PhD Theses

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Access to and use of information for forest management among communities surrounding Kazimzumbwi and Pugu forest reserves, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Mkhai, Emmanuel Marco
The main objective of this study was to examine how local communities access and use information for forest management. The study was undertaken in communities around Kazimzumbwi and Pugu Forest Reserves, Kisarawe District, Coastal Region, Tanzania. The study examined different sources of information consulted by local communities to access information for forest management. Additionally, Participatory Forest Management (PFM) activities and their significance to the local communities around forest management. Mixed research approach was used in conducting research. Kisarawe, Pugu Kajiungeni and Kimani (neighboring Kazimzumbwi Forest Preserve) and Kola, Kazimzumbwi, Kifuru and Maguruwe (neighbouring Pugu Forest Reserve) villages were selected purposively because of their proximity to the forest reserves. The data were collected through questionnaire from 282 respondents, interviews from 18 respondents using interview guide, two focus group (7 participants in each group) discussions and observation. Purposive sampling technique was used for selecting key informants and villages while stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used for selecting community members. The findings revealed that there is poor access to and use of information for forest management due to unharmonised policies from different ministries, unsupportive working environment for the leadership, and inadequate support from forest officers. Other factors contributing to inaccessibility of forest information included poor information infrastructure and poverty in most villages. The findings indicate that generally access to and use of information was significantly influenced by unharmonised policies from different ministries, poor infrastructure as well as cultural, demographic, economic, educational and social factors. This study recommends provision of up-to-date information for forest management, identifying alternative sources of income in the villages and government’s cooperation with communities in forest management through Participatory Forest Management.
Access to counselling services for students with visual impairment in the selected universities in Tanzania: focus on social-psychological and educational needs
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Mgumba, Batista Francis
Students with Visual Impairments (SWVIs) are enrolled in most of the universities of Tanzania.Various studies have been conducted on problems facing SWIs in their interaction with different school environment. However, none of those studies has attempted to address SWVIs’ access to counselling services offered in the universities. This study investigated SWVIs’ access to counselling services provided in the universities and how those services address SWVIs’ needs. The study was guided by the following objectives: to identify sources of social psychological problems facing SWVIs in the selected universities; to analyse supportive counselling and other psychological services available for handling social, psychological and educational problems facing SWVIs; to analyse the extent to which the available counselling services are capable of addressing social, psychological and academic needs of SWVIs; and to explore challenges encountered by SWVIs in accessing counselling services in the universities. The study was conducted in two selected universities namely the University of Dar es Salaam (Main Campus), the Sebastian Kolowa Memorial University and the Dar es Salaam University College of Education. To obtain respondents who could be informative to this study, non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed. A sample of 55 subjects participated in the study. The study employed the qualitative approach to studying behavior in which interview, focus group discussion and documentary review were used to collect data. The results indicated that inadequate support in special education; barriers in interaction with physical and social environment and inaccessible information were the main sources of psychological problems faced by SWVIs in the universities, leading to anxiety, loneliness, aggressiveness, poor self confidence, frustration, fear and stress among SWVIs. It was also found that almost all basic counselling services were available in the studied universities but those services could not adequately address the special needs of SWVIs. The provision of counselling services to SWVIs encounters many challenges including: inadequate counselling professionalism among counsellors; counsellors’ lack of knowledge on disability issues; inadequate counselling personnel; absence of a counselling policy; counselling rooms not being user-friendly to SWVIs; inaccessible counselling information, and location of counselling offices in the areas that were not easily accessible to SWVIs. Among the recommendations given for action were the presence of counselling policy; ensuring that counselling services went hand in hand with adjustments of social, physical and educational environment and counsellors having knowledge on disability issues. The study has recommended that a similar research should be conducted on counselling services for PWVIs in other social settings such as the family, work place and lower level educational institutions.
Access to health care services and its influence on health status of children in Bahi district, Dodoma region, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Manahiri, Joyce
This study assessed utilisation of health care services and influence on health status of under five children in Bahi District, Dodoma Region. This was a cross-sectional study carried out at 442 households with under five child born to mothers aged 15 to 49 years. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data collected through questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and documentary review. The study found that health services for under five children were mainly delivered through Mphangwe Dispensary including Bahi and Mwitikira Health Centers. However, such services were inaccessible and not utilized by some under five children. Findings revealed further that children given medicine other than panadol were 4.7 times more likely to die than those given panadol only (OR 4.689: 95% CI=1.597-13.772). That was due to incomplete dose and lack of adherence to prescribed medicines. Mothers aged 15-34 were 3.2 times more likely to experience child mortality than those aged 35-49 (OR: 3.230: 95% CI=1.177-8.867). It was because younger mothers did not have nursing experience. Mothers from households owning a mobile phone were 6 times more likely to experience child deaths than their counterparts with no phones (OR: 6.034; 95% CI=1.339-27.191). Their husbands owned mobile phones but did not use them for health matters. Children living less than 5 kilometres from health facilities were 2.6 times more likely to get malaria/diarrhoea/pneumonia than those residing more than five kilometres (OR: 2.381; 95% CI=1.312-5.077). Living near cultivated fields and swamps were sources for mosquito breeding and unimproved water sources. Households, whose sources of income involved agricultural products and household property were 3 times more likely to have stunted children than those who used agriculture and other sources (OR: 3.107; 95% CI=1.016-9.502). Agriculture was prone to harsh climatic condition(s). Children with health insurance membership were 4.4 times less likely to be stunted than those without such scheme (OR: O.225; 95% CI=0.661-0.826). Children from households that owned television/radio were 2.5 times less likely to be wasted than those who did not own such items (OR: 0.395; 95% CI= 0.235-0.664). Children who were given supplementary foods were 2.2 times less likely to be wasted than those who did not receive (OR: 0.45; 96% CI=0.236-0.857). The study found that there were poor implementation of child health programs by health practitioners and lack of commitment on program related tasks given to mothers/caretakers.Therefore, the study concludes that some under five children did not have access to available health services. Factors that had shown effect on child health imply that access and utilization of health services influence on a child's health status. However, contradictory findings show that some factors cannot show their effect on the child's health if there is no enabling environment. Similarly, prevalence of some health problems in particular places is determined by factors other than lack of access and utilization of health care services. In addition, the study recommends that health practitioners should assess quality of health services and make them attractive to users. Likewise, they should assess implementation of child health programs so as to identify gaps for better performance. On the other hand, mothers/caretakers should shape their health seeking behaviour and be committed as well as accept child health initiatives established by the government and other health practitioners in their settings.
