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The absence of mass media in fighting HIV/AIDS among remote rural populations: a case study of Ebuyu village, Ulanga district in Morogoro, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Mbirigenda, Shukrani Kassian
Today the mass media is claimed to be the most effective tool in raising awareness on HIV/AIDS among the public both in urban and rural areas. However, the mass media remains expensive and inaccessible to most of the remote rural populations in Tanzania In addition, most of the print media are based on a commercial basis and due to poor circulation of money, and mass media is not easily accessible in rural areas. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of radio stations in the country, but those reaching rural areas were few and with poor and sporadic signals. Moreover, a radio set was still a luxury to most rural households. This research investigated the following areas: how much do rural populations know from the mass media; what gaps are there in their knowledge/awareness, the reasons for the existing gaps and what can be done to bridge the gaps. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and found that there are gaps in the HIV/AIDS awareness/knowledge in the remote rural populations. We therefore recommend that Tanzania needs an alternative media away from the mainstream media that would cover remote rural areas’ news. Local people’s initiatives should be at the centre, lest we tell them what to do and tread on their toes. We argue that before we jump to the condom solution, we should first of all disseminate adequate information on HIV/AIDS to raise people’s awareness in remote rural parts of the country that not only do not have condoms, but also do not have the capacity to acquire them.
Accessibility of primary education for children with disabilities in Dar es Salaam region
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Jutta, Lilly Mwaza
This study endeavoured to investigate accessibility to primary education for diildren with disabilities in Dar es Salaam region. It covered schools which have children with disabilities in each of the three districts namely, llala, Temeke and Kinondoni. Tbe study involved a total of 73 respondents comprising of five categories, nannly children with disabilities who were or were not attending school, teadns, parents/guardians of the disabled pupils and officials from regional and district education offices as well as officials from the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. Data were collected by the use of questionnaires, interviews and documentary reviews. The study revealed that there were limited resources for the provision of primacy education to children with disabilities in terms of dassrooms, qualified teadlas, teaching/lemng materials and equipment. There is also lack of enough hospitable infrastructure to address distinctive needs of children with disabilities. This made quite a number of children of certain types of disabilities, such as the deaf to lack equal access to primacy education. Some children also faced problems related to poor communication between them and teachers or other pupils in the inclusive schools. Thus, the study recommends to the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) to increase both physical and human resources necessary to enhance access and equity for children with disabilities in education and facilitate education for all (EFA).
Accountability of non-governmental organizations in Tanzania: a case study of Dar es Salaam
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Glynn, Jessica A.
The aim of this study was to investigate how the accountability techniques and processes used in Tanzanian Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) differ from the ideal, to explore how NGOs in Tanzania are accountable, and to identify the impact (if any) the 2002 NGO Act had in Tanzania. In the last 30 years, there has been a large increase in the number of registered NGOs in Tanzania. This “mushrooming” of NGOs is related to the 1990’s shift in donor funding. The increase in NGOs particularly those referred to as “brief case” NGOs has made it much more difficult for legitimate NGOs to get funding and to focus on their constituencies. Many NGOs are stuck writing long reports and budget statements to prove that they exist. Both donors and the legitimate NGOs take issue with illegitimate NGOs and faulty practices. Donors want proof that the funds that they distribute are used properly, and legitimate NGOs struggle to satisfy increasing donor demands. All NGOs want to be accountable, but to whom? Unlike the private and public sector, the NGO sector is largely unregulated. When donor funding in Tanzania and many other African countries shifted in the 1990’s away from the government and towards NGOs, it seemed like the creation of a strong civil society would solve all of the accounting problems that had existed within the government. If donor funding could be funneled through community organizations, then corruption and mismanagement could end. However, the same problems that government accountability faced are also seen in the NGOs. These problems include mismanagement, greed, unmet goals and backdoor deals. “Accountability” has become a buzz word in donor/ NGO relations. Tax payers in donor countries want to see tangible results, but the type of monitoring and evaluation procedures insisted on by donors tend to distort accountability. Donors have “a tendency to focus on ‘accountancy’ rather than ‘accountability’; audit rather than learning (Edwards, 1995:13).” This emphasis on accountability demands that NGOs measure their progress by donor standards. Accountability to NGO constituency is ignored. Donors appear to have created a dependency with the types of accountability they want to see in place, and NGOs find it difficult to meet the requirements. If donor agencies want to give NGOs more autonomy, they need to measure accountability based how well they learn from experience and judge the costs and benefits of putting resources to different