both for commercial purposes as well as for subsistence in Tanzania. To obtain the necessary data, a two-phase survey has been undertaken. In phase one, it was necessary to carry out a preliminary (pilot) survey so as to find out the economic basis for stratifying the sample. This was so because inadequate alternative sampling frame existed. The pilot survey covered both Dar es Salaam and Arusha towns. A total of 170 firms were covered so as to get a comprehensive picture of the different technologies employed. The permit economics and to ensure proper representation of each category of firms, firms have been stratified into three groups: household, custom and merchant milling firms. In the intensive field survey, 83 selected custom and merchant milling establishments were then subjected to an intensive (micro-level) survey using a pre tested questionnaire. It has been found out that technological choice is sensitive to product quality characteristics and institutional aspects of firm and market organization. Thus valid comparison of operational performance and technological differentials between custom and merchant mills cannot be constructed. A second important finding emerging out of the study is that the institutional and macro-economic policy environment within which milling firms operate has had an important indirect effect on the actual technological choices made. Thirdly, it has been established that the grain milling industry in Tanzania has built up over the years a technological structure which is not homogenous in terms of machine characteristics. Lastly, it appears that there are no significant economics of scale in the grain milling industry and substitution of manual for mechanical operations in the milling process is feasible.
A narrowband dominant carrier SCPC satellite for rural information services
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1987) Mneney, Stanley Henry
New audio-visual, services and a new communication system for the distribution of information to the rural communities of Third-World countries have been defined and demonstrated. These services can be distributed over narrowband satellite channels at a low space segment rental cost. The baseband system for still picture transmission has been implemented. R dominant carrier in e single channel per carrier frequency division multiple access (SCPC/FDMA) system is selected as the option that can be employed using existing international satellites. The dominant carrier enables the use of low cost receive-only earth stations at the sacrifice of transponder capacity and increased intermodulation distortion. Intermodulation products thus formed result in baseband signal distortion. This thesis presents a theoretical analysis of intermodulation distortion for two types of systems; the equi-amplitude carrier case and a two-level SCPC/FDMA carrier system in the presence of a dominant carrier. Analytical models for the computation of the products at the output of a nonlinear transponder are developed. These models which are in the form of double integrals involving products of Bessel functions are solved to give the peak amplitude at the output of the amplifier, corresponding to the input carriers and the 3rd order intermodulation products. Intermodulation products are grouped according to their constituent frequency components and hence their individual magnitude. Techniques are developed to compute the number of third order products in e carrier slot thus saving computer time. This enables the computation of the resultant peak amplitude voltage. These results are used to determine a frequency assignment that gives a minimum number of inband intermodulation products and hence minimum baseband distortion. Input signal back off reduces the peek amplitude of the output products and hence the resultant peak amplitude of the intermodulation products. In this thesis an optimum back off point is obtained for two systems; the equi-amplitude carrier case and the two level SCPC system necessary with two types of standard earth stations. The system performance can therefore be computed. A practical audio-visual system for rural information services is designed employing the results developed in the theses.
Workers' efficiency motivation and management: the case of Tanzania - Zambia railway construction.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1987) Sendaro, Ali Mohamed
Most development projects in Tanzania usually take longer to complete than the expected time. Reasons given to rationalise the delay in implementation are based on the argument that projects are undertaken in difficult physical as well as material conditions. The TANZAM railway project had provided a contrasting experience. Despite the often cited reasons that prevented efficient implementation, the project was completed one year before the planned time, an indication of the possibility of demonstrating that it was still possible achieving efficiency in implementation within the prevailing hostile environment. This study hypothesised that the early completion of the railway project was a result of an effective motivational programme on the workers. The construction workers were well motivated through the application of an appropriate management style which aggregated the motivational effects of all the management functions. Data was obtained by applying a combination of three methods, namely, the historical method, the survey method and interview with heavy emphasis put on the historical method. Data analysis showed how the different management functions had contributed to the motivation of the workers who had shown emotional attachment and commitment to their work through the decision-making, organising, staffing, supervising and reviewing functions. The thesis is divided into twelve chapters. The first chapter introduces the problem of study and describes the theoretical framework and methodology. Chapters two and three review the existing literature on capitalist and socialist management, respectively, while chapter four examines the management pattern operating in Tanzania. Chapters five to ten present and analyse data on the different management functions of planning, organising, staffing, supervising and reviewing as practised by the Chinese in the TANZAM project. Chapter eleven focuses on the political environment in which the project was undertaken. Chapter twelve concludes the study. It presents the overall analysis of the findings as related to the original problem of the study and the underlying hypotheses. Finally the chapter draws the conclusion. The study concludes that the TANZAM railway project workers were well motivated leading to their efficiency. This means that given an appropriate management style, development projects in Tanzania could efficiently be implemented despite the existing obstacles to efficient implementation.
Food insecurity and the social division of labour in Tanzania, 1919-1985
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1988) Bryceson, Deborah Fahy
This thesis analyzes the socio-economic consequences of the Tanzania population`s exposure to food insecurity between 1919 and 1985. The thesis covers: the incidence of food inadequacy in peasant households throughout the country; the impact of famine relief measures of the colonial state and the Native Authorities; the role of Asian traders; the development of an African wage labour force and its food demand; the problems of supplying food to plantation workers and other geographically dispersed wage labourers during the inter-war period; state food policies arising from the exigencies of World War II; decolonisatian and the restructuring of the social division of labour on a non-racial basis between 1950 and 1973; state food production and marketing pol icy in response to rapid urban growth; African marketing cooperatives, the national economic crisis years between 1973 and 1985; the parastatalisation of national marketed food supply; the parallel food market; the state`s difficulties in implementing its industrialisation and peasant agricultural transfomation policies; and the deterioration of the functional division of labour to the extent that the occupational division of labour between rural and urban areas blurs. The central argument of the thesis is that food insecurity retards development of functional social groups and the organisations structure of the market and state relative to the household and clientage networks. This situation arises from the prevalence of risk-averting, household-based strategies of all functional groups in contradistinction to the maximizing strategies of market and state agents. With domination of household and clientage networks, the formation of functional groups is restricted to that made possible by face-to-face accountability or household ties. A circular process begins, food insecurity is perpetuated and often intensified by the limited scale of the division of labour, its barriers to outside innovation and to the free flow of food between deficit and surplus areas through market channels. In the process, the technological development of food production is severely hindered.

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