Access to health care services and its influence on health status of children in Bahi district, Dodoma region, Tanzania
(2018) Manahiri, Joyce
study assessed utilisation of health care services and influence on health status of under five children in Bahi District, Dodoma region. This was a cross – sectional study carried out at 442 households with under five child born to mothers aged 15 to 49 years. The study used both quantitative data collected through questionnaire, focus group discussion (FGD) and documentary review. The study found that health services for under five children were mainly delivered through Mphangwe dispensary including Bahi and Mwitikira health centers . However, such servicers were inaccessible and not utilized by some under five children. Findings revealed further that children given medicine other than panadol were 4.7 times more likely to die than those given panadol only (OR 4.689: 95% C1 =1.597-13.772). That was due incomplete dose and lack of adherence to prescribed medicine. Mothers aged 15-34 were 3.2 times more likely to experience child mortality than those aged 35-49(OR:3.230:95%CI=1.177-8.867). It was because younger mothers did not have nursing experience. Mothers from household s owning a mobile phone were 6 times more likely to experience child deaths than their counterparts with no phones (OR: 6.034: 95% C1= 1.339-27.191).Their husbands owned mobile phones but did not use them for health matters. Children living less than 5 kilometers from health facilities were 2.6times more likely to get malaria/diarrhea/pneumonia than those residing more than five kilometers (OR :2.381; 95% CI= 1.312-5.077). Living near cultivated fields and swamps were source for mosquito breeding and unimproved water sources. Households, whose sources of income involved agricultural products and households property were 3 times more likely to have stunted children than those who used agriculture and other sources (OR:3.107; 95% CI= 1.016-9.502). Agriculture was prone to harsh climatic condition(s). Children with health insurance membership were 4.4 times less likely to be stunted than those without such scheme (OR:0225;95% CI= 0.661-0.826). Children from households that owned television/ radio were 2.5 time less likely to be wasted than those who did not own such items (OR:O.395; 95% CI=0.235-0.664). Children were given supplementary foods were 2.2 times less likely to be wasted than those who did not receive (OR: 0.45; 96% C1=0.236-0.857). The study found that there were poor implementation of child health programs by health practitioners and lack of commitment on program related task given to mothers/ caretakers. Therefore the study, concludes that some under five children did not have access to available health services. Factors that had shown effect on child health imply that access and utilization of health services influence on a child’s health status. However, contradictory findings show that some factors cannot show their effect on the child’s health if there is no enabling environment. Similarly, prevalence of some health problems in particular places is determined by factors other than lack of access and utilization of health care services. In addition, the study recommends that health practitioners should assess quality of health services and make them attractive to users. Likewise, they should assess implementation of child health programs so as to identify gaps for better performance. On the other hand, mothers/ caretakers should shape their seeking behavior and be committed as well as accept child health initiatives established by the government and other health practitioners in their settings This
Affects and effects of musical attributes and cultural usage of indigenous Tanzanian music traditions in church worship in Dar es salaam, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Mkallyah, Assomo Athanas
This study examines the affects and effects of indigenous Tanzanian music traditions used in church worship in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It was conducted to determine the specific musical and cultural attributes that make indigenous Tanzanian music traditions effective when employed in church worship in Dar es Salaam. The study proposes that the power of indigenous Tanzanian music traditions in creating a heightened religious experience is inherent in the music itself and in its cultural affiliation. The study adopts the ‘Arousal Theory’ and the ‘Anthropological Perspective on Aesthetics’ in examining how these musical attributes and cultural usage are deployed to arouse emotions in people during contemporary church worship. The findings of the study reveal that the affect and effect of church music in Dar es Salaam stems from the musical attributes and cultural usages of the indigenous Tanzanian music traditions. Indeed, the power of indigenous Tanzanian music to arouse deep and demonstrable emotions among church members is attributable to the characteristics of the music and its cultural usage. The strength of these culturally-rich indigenous Tanzanian music traditions can be traced to their African origins and the traditional attributes and aesthetics that make them deeply religious and emotional. This strength allows Tanzanian churchgoers to experience a heightened religious experience during worship. The study concludes that the heightened enthusiasm and energy the congregation members demonstrated during the research was a result of a combination of both the music attributes and cultural identification of the music.