purposes (EDWARDS, 1995: 12).” Based on fieldwork done in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, this paper presents results of current measures of NGO’s accountability, their focus, and the perceptions surrounding them. During fieldwork conducted between March and June of 2007, a total of 14 organizations involved in the NGO sector were surveyed. A number of methods of data collection were used, including questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and analysis of program materials. Four of the organizations were NGOs that work with youth issues, five were donor agencies, one was a government agency involved with non-governmental organization regulation, and four were community organizations familiar with accountability legislation. The research questions included in this study: Who were the NGOs accountable to and why? What was the relationship between donors, NGOs, government, and the constituency and how were they accountable? What monitoring and evaluation methods were being used in Tanzania? What were the current issues of accountability? Did NGOs need to be accountable to the government and how could this help or hinder progress? What was the future of NGOs in Tanzania and how did new NGOs face when using their accountability measurement? Are increasing accountability standards limiting the NGO sector? How did the NGOs, donors, and government in Tanzania view NGO accountability? Did the NGO Act of 2002 have any effect on the NGO operations? After analyzing the study findings, it was found that organizations in the NGO sector have different definitions of accountability depending on their role in the development process. NGOs affirmed that they were most accountable to their role in the development process. NGOs affirmed that they were most accountable to their constituencies. Donor, government, and NGOs had an adversarial relationship in many ways. Monitoring and evaluation procedures were not uniformed. And the NGO Act of 2002 has not had a significant impact on accountability in Tanzania and may be limiting coordination between the organizations of the NGO sector.
Actors’ incentives and sustainability of water supply projects in same district: the case of hedaru water project
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Stephen, Simon
This study aimed at understanding the actor incentives and how they influence water supply project sustainability in Same District, with Hedaru Water Project as a case study. Further the study based on examining the incentives as structured by the existing social, economic, political, ecological and cultural factors facing actors in the implementation, operation and maintenance as well as water consumption of Hedaru Water Project (HWP). The study conducted to analyze the current situation of Same District focusing particularly to Hedaru Village where the HWP operate. The study concludes that; the water users have influence on the sustainability of the Hedaru Water Project provision, production, operation and maintenance. Further, the provision did not involve all stakeholders enough in the project initiation. The production part of the project had weaknesses in that, the technical and expertise sectors were partially weighed. Poor organized mechanism of project operation and maintenance. failure of the government to put in place strategies of minimizing social antagonism among individuals as well as reluctance of the government to allow the formation of the Water User Association (WUA) were among the problems which negatively affected the project.The principle incentives identified are weak accountability mechanisms for taking responsibilities and bureaucracy to account in insuring sustainable provision of water project, unaccountability of the government, self-interest vs. public interest, corruption, free riding, weak accountability mechanisms for citizens to hold the public actors (representatives which are MPs and chancellors and the state bureaucrats) to accounts. The study recommends that; water supply project initiation for the community consumption need careful handling from infant to the last stage hence need for identifying the necessary factors which might jeopardize the project sustainability status so as to address them before they interfere the project processes.
Adherence to treatment and care of people living with HIV/AIDS: a case study of Rufiji district Tanzania
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Bashosho, Philbert
This study invastigated the Adherence to Treatment and Care of the People Living with HIV/AIDS. It is a case study of Rufiji District, Coast Region in Tanzania. Guided by explanatory design, the study employed qualitative and quantitative research approach to assess medication and care adherence of the people living with HIV/AIDS in Rufiji district. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used for data collection. Primary data were obtained from the field in three selected clinics of Rufiji district in coast region Tanzania. Secondary data were collected from various literature. The sampling design was both purposive and random and 86 respondents were randomly selected according to their willingness to participate and were interviewed on their clinic day. Fifteen health care providers were interviewed among them were three counselors, one from each of the researched clinics. Interview guidelines were used to capture the insight of the problem. The study found that most respondents skipped their doses due to various reasons, including disclosure, distance from clinics, financial difficulties, side effects of ARVs, and stigmatization. The results show that there is still a lot to be done in treatment and care of the people living with HIV/AIDS. Adherence to medication is still a major problem in Rufiji district. The research suggests that training of health care providers and educating patients be adhered. Patients need to be provided with knowledge on the disease and treatment to help them overcome disclosure and stigmatization issues. This could help to reduce dosage skipping and allow patients to become healthier.