Analysis of adaptation to climate variability and change in Uganda: a gender and household welfare perspective
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Guloba, Madina
The study establishes the extent to which climate change has occurred in Uganda, analyses choices of adaptation strategies to climate change induced shocks and factors determining the choices made at the household level by gender of the decision maker of the household, and lastly estimates the impact of adaptation strategies employed to covariate shocks on household welfare. More specifically, analysis of climate variability and change using meteorological data from 13 weather stations across Uganda reveals that Uganda’s climate is varying and changing from the norm. Observations are made from the altered rainfall, temperatures, onset and cessation of rainfall patterns, and increases in occurrences and persistence of climate disasters such as floods and droughts, with negative impacts on the economy and households. Furthermore, utilising micro-level data for a balanced panel of 2,566 original households surveyed in 2005/06 and 2009/10, we identify the choices of adaptation strategies employed in response to climate disasters for both male and female headed households and in addition use a standard pooled Multinomial Logit model (MNL) to examine heterogeneity in factors influencing these choices in both households. Findings show that female headed households reduce consumption through scaling back food intakes and skipping meals while male headed households resort to use of savings as immediate adaptation strategies to drought. However, during floods, female heads increase labour supply and male heads reduce consumption in both surveys. All households use agricultural related technology when faced with crop pests’ attacks. Livestock epidemics drive female headed households to expand labour supply and male headed households to rely on savings through sale of livestock at lower market prices. Generally, agro ecological climate zones in which households live play a key role in various adaptation options to shocks, irrespective of the gender of the household head. Findings point to the need for policy to have separate long term adaptation mechanisms that are gender sensitive. Lastly, we examine heterogeneity in impacts of adaptation strategies to covariate shocks on household welfare using Pooled OLS regression techniques and IV-2SLS method to address endogeneity in regressors. We use consumption expenditure per adult equivalent to proxy for household welfare. Findings show that not all adaptation techniques employed by households for a given climate shock have positive impacts on welfare. Specifically, adaptation strategies employed during drought and floods have a negative impact on welfare, while those employed during livestock epidemics impact positively on welfare. Such findings suggest that the choices of adaptation strategies are behavioural, highly risky and unsustainable leading to further vulnerability of many households especially the poor and those involved in agriculture.
Assessing community participation in managing ward secondary schools in Ilala municipality, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Mwakyambiki, Daniel
This study assessed community participation in managing ward secondary schools at Ilala Municipality in Dar es Salaam region. Specifically, the study sought to assess school management functions that the community members participate in, examine trends and patterns of the community participation in ward secondary school management, find out strategies that community members employ in increasing participation in managing ward secondary schools and identify challenges that community members face in executing community participating in ward secondary school management. The study employed qualitative approach In this study case study design was employed to guide the selection of respondents, research instruments and data analysis. A total of 36 respondents were purposefully selected to form the study sample size. The questionnaire, interview guide and documentary review were used as data collection instruments. The study finding revealed that approving the budget, evaluation of school plan and advising heads of schools were the most forms of school management activities community members involved. It was also found that there was low participation of community members in all key secondary school management issues such as participation in school annual plan, school strategic plan, monitoring and evaluation of school programme and decision making, mobilization of school resources and monitoring implementation of disciplinary problems. Furthermore, the study revealed that community members faced a number of challenges in executing school management such as lack of training on school management issues and distance from school as well as the lack of time. It was concluded that, community members had little say in the management of the ward secondary school. The study recommended that, the involvement of the community members to other managerial issues such as planning, organising, budgetary control and enhancing effective communication between the community and their leaders and school management all these will help active participation of community in managing ward secondary schools.
An assessment of collection development practices in selected hybrid academic libraries in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Mwilongo, Kardo Joseph
The main purpose of this study was to assess collection development practices in selected hybrid academic libraries in Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to examine the collection development practices; the policy, procedures and standards used to facilitate the practices; determined the involvement of library stakeholders in collection development, and identified factors which influence collection development practices in selected hybrid academic libraries. The study adopted and modified the conceptual framework developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and the Association of Colleges and Research Libraries for hybrid collection development. A mixed research design which integrates both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed to guide the study. A triangulation approach for data gathering was adopted. In the first instance, structured and standardised self-administered open and close-ended questionnaires were used to collect data from 82 respondents who were selected from a population of 297 library staff and Heads of academic departments from four purposively selected institutions. In order to complement the questionnaire, key informant interviews were conducted with four Library Directors, four Heads of library ICT section and four Ministers of Education for Students’ Organisations. The descriptive and multiple regression statistics of the Statistical Product and Service Solution were used for quantitative data analysis whereas content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Findings revealed that; evaluation and weeding practices are rarely conducted in these academic libraries. However, most of the surveyed academic libraries were operating without a comprehensive collection development policy. Library stakeholders are also rarely involved in collection development processes. The findings also indicate that hybrid collection development practices are constrained by; inadequate funding, lack of integrated collection development policy, poor strategies for professional development programmes, and poor infrastructures for collection development processes. The study recommends development of an integrated collection development policy and soliciting funds from various sources for effective collection development practices.
Assessment of communities` coping mechanisms to geodisasters in the vicinity of Oldoinyo lengai, northern Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Haulle, Evaristo
This study aimed at assessing communities` coping mechanisms to geodisasters in the vicinity of Oldoinyo Lengai in northern Tanzania. It employed the access model to explain the occurrence of disasters as a process in holistic way. The study employed documentary search, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions, observation and measurements and semi structured questionnaire for data capture. It was found out that the local communities had vast knowledge through which disaster risk and vulnerability were understood and classified. It was noted that the disaster is caused by human malpractice against other human beings or God. There were normal eruptions that acted as manure for pastures and pesticides that saved cattle from pests. Abnormal eruption led to loss of human life, injuries and displacement of people internally, death of livestock and wild animals, destruction of pastures, water bodies, pollution and change of the landscape configuration. The communities learnt the processes of Oldoinyo Lengai ecosystem and foresee the disasters. The knowledge was either obtained from the Olaibons who were able to decode the message from God or tales that have been spread and shared from one generation to the other. The intervention measures by the state that included zoning, cessation of Nayobi and provision of rescue and relief laws and orders were not well coordinated, partial and unsustainable. Generally, the communities` coping mechanisms are insufficient with limited access to resources and power that could reduce community vulnerability. It is therefore recommended that government needs to learn the community technology and develop mutual system of coping by establishing appropriate institutions for mitigation and preparedness.
Assessment of farmers’ perceptions of climate change and attendant adaptation in semi-arid lowlands of Mwanga district, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Bagambilana, Francis Rweyemamu
Through climate modeling, it was projected that climate change and variability will interact with non-climate factors to exacerbate vulnerability of agricultural systems particularly in semi-arid zones. Indeed, the study area of semi-arid lowlands in Mwanga District was typified with some indicators of climate change and variability including frequent crop failure, famine, relief supplies, water shortages, and land degradation. Furthermore, farmers’ adaptation to climate change and variability was conceptualised as a two-step process encompassing farmer’s perception that climate was changing and farmer’s behavioural response to climate changes. Consequently, this study was undertaken in order to understand farmers’ perceptions of temperature and rainfall changes, effects of such changes on agriculture, and the main determinants of farmers’ adoption of coping/adaptation strategies and farmers’ adaptive capacities. Additionally, the socio-cognitive model of private proactive adaptation to climate change as pegged on the protection motivation theory informed a research methodology. Specifically, the cross-sectional sequential explanatory mixed methods research design was used to collect and analyze quantitative data (time series of temperature, rainfall, sizes of crop harvested areas, amounts of crop production coupled with BIT index), and categorical data (based on a questionnaire administered to randomly selected representative sample of 328 households from Kileo, Kirya, and Kigonigoni Villages that had modern irrigation schemes). Additionally, the research design was used to collect and analyse qualitative data (from 30 and 16 purposively selected participants for focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews, respectively) and field observations. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents to household questionnaire and participants during focus group discussions/in-depth interviews perceived increasing temperatures/decreasing rainfall and increasing climate risks and non-climate risks on agricultural systems. Crosstabs revealed that respondents’ perceptions were statistically significantly influenced by, inter alia, villages and type of farming systems (α set at .05). Additionally, the findings revealed statistically significant increase of mean minimum temperature at Same Meteorological station (Kendall’s tau rτ (55) = .290, p = .002) and statistically significant decrease of rainfall at the same station (Kendall’s tau rτ (46) = -.231, p = .012) and at NyumbayaMungu Meteorological station (Kendall’s tau rτ (39) = -.223, p = .024). Thus, it was concluded that the human-induced climate change occurred in the study area. Considering statistically significant correlations between rainfall at both stations and the Niño 3.4 index and Dipole mode index, it was concluded that modes of climate variability significantly influenced rainfall in the study area. Besides, variability of paleo-precipitation in the study area during the last 25 ka was revealed by analysis of BIT index for Lake Challa area. However, there were no statistically significant relationships between rainfall and crop production. Hence, it was concluded that agriculture was influenced by a multiplicity of factors. Basing of findings from binary and proportional odds logistic regressions, it was concluded that market-related factors rather than cognitive ones largely influenced farmers’ adoption of coping/adaptation strategies and their perceived adaptive capacities. Thus, this study recommends strengthening of institutional capacities to sustainably manage water resources and to conduct studies to assess the efficacy of coping/adaptation strategies.