Affirmative actions and women’s access to and participation in local politics in Tanzania, progress, challenges and future prospects: a case study of Misungwi district, Mwanza region
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Samwel, Juma
The study investigated effectiveness of Affirmative Actions (AAs) to improve women’s access and participation in local politics in Misungwi District. Specifically, the study assessed awareness, types and outcomes of AAs, perceptions and/or attitudes, problems and challenges as well as solicited views for future prospects. To situate the study in a proper context, two theories were adopted for data collection, analysis and interpretation, namely, the Liberal Feminist Theory (LFT) and the Critical Mass Theory (CMT). The study also adopted descriptive research design whereby 102 respondents (52% men, 48% women) were involved. Data were collected using interviews, questionnaires, desk reviews as well as direct observations. Findings revealed that awareness on AAs was slightly higher among women (77.3%) than men (64.5%). Women quotas of 25% and 30% had been implemented in Village Councils (VCs) and Full Council (FC), respectively. Slightly more women (96%) than men (89%) had positive perceptions and/or attitudes towards AAs. Furthermore, AAs’ implementation was constrained by problems and challenges including inadequate target quotas, women stereotypes, patriarchy system, corruption as well as unfriendly work environment for Women Councilors attained through AA arrangements. The study concludes that to some extent, AAs had increased women’s access and participation in local politics. For future improvements the study recommends women’s quota of 50% accompanied by gender empowerment strategies. Finally, the study proposes among other things similar study in other District Councils in Tanzania.
Agrarian crisis and the food sectors: the case of maize transportation and storage in three villages of Sumbawanga Urban district Rukwa region
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1995) Babile, Joseph Peter J.
The study examines some of the causes of the agrarian crisis in relation of food storage and transportation – the case of maize, Sumbawanga urban district- Rukwa region. One of Tanzania’s agricultural policies has been to encourage her population to attain food self-sufficiency. By so doing, the government has been announcing different incentive packages to the peasants and the agrarian population as a whole. Many areas have responded positively. One of such areas is Rukwa region, famously known as “one of the Big four producers of Maize”. However, expanded maize production in Rukwa was faced with many bottlenecks like storage and transport problems. This study, thus investigated the status of agriculture, feeder roads and storage facilities and their impact to the agrarian sector. The areas involved in the study were three villages of Wipanga, Chipu and Kasense in Sumbawanga urban district in Rukwa region. Data were collected through the use structured interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis supplemented by unstructured interviews. According to the findings, feeder roads lacked maintenance and were in extremely poor condition while storage facilities were inadequate. In the absence of good feeder roads and improved storage facilities, women were at a disadvantage. This meant that the ferrying of crops done mainly by women and children (on their heads) became a very time consuming and burdensome task. The study concludes that unless maintenance component for the feeder roads is adhered to, and farmers are provided with credit facilities from private and national financial institutions, the agrarian crisis emanating from those infrastructural bottlenecks is likely to persist.
An analysis of HIV/AIDS preventive programmes among high school students in Kinondoni municipal council.
(University of Dar es Salaam., 2009) Cosmas, Darius R.
This study was about An Analysis of HIV/AIDS Preventive Programmes among High School Students in Kinondoni Municipal Council. The study relied on multiple sources of information and data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were obtained from the field in three selected secondary schools in Kinondoni Districts in Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania, while secondary data were collected from various literatures related to the study. The methodology was guided by descriptive research design. The sampling design was simple random sampling of 80 students were selected and given questionnaires. Thirty two teachers were interviewed and all returned the questionnaires. The aim was to interview four officials at Kinondoni Municipality headquarters, but only one official was interviewed. Lastly, the study interviewed two officials at the Tanzania Institute of Education. The results show that the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training Strategic Plan of 2003 - 2007 has failed to stop transmission HIV virus among Secondary School students in Kinondoni District. The main problem being to translate the policy to real life situation. Teachers lack training and resources to conduct life skills education to their students. Also, students got most of their information from their peers, hence most of them got wrong information. The government through the ministry must do more to improve teachers’ knowledge on HIV and AIDS through capacity building both at the Teachers College and in schools. Peers education must be strengthen as most students get HIV/AIDS information from their peers.
Analysis of involvement of people with disability in development policy-making and implementations: a case of Dar es Salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Ntiro, Mashingo Sam
This study brings into focus “Analysis of Involvement of People with Disability in Development Policy-Making and Implementations: A Case of Dar-es-Salaam”. The analysis seeks to answer major research objective which was to investigate dynamics and patterns of involvement of People with Disability in development policy–making process and implementation. Mixed research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative research from population sample of 138 People with disabilities and 12 representatives from various institutions was employed to answer research questions. Primary data was managed through the use of 18 face-to-face interviews, 3 focused group discussion (FGDs) as well as 150 questionnaires (Structured Open and Close Ended). Secondary data which consist of published and unpublished materials was visited to enrich the study. Research findings demonstrated diverging sets of opinion regarding the subject of “involvement in development policy making process”. On one hand study finds higher level of ignorance among people with disabilities which is reflected through historical legacies and more importantly on the other hand are the socio-structural arrangements which instigate social stigmatization and systemic deprivations. Major implication observed is that People with Disabilities want the main consideration for leadership, advocacy and decision-making be the capacity to manage and influence social change in a way that improves their ability and that of their stakeholders to participate and be empowered
An analysis of the benefits of rural electrification on local social-economics development
(University of Dar es Salaam,, 2012) Khalipha, Risala
This study explored the benefits of rural electrification using photovoltaic solar energy on local socio-economic development at Kisiju-Pwani village in Mkuranga district. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the existing socio-economic potentials for solar PV use at Kisiju-Pwani village, to examine the development potential associated with solar PV use at Kisiju-Pwani village and to find out ways through which photovoltaic solar energy system could be sustained at Kisiju-Pwani village. The study employed an exploratory research design together with qualitative and quantitative techniques to examine the benefits of rural electrification. The study found that photovoltaic solar energy would promote fishing, trade, agriculture and transportation which are the main socio-economic activities performed by Kisiju-Pwani residents. However, due to lack of reliable source of energy Kisiju-Pwani residents failed to effectively utilize these socio-economic potentials. The study further revealed that, at the household level, photovoltaic solar energy would transform peoples' lives through the use of TV and radio sets, refrigerators and lighting. At the community level, photovoltaic solar energy would lead to job creation, improved health and education services. Lastly, Kisiju-Pwani residents were ready to contribute to the sustainability of solar electricity. The study concludes that photovoltaic solar energy would improve the well-being of the rural population. Therefore, the study recommends that the government, in collaboration with other energy stakeholders, should encourage installation of photovoltaic solar energy in off-grid areas. Likewise, Kisiju-Pwani residents should own the photovoltaic solar energy project and not tolerate anybody who would harm it.
Analysis of youths’ participation in HIV/AIDS programmes: the case of Moshi Municipality
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Mwakanenile, Dominick Robert
This study aimed at making analysis investigating of Youth Participation in HIV/AIDS programmes in Moshi municipal Kilimanjaro region. It articulates formal and informal platforms for Youth participation programme. The study has four specific objectives; to identify formal and informal platform for youth participation; to determine opportunities of youth participation in formal and informal platforms; to examine determinants of youth participation; to assess the nature and impact of HIV/AIDS in Moshi municipality. A descriptive research design was adopted because it enabled the researcher to collect data through interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions and documents reviews. The data collected were contextually analysed. The research findings noted that, youth participation in formal platforms depends much on the existing local government structures. The platforms identified are those committees that are part and parcel of the existing local government structures. There is no specific youth organ or committee. Youth participate in decision making processes and agenda setting through representatives. In formal platforms, the research findings noted that most of the informal platforms are those organised by organinisation and cultural groups. The researcher concluded that a paradigm shift is needed from tokenism to citizenship, hence, recommended the keys stakeholders like family, government and NGOs to involve the youth meaningful.