Assessment of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers of Kilwa district
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Melchioly, Simon Rwekiza
The main objective of this research was to carry out an assessment of groundwater resources status of coastal aquifers in Kilwa District. The study area covered KilwaMasoko town, KilwaKivinje, KilwaKisiwani Island, Singino village, and Nangurukuru. The major findings of the reseach include; the water demand (based on population) for the study area is obtained as 1.583 x 106 m3/yr while supply is 1.262 x 106 m3/yr and hence the deficit of water for the study area is 0.321 x 106 m3/yr. Groundwater recharge in the study area has been obtained as 159.63 mm/yr which is equivalent to 16.44189 x 106 m3/yr. Annual groundwater abstraction is estimated as 1.583 x 106 m3/yr. The water balance estimates an average sustainable yield of 6.58 x 106 m3/yr (estimated as 40% of annual groundwater recharge). These results show clearly that the aquifer in the study area is sustainably exploited. Aquifer hydraulic parameters obtained are such that the transmissivity (T) and hydraulic conductivity (K) for Mpara aquifer system are 39.3 m2/day and 1.3 m/day respectively while transmissivity (T) and hydraulic conductivity (K) for KilwaMasoko aquifer system are 25.55 m2/day and 0.852 m/day respectively. The land use and /or land cover changes in the area for the period 2006 to 2013 show that for KilwaKisiwani Island, the area covered by Mangroves along the seashore has increased by 17%. Similarly, settlement areas increased by 11% while areas covered by forest decreased by 9.8%. For the case of KilwaMasoko town and its neighbourhood, vegetation cover has decreased by 13% for that same period. The land acquired for farming increased by 11% while the urbanised areas increased by 16%. Geophysical resistivity results show that there are potential aquifers with resistivity values ranging from 11.68 Ωm to 33.45 Ωm while formations with saline water as well as clayey formations have resistivity values ranging from 3.89Ωm to 1.56Ωm. Drilling depths at KilwaMasoko should be limited to 66 meters below ground surface. For KilwaKisiwani Island the recommended maximum drilling depths for potential sites vary from 15 m to 30 m below ground surface.The groundwater quality classification shows that the dominant group is the Mg-Cl water type, followed by no dominant water type, the MgHCO3 water type and finally the Na-Cl water type. The pH values ranges from 5.06 to 8.6 while electrical conductivity (EC) has moderate to high values as compared to TZS 789: 2008 standards. The groundwater in the study area is suitable for both drinking and irrigation.
Assessment of the acceptability of modern family planning services in Tanzania: a case study of the Kuria community of Tarime district, Mara region.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Manyama, William
Despite 50 years of modern family planning implementation in Tanzania, uptake of the services is still low. This study assessed the acceptability of modern family planning services among the Kuria community in Tarime District, Mara Region. The intention was to assess how these services reach the local people, and how the local people experience and make sense of the services. The study drew on social constructionist theory to understand the interface between social realities in the Kuria community and global narratives on modern family planning services. Qualitative research approach was employed to generate data through: in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), observation and document review and the findings were analyzed by using content analysis method. Findings showed that the acceptability of modern family planning services among the Kuria community was complex, and informed by multiple discourses i.e., local discourse, religious discourse and global discourses. However, the local discourse played a great role and embodied numerous societal forces including: social-cultural practices and beliefs; the value placed on having children; gender norms, roles and expectations; and forms of traditional marriages/unions. The local discourse was mainly defended by men and older women who were reluctant to accept or outright opposed to modern family planning services. The upshot of men’s and older women’s resistance to modern family planning services was that few women of reproductive age used those services freely. In addition, the findings showed that despite resistance, some women are using the services creatively because of the challenges associated with lack of resources and economic hardships. A key recommendation of this study therefore is that it is important to consider the multiplicity of social realities in efforts to improve the acceptability of the modern family planning services. This study contributes theoretical insights to understanding cultural dimensions that reflect on lived experiences and meanings attached to modern family planning services.
Assessment of the flow of information on HIV among young people in Arusha region, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Nahato, Paulina Daniel
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is one of the most pressing public health challenges facing developing countries today. Tanzania continues to be among the nation’s most severely affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This research assessed the flow of information on HIV among young people in Arusha, Tanzania by (a) exploring the determinants of HIV information among young people; (b) examining the sources of HIV information among young people; (c) examining the utilization of HIV prevention methods among young people; and (d) assessing the level of utilization of health facility services among young people for HIV prevention. The study employed a mixed methods research design, in which both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. The findings of this study have revealed association between HIV information acquisition and numerous factors (the respondents’ sex and age of respondents). The results have also shown that the main source of information on HIV, sexual and reproductive health were teachers. The results have revealed that there is better communication between young people and teachers than between young people and parents. The results have also shown that the majority of young people used condoms during their first sexual encounter. For example, the findings revealed that 66 percent of respondents used contraceptive method during their first sex intercourse. The difference of proportion of condom use among age groups was statistically significant (p=0.022). Age and condom use at the last sexual intercourse declined with ageing and vice versa. Moreover, the results of this study revealed minimal utilization of health facility services among young people. The findings, for example, showed that the majority of young people only visited health facilities for contraceptives or for treatment of STIs. In the light of the results of this research, the researcher recommends a smooth flow of correct information on HIV among young people from multiple sources, including parents/guardians, teachers and other community members. The researcher also recommends appropriate provision of sexual and reproductive health education to young people as well as expanded coverage of young people’s reproductive health service needs in the community.