An analysis of “mkukuta” monitoring and evaluation process: the case of national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty
(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Shila, Jeremia Nyampala
This study aimed at making analysis of MKUKUTA monitoring and evaluation process and its contribution towards alleviation of poverty in Tanzania. It articulates areas of dissemination of MKUKUTA Monitoring and Evaluation reports at national, local government and ward/village levels. The study also analyses the efficiency and effectiveness of poverty monitoring process through MKUKUTA. The study provides insights on results and indicators used in measurement and analysis of MKUKUTA results and its effectiveness in measuring poverty changes. The methods of data collection employed in this study included questionnaires and unstructured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that MKUKUTA Monitoring and Evaluation process does not follow the standard Monitoring and Evaluation process of assessing the effectiveness and efficient use of inputs. The study also found problems in realizing poverty changes because of its difficulty in measuring each indicator. The question of untimely data availability, data quality, inadequate skilled Monitoring and Evaluation experts and meager resources in MKUKUTA are some of the constraints. However, the process was found to be useful in providing measures of poverty changes in Tanzania. The study suggests ways in which the contribution of MKUKUTA Monitoring and Evaluation process in assessing poverty level changes can be enhanced. These include improving resources (financial, human) in Monitoring and Evaluation, revising indicators so that they can be measured easily in reducing income poverty, improving quality of life and social well-being, and governance and accountability.
Are cooperatives a vehicle for socio-economic emancipation of women? a case study of the Tuke Consumer's Cooperative Society in Morogoro Town - Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1987) Chuma, Salome Zena Edward
This paper is based on the question of whether cooperatives are a vehicle for socio-economic emancipation of women or not. The paper is divided into four chapters. chapter One looks into the historical reasons why women are oppressed and the efforts being made to remove this problem. This chapter also includes the research methodology used. to get the findings. Chapter Two discusses the historical background of cooperatives and their role in liberating the working class and how women are trying to use them to gain their socio-economic mancipation. Chapter Three deals with a case study of the women's TUKE Consumers ' Cooperative Society, and how it operates to bring socio-economic emancipation of its members. At the time of the research the findings showed that 80% of the members were self-employed lumpen proletariats and were not much informed of how the cooperative is being run. Thus it was operated and controlled by a few who had power over it, and employees were exploited by the few without themselves being aware of it. It was also observed that while other women's economic projects did not survive problems of leadership, TUKE survived because it was formed and taken care of by women leaders who were in the Party and the government. In Chapter Four, I concluded that women cannot emancipate themselves from their present condition, both men and women bear colonised minds and must work hard together to emancipate themselves from both colonial and patriachical 'relations. They must lead the struggle using Marxist-Leninist working class ideological tool.
Assessing benefits of community based forest management: a case study of Gwata and Ludewa Villages in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Mtango, Nangena
In Tanzania, forests play a vital role in the livelihoods of most rural communities. There is a heavy dependence on forests for basic household needs of rural communities, e.g. timber and non-timber forest products. Forests have been under the threat of depletion throughout the country because of heavy dependency on forests by forest adjacent communities, but also by demand for local and commercial exploitation. The main concerns of this study was whether benefits that are derived from forest are enough to the extent that they motivate communities to manage and conserve their forests and whether this will lead into sustainable community forest management assumptions, especially the limited range of motivations or incentives for CBFM in some forests in Tanzania. The study also recognizes that there are a number of opportunity costs that forest based and adjacent communities undertake in order to manage the forest successfully and therefore they are paying a disproportionate share in forest management and this situations threatens sustainable forest management.