An assessment of the impacts of urban population displacement on displaced persons’ livelihoods: a case of Buyuni area in Dar es Salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2016) Paul, Edmund
This thesis examined the impact of urban population displacement on livelihoods of displaced persons in Buyuni area in Dar es Salaam. The study’s key issue was to determine how the development project that was undertaken in Kipawa and Kigilagila to expand Mwalimu J. K Nyerere International Airport was planned to ensure that the people who were going to be impacted by being displaced are not going to be impoverished at the expense of the project. The study was guided by four objectives: the first objective examined contingency plans adopted by Dar es Salaam City before population displacement. The second assessed the impacts of displacement on displaced persons livelihoods; the third identified strategies employed by the displaced persons to cope up with the impacts of displacement; and, the fourth objective evaluated intervention measures that were taken by government to support displaced people in the resettled area. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data. Sampling procedure used was a combination of simple random sampling and purposive sampling leading to 158 heads of household being obtained as a sample size of the study. The study was based on the theory of Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. The findings revealed that no contingency plans were adopted by the Municipal authorities and Tanzania Airport Authority except for temporary roads that were paved to facilitate easy access to plots in the study area. Also, it was noted that the existence of contrary provisions existing in two separate pieces of legislation has created difficulties to authorities in supporting people to recover from displacement and resettlement losses. Moreover, the findings showed that displaced persons experienced impacts such as marginalization, social disarticulation, violation of human rights, temporary time of homelessness and joblessness. The major impact pertained to the shortage of water in which case displaced persons used to dig shallow wells from which they could obtain water for different uses. Furthermore, the findings showed that the government did not have plans to ensure restoration of livelihoods of displaced persons in the receiving settlements. The findings also revealed positive results to displaced persons as for them the change was better because they were able to obtain large, planned and surveyed plots enough to construct a house or two and still leave an open space for a garden. They built better houses which was an improvement compared to their previous holdings. The study recommends that, the best way to address constraints brought by population displacement is to ensure that the potentially affected people are involved and participate in project planning and implementation. For this to happen, information flow is necessary at different stages, as well as clear policy and rules that which know and observed by all involved parties. In addition, it is important to ensure that relevant policies are supported by effective systems and mechanisms that guarantee displaced individual restoration of their interrupted livelihoods induced by development projects. This will consequently enable affected people and communities to improve their standards of living, while making it possible for them to realize the visions and priorities they had set before disruption.
Association between environmental factors and the prevalence of diarrhoea in Huye urban informal settlements, Rwanda
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Uwizeye, Dieudonné
Annually diarrhoea leads to nearly 1 million deaths globally. Many of these deaths occur in urban areas of low and middle income countries where rapid urban growth outpaces development of hygiene and sanitation infrastructure. However, there is a dearth of studies on the dynamics of diarrhoea among residents of mountainous urban informal settlements. This study was undertaken to examine the association between environmental factors and the prevalence of diarrhoea in Huye urban informal settlements in Rwanda. Three objectives guided the study. The first was to examine the effects of the environment context on water supplies, water management, hygiene and sanitation. The second was to determine the prevalence of diarrhoea, and the third was to assess the link between the environment context and the prevalence of diarrhoea. Data were collected through household surveys, observations of the physical environment and focus group discussions. Survey data were analysed through frequency distributions, cross-tabulations and logistic regression models while qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis technique. Results indicate that the mountainous nature coupled with the inadequate drainage and waste management systems compromise the status of water, sanitation and hygiene. Diarrhoea is more prevalent during the wet season (55% of the households in Matyazo and nearly 46% in Rango) compared with the dry season (24% in Matyazo and 31% in Rango). The study indicates a spatial pattern of diarrhoea prevalence. In Matyazo, risks for diarrhoea significantly increase with distance from the road, contrary to Rango settlements where residents of around the road are significantly more likely to have diarrhoea compared with households located further from the road. This is linked to absence of hygiene and sanitation facilities around the main road: Travellers from rural areas share the inadequate facilities available. Further, the study confirms that the use of water from the valley sources, the presence of waste and flies, as well as the lack of hygienic habits within households are associated with the increase of the prevalence of diarrhoea. The study recommends the provision and extension of infrastructure for improved water, drainage, sanitation and wastes management facilities in the study area. Equally, studies should be done to identify the level of contamination and potential origin of contaminants for water sources in the valleys to adequately control the risks for diarrhoea in mountainous urban settings.
Capital goods industries and technological dependence: a study of development of technological capabilities in capital goods industries in Tanzania.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Mongula, Benedict Stephen
This study examines the experience of Tanzania's capital goods industries in accumulating technological capabilities. With reference to thirty five public and private industrial establishments it examines the length of workers' experience, their tendency to use of engineers, technicians and skilled artisans, and the existence and use of technological institutions. Furthermore, it explores the factors affecting accumulation of capabilities like choice of technology, attraction and retention of engineers, technicians and skilled artisans, efforts to train workers and technology transfer. The study reveals that most of the capital goods industrial establishments in Tanzania are characterised by long workers' experience, have a tendency to recruit workers with previous experience, make wide use of engineers and technicians and they do also have, though not quite developed, structures for design development, production planning/control and quality control. However, differences were noticed in these aspects between public and private establishments and sophisticated and simple ones; for example public establishments made greater use of engineers while private ones relied a lot on workers' long experience. The public establishments also had better pay packages and more training too. Furthermore, the study reveals that workers' experience, technological simplicity and use of engineers by industrial establishments has implications on productivity and innovations.
Career development service for high school and university students in Tanzania a conceptual model and methodological framework
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Materu-Behitsa, Mary Michael
The purpose of the study was to put forth a conceptual model and a methodological framework for establishing a national career development service for high school and university students in Tanzania. Objectives and research questions aimed at examining the state of students’ career development service in selected high schools and universities in Tanzania, assessing students’ career information needs and preferences and soliciting stakeholders’ views on strategies for improving provision of career development service for high school and university students. The study employed a mixed-methods research design. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The findings revealed that students’ general career preparedness was low, while the state of career development services in both high schools and universities in Tanzania was poor. Students’ needs and preferences for information were evident. Students and other stakeholders’ views pointed to an urgent need for career development service for high school and university students. Several challenges regarding policy and implementation were raised and strategies for the establishment and management of career development service were proposed. Informed by trends noted in the literature review and findings from this study the ‘employability development’ approach was used in developing a conceptual model and a methodological framework for career development service in Tanzania. The main constructs of the conceptual model are employability development, curriculum content and labour market. The methodological framework, presented in a matrix, outlines a practical guide for interpreting and implementing the ideas presented in the model. The study has several implications for the education sector, the labour market and interventions that may curb graduate un-employability and skills mismatch in Tanzania and developing countries as a whole. The study points to the plausibility of systemically addressing the challenges of youth employment (formal, informal and self-employed), graduate employment and skills mismatch through a career development perspective.
Choice of technology in the grain milling industry in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1987) Bagachwa, Mboya Serapion Daniel
This study focuses on choice of technology within the grain milling industry is Tanzania. The interest in this particular area stems from its relevance both analytically and policy wise. The initial choice of technology has major consequences not only for plant layout, type and nature of machinery and equipment to be employed but also on the overall production organization which shape technological progress. The interest in the grain milling industry stems from its policy relevance in a basic needs oriented development strategy currently being pursued in Tanzania. Another reason for undertaking this study stems from the renewed interest in the promotion of small scale industries by policy makers in Tanzania. The scope of this study is limited to maize and rice milling activities, however, being the most important food grains grown both for commercial purposes as well as for subsistence in Tanzania. To obtain the necessary data, a two-phase survey has been undertaken. In phase one, it was necessary to carry out a preliminary (pilot) survey so as to find out the economic basis for stratifying the sample. This was so because inadequate alternative sampling frame existed. The pilot survey covered both Dar es Salaam and Arusha towns. A total of 170 firms were covered so as to get a comprehensive picture of the different technologies employed. The permit economics and to ensure proper representation of each category of firms, firms have been stratified into three groups: household, custom and merchant milling firms. In the intensive field survey, 83 selected custom and merchant milling establishments were then subjected to an intensive (micro-level) survey using a pre tested questionnaire. It has been found out that technological choice is sensitive to product quality characteristics and institutional aspects of firm and market organization. Thus valid comparison of operational performance and technological differentials between custom and merchant mills cannot be constructed. A second important finding emerging out of the study is that the institutional and macro-economic policy environment within which milling firms operate has had an important indirect effect on the actual technological choices made. Thirdly, it has been established that the grain milling industry in Tanzania has built up over the years a technological structure which is not homogenous in terms of machine characteristics. Lastly, it appears that there are no significant economics of scale in the grain milling industry and substitution of manual for mechanical operations in the milling process is feasible.
Coastal communities’ vulnerability to the impacts of climate variability and change and adaptation strategies in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Muyungi, Richard Stanislaus
Coastal communities in Tanzania, particularly those in agricultural and fisheries sectors are amongst the most vulnerable to the impact of climate variability and change. The objective of this study was to understand the vulnerabilities, the impacts of climate variability and change and the adaptation strategies amongst the coastal communities of Bagamoyo district, Coast Region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study’s purpose was to examine the indicators, vulnerability and communities’ adaptation strategies. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches in a complementary fashion. Whereas the quantitative data were collected using structured household interviews, the Qualitative data were collected using in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The meteorological data were obtained from the Tanzania Meteorological Agency. The Qualitative data collected were subjected to content analysis. Quantitative data, on the Other hand, were analyzed with the help of the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 20 to derive descriptive and inferential statistics. The key findings indicated that the climate has been changing for the last 30 years between 1981 and 2010. Rainfall in the study area had generally decreased at a rate of 11.2 mm, 8.55 mm and 7.96 mm for Chambezi, Wazo hill and Bagamoyo stations. Rainfall seasons were becoming shorter, erratic, with high rainfall intensity and unevenly distributed within short distances. This was affirmed by over 70% of the respondents. While annual rainfall showed a decreasing trend, monthly rainfall showed high variability throughout the 30 years of measurements. Similarly, temperature showed an increasing trend for the past 30 years, with high annual rate of change being noticed on annual mean minimum temperature (0.06 0C) than annual mean maximum temperature (0.02 0C). The study also revealed that households with low income, those dependent on a single commodity and those less educated were more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Contrary to previous studies, the study shows that, with decreasing rainfall trend, communities living in flood prone areas had reliable sources of water in times of drought, which provided them with more crop diversification opportunities and income. Generally, all communities were continuously being impacted by climate variability and change associated risks and shocks such as increased incidences of drought and low crop productivity leading to food insecurity. It was found that short and long term adaptation strategies were influenced mainly by levels of income, livelihood assets, education, infrastructure development and diversity of livelihood sources, as well as the size of households and land ownership which determined households’ adaptive capacities and options. It was also found that there was no systematic way of government assistance to local communities to reduce vulnerability and offset the observed impact of climate variability and change in all villages. The study concludes that communities have limited strategies to address the impacts and climate change has not been adequately mainstreamed in the development and poverty alleviation process at the local level. It is recommended that adaptation interventions, including mainstreaming at village level, should start with climate change awareness from the basic understanding of the implications of climate variability and change.