Assessing communication between adolescents and parents on sexual and reproductive health a case study of Ilala district –Dar es salaam region, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Dungumaro, Josephine William
Various stakeholders have made efforts and urge parents and guardians to speak to their children about Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) issues so as to ensure that they make right decisions. In spite of the fact that SRH education can promote healthy sexual behaviours of the adolescents, the results of this intervention are still at a minimal even after several efforts made by different organizations such as AMREF, JICA Tanzania and the Tanzanian government. The general objective of the study was to assess communication between adolescents and parents on sexual and reproductive health. Specifically, the study aimed at exploring attitudes/perceptions of parents regarding communication on SRH matters, determining methods or mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health, to find out frequency, timing and topics conversed between adolescents and parents on sexual and reproductive health, and to identify challenges parents and adolescents face while conversing about sexual reproductive health. The study was conducted in Ilala Municipality in Dar es Salaam region. A sample of 90 respondents was used in this study. Simple random and purposive sampling were applied in selecting the parents and students respectively. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) and documentary review. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed in analysing quantitative data while thematic approach was adopted to analyse qualitative data. The study showed that there is very negative perception and attitudes of parents on SRH matters. They felt talking about sex with their children as shameful, immoral and encouraging the child to have sex. Parent-child communication about SRH happened in few families even though adolescents appreciated the idea of communication on SRH matters. The communication was mainly on same sex basis (mother-daughter and rarely father-son or father-daughter) and mostly took place in the form of warnings and threats. Communication was triggered by seeing or hearing something a parent perceived negative and would not like their child to experience (such as a death attributable to HIV and unmarried young person's pregnancy). Although most young people were relaxed with their mothers than fathers, there is lack of trust as to what they can tell their parents for fear of punishment. Parents were limited as to what they could communicate about SRH because of lack of appropriate knowledge and cultural norms that restricted interactions between opposite sex and that the subject itself is considered as a taboo to be discussed. It is concluded that due to the consequences of the HIV pandemic, parents are making attempts to communicate with their children about SRH. They are however, limited by cultural barriers, and lack of appropriate knowledge. With some skills training on communication and SRH, parents may be a natural avenue for channeling and reinforcing HIV/AIDS prevention messages to their children as well as controlling the ever increasing rate of pregnancies among school girls who end up dropping out of schools. It is recommended that the government should reconsider formulating a well strategic policy that will allow the teaching of SRH from primary schools as one of the subject on a more comprehensive approach and more participatory manner.
Assessing effectiveness of interventions for the street children problem in Tanzania: a case Study of Rehabilitation Centres in Dar es Salaam. Available at http://41.86.178.3/internetserver3.1.2/detail.aspx?parentpriref=
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Majaliwa, Getrude Abel
In recent years there have been an increasing number of street and vulnerable children. Various measures have been used to solve the problem of street children. In Tanzania rehabilitation centres are the commonly measure that are used to reduce the increase of street children. In the light of this reality, this study investigated the effectiveness of rehabilitation centres aiming at finding out whether the services provided produced future self-reliant members of the society. The study investigated effectiveness based on the United Nation Convention of Child Rights of 1985 and Millennium Development Goals. The Study involved 245 respondents in the three municipalities of Dar es Salaam namely Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke. The study involved children of 14 years of age and above living in rehabilitation centres in the city of Dar es Salaam and 13 centres were selected for this study. Information was obtained through questionnaires, interviews and documentary reviews which were finally subjected to both quantitative and qualitative presentation and analysis. The findings of this study, on the one hand, revealed that the majority of children living in rehabilitation centres were school dropouts and had at least one parent alive. Effectiveness of rehabilitation centres included provision of opportunities for children to resume their schooling and enroll those who had not been in school before. Other achievement included to provide life skills for vulnerable children so as to help them become self-reliant. The findings of this study, on the other hand, found that the rehabilitation centres were facing a number of challenges in accomplishing their programs. Among the challenges included poor feeding, poor shelter facilities, sub-standard life skills and poor access to higher education. The most leading challenge was the lack of permanent source of income, which acted as obstacles for quality services in most rehabilitation centres. In view of the above findings, it was concluded that rehabilitation centres are good measures in solving the problem of street children but they should be monitored closely and work hand in hand with the government. Family reunification and family strengthening should be emphasized to reduce institutional care. Community based care should be emphasized to allow children enjoy the right of growing in the family setting.
Assessing teaching of vocational skills in Tanzanian schools: the case of selected primary schools in Dar es Salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Kaiza, Rugarabamu
This study investigated •the teaching of Vocational Skills (Stadi za Kazi) in Tanzanian Primary Schools and how it really takes place, how and why. Teaching of Vocational Skills was chosen as the subject of interest because most of the unemployed youth in the country are primary school leavers. The study was conducted in six primary schools in Dar es Salaam region using a sample of 180 pupils, 31 primary school teachers, six head teachers, and two ministerial officials from the Directorate of Primary Education, Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. Data was collected through questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, observation, and focus group discussions to extract facts and real situation that took place in the delivery of vocational skills to pupils. In order to extract the desired information from respondents, four major questions were answered. The study found that the types of skills taught in the schools did not focus the nation's labor market. The teaching of Vocational Skills (VS) subject faced a lack of trained teachers, teaching and learning materials, training equipment and facilities as well as financial resources. It was, therefore, concluded that, the teaching of VS did not enable pupils to become self-reliant or employable upon completing primary schooling. Therefore, it was recommended that the contemporary VS program be scrapped to allow a well prepared one to replace it for effective teaching and learning of the subject.
Assessing the effects of nutrition and treatment in cholera dynamics the case of Malawi
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Kadaleka, Solomon
While cholera has been a recognised disease for a long time, the control of deadly out- breaks remains a challenge. In this study we formulate a basic mathematical cholera model that extend to incorporate nutrition and treatment as control strategies in curtailing the disease. The equilibrium points of the cholera models are determined. The disease-free equilibrium points are shown to be locally and globally asymptotically stable, using the next generation matrix and comparison theory approaches respectively. We perform sensitivity analysis on the key parameters driving the disease dynamics in order to determine their relative importance in the cholera dynamics, in this particular study. Graphical representations are provided as a way of supporting the analytica] results. Numerical results indicate that the cholera epidemic can be reduced when both Interventions, nutrition and treatment, are implemented. This result is shown by com- paring the basic, (Ro), nutrition-induced, (ReN), treatment-induced, (ReT), and both nutrition and treatment-induced, (Re), reproduction numbers. The study concludes by recommending the exploration of other interventions to supplement the nutrition strategy.
Assessing the opportunities of religious institutions on hiv/aids prevention
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Sangai, Anna George
The cry of HIV/AIDS pandemic has been a tremendous and has touched all aspects of human life. The response to it requires a multicultural approach. Previous strategies employed seem to have failed to attain equitable dissemination of possible ways against the epidemic. Hence, this study investigates the opportunities of religious institutions on HIV/AIDS prevention. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. It used interviews, questionnaires, documentary reviews and observations as instruments of data collection. The study organised in to five chapters, chapter one introduce the study .Chapter two deals with the literature review while chapter four contain results and discussion. The last chapter which is chapter five is summary of major findings and recommendations. Results from the study revealed that religion provides important ethical guidelines and support in navigating day-to-day problems in the society that are increasingly becoming complicated. There is an indefinite role of religious institutions to undertake HIV/AIDS prevention education as well as informative campaigns. Religion also provides unique a link that reaches wider community and sensitise people on the spread of the epidemic. Religious leaders speak to their congregants about HIV/AIDS and discuss the topic in mosques, churches, homes, ceremonies like weddings and burials. With regard to the nature of the tragedy, important issues such as position of religious institution on condom use, care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS are also addressed. Indeed, understanding the role of religious institutions on HIV/AIDS prevention would strengthen and improve strategies to deal with the epidemic.
Assessment of Agroforestry for climate change adaption: the case study of Karatu District
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2016) Mawalla, Isaac Sawaya
Climate change has an impact in people's lives, especially those in the tropics who depend on agriculture sector. Low production in subsistence agriculture has been low (Shetto, 1998), among other factors, attributed to climatic changes. Agroforestry is acknowledged as sustainable practice that improves farmer's ability of adapting changes related to climate. This study assesses the contribution of agroforestry to smallholder farmers in adapting climate change in Karatu District, Arusha. Methods used in the collection of data were interview, key informants, and observation. Content analysis was used to analyse open-ended questions, whereby responses were coded and analysed. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used compute statistical analysis, including frequencies, percentages, and cross tabulations. Cross tabulation was done to compare indicators of climate change as well as challenges respondents face in practicing agroforestry between the two villages the under study. Smallholder farmers were the target population. This study found that, majority of smallholder farmers who practice agroforestry reported that such farming systems help them to adapt climate change through its environmental services, productivity benefits, and income diversification. Thus, agroforestry has contribution in reducing smallholder farmers' vulnerability to climate change in the study area. However, the promotion of various agroforestry systems and technologies is required in order for farmers to realize full advantage of its role in climate change adaptation .

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