Coffee Diversion, a Strategy for Development: the Case of Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1974) Mbilinyi, Simon Michael Mhelema
Coffee is the number one agricultural commodity in international trade, surpassing cotton and wheat in terms of monetary value. In relation to all internationally traded commodities coffee ranks second to petroleum which is number one in value. The importance of coffee is further enhanced by the great number of countries in the Third World which depend on the crop for the development of their economies and for earning foreign exchange. In the consuming or importing countries coffee forms a substantial part of their agro business. The importance of coffee in the Tanzanian economy cannot be overemphasized. The crop contributes about 5% of GDP, accounts for about 20% of total agricultural exports, occupies over 230,000 acres (or 360 square miles) of the best land in the country, employs 215,000 to 300, 000 people in production and coffee related services and commands over Shs. 100 million in processing, curing and roasting plants. Inspite of the dominance and importance of the crop in international trade and in the economies of coffee producing countries in the world, the crop has experienced problems in recent years. The most acute problems include; first, wide fluctuations in price and foreign exchange earnings, associated with annual variations in production typical of tree crops. Second, these annual variations or fluctuations are superimposed on some prolonged cyclical movements in the world coffee economy extending as far as twenty years each, Third, the world coffee market is circumscribed in part by high tariffs in the consuming countries, high export taxes in the exporting countries and quantitative restrictions in accordance with the International Coffee Agreement. Fourth, the commodity is prone to react not only to the laws of supply and demand of its own, and its close substitutes (tea, cocoa, etc,) but to the general economic conditions of the developed countries. In addition to these general problems of the coffee industry, Tanzania’s coffee industry has its own problems; first the major coffee producing areas relies almost on the crop for their farm (cash) incomes. Second, a fall in price of the crop stagnates any economic and social activities in those districts and regions that produce the crop, Furth more the nation as a whole is then deprived of a substantial part of its foreign exchange earnings. The significance of the coffee industry and its problems gave impetus to this study. The study is attempting to: a) detail and analyze problems facing the coffee industry internationally and nationally; b) to trace the development of the crop quantitatively and geographically; c) to look at production and marketing policies used by the early coffee producing countries., so as to gain insight to the problems as they pertain to the Tanzania situation; d) to examine the socio—economic situation in the major coffee producing areas in Tanzania; e) to analyze the economies of peasant coffee production using farm budgeting and production function techniques; and f) present and suggest policy actions an implementations strategies with special emphasis on diversification and marketing. The problem, scope, objectives and the methodology of the study are discussed in Chapter I. Chapter II, traces the historical and institutional setting of the coffee industry internationally and nationally. The theoretical framework of the peasant economy ends the hypothesis of the study are presented in Chapter III. Chapter IV examines the socio— economic conditions in the five major coffee producing districts of Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Bukoba, Rungwe and Mbinga. The economic analysis of peasant coffee production is discussed in Chapter V 9 which include the use of farm budgeting techniques, the Cobb—Doughlas .as production function approach and the presentation of the empirical results. Chapter VI reviews production, marketing and institutional changes pertaining to coffee in Tanzania and briefly suggests policies, recommendations that might improve the development of the coffee industry in Tanzania. Findings that may be of rea1 use and interest for policy makers are those contained in Chapter IV, which detail in descriptive statistics the factors of production of the crop by peasant farmers. The resources there is a chance that they will choose crop mixes or enterprise combinations that will maximize farm incomes. The empirical results of the Cobb—Doughlas production function, with all its limitations, show •that there 901.10 factors of production that can be intensified in use so as to realize better yields and higher quality of the crop. It was found out that, the use of labor could be intensified in all the study areas. The response to modern inputs like chemical fertilizer, sprays and insecticides yielded varying results in the various districts, some negative while others positive. Experience in the field show that there are good positive responses for the use of these inputs. The negativity (or non— response) in our model is due mainly to poor data used. Land had a positive response to production but hag limited possibilities of expanding its use due to overpopulation in practically all the districts excepting Mbinga, The hypothetical case of possibilities for trade between the upper and lower belts in Kilimanjaro reveal that there is something to gain for both populations by adopting limited specialization in their economic activities. In order to spread out the gains accrued from such specialization, ujamaa village approach to modes or units of production would be the most useful strategy. The study has attempted to throw light on the major issues concerning coffee. It remains for the policy makers and implementors to develop projects that are viable and will benefit the peasants and the nation as a whole.

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