Institute of Development Studies

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Maasai predicament beyond pastoralism: a case study in the socio - economic transformation of pastoralism.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1975) Parkingpuny, M. L. Ole
The Maasai are undoubtedly the largest and the most well known of the East African pastoralist ethnic groups. The wide knowledge of the Maasai, extending far beyond the borders of East Africa is however too often distorted image and an unduly romanticized one. Little have been written on the development, needs and possibilities of these people. Indeed the livestock they own have attracted greater development attention than the people themselves. The greater part of available literature on the Maasai is sketchy outlines of their history and anthropological works. The question of Maasai development has had the notoriety of being entangled in a multiplicity of myths and emotional bouts to the extend of appearing to many minds either a fruitless task or something possible but only at a snail's pace. Besides confusion has often resulted in the failure to separate the Maasai proper and related pastoral groups such as Sambur and Baraguyu on one hand and on the others peoples semi-pastoralists notably the Waarusha who although speak a dialect of the Maasai language have a completely different culture resulting from the reality of their economic base i.e. predominantly agriculture. Thus Waarusha practices dave time and again been wrongly quoted or pictured to show how the Maasai have responded to things like agriculture' "proper" dressings, going to school etc. Maasai development is here explored within the framework of its pivots i.e. the pastoral situation and the totality of the Tanzanian situation rather than merely as another isolated anthropological study of a curiocity arousing cultural specimen. To be certain I am strongly convinced that though it is not simple arithmetic the development of the Maasai is far easier than most people can possibly imagine. But -it has conditions. Without identifying and observing those conditions, it cannot be attained in the near future. Frankly speaking, the task at hand, has been given the image of extra ordinary difficulty by irrational and reactionary attitudes and policies based on the failure to understand the people and grasp the key threads of development in their specific kind of social order.Consequently the objective of this research project has been sat beyond the requirements of an academic dissertation. Indeed I admit that in my considerations the significance of the academic dissertation lies primarily in availing with the opportunity have all along sought without success to undertake this project the work is geared above all at attempting an exposition of the totality of the Maasai situation in the hope of widening understanding of the functional rationality internal logic and cultural coherance of what is definitely a minority culture among our people. The minority culture position of pastoral societies in an overwhelming crop production centred peasant economy like ours make such societies even more susceptible to both supervisial treatment and outright prejudice ladden conceptualizations as manifested in self-defeating development policies being formulated and implemented. Examples will be quoted of cases in which such policies have in actual fact turned out means for systematic cultural and ecological destruction. Secondly, it is kindly to comprehend and appreciate not only the weaknesses but also the attributes specific to the culture of our livestock-based communities as this is vital in the struggle to mould a national ethic and a self.-centred national economy. Thirdly given internal need for livestock products and abundance of rangeland the grasp of the urgency of the need to develop rather than dismantle livestock raising as the continued principle economic activity among those sections of our people who have had a long tradition in that occupation is immediate. Further more, the historic nature of the present juncture in the development of our country compounds the urgency for deeper understanding of our people in their diverse social realities. The weighty development challenge before us calls for something extending beyond policy acceptability by the people. The mobilization of the people to become the actual force for the transformation of their own situation holds true far the pastoralists just as much as it is with any other segment of our nation. The point of departure of our analysis is the recognition of the dichotomy of the totality of the development of pastoral socio-economy. That is the transformation of pastoral society must be based on the simulteneous preoccupation with the development needs of the PEOPLE and the requirements of an increasingly more productive livestock raising occupation. This has made it imperative that we take the broad length of the totality of the Maasai sacio-economy for this study. The implication is obviously commitment to the ambitious task of persuing an inter-disciplinarian approach even at the risk of weakening academic acceptability. Besides the time limits and the low ceiling imposed by being required to cut the coat to the academic size of an M.A. research project despite the magnitude of the research area have made me unable to attempt anything near a detailed all round study of the Maasai socio-economy. Certainly I have been determined, thanks to my conviction, not to settle for a study of a fragment of the totality which would have put me in better position to produce a respectable academic dissertation. I have restricted my self to the use of the following methods in the survey:- (1) Make use of whatever relevant, official data I had access to from files, publications and correspondence. (2) Analysis and presentation of available previous research data. (3) Formal interviews with officials and technicians working in Maasailand. (4) Participant observation. (5) Informal interviews with people in the villages. These have enabled me:(a) Firstly to clarify many aspects of the Maasai society which they alienation years in western-type schools have made me so ignorant of and, therefore to improve my own understanding of this section of our people. (b) To seek understanding of the genuine problems that have to be surmounted in the practical struggle to mould up a socialist livestock based community from the rough realities of a pastoral environment.
Emancipation of women in Tanzania and the role of U. W. T.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1975) Koda, Bertha Omari
Ever since the emergence of private Capital in human society man has never ceased to struggle far emancipation. Men and women, both of whom are victims of exploitation by private capital always joined efforts in this struggle but as is the case the female sex was always left behind in the emancipation process. It is now centuries passed since the question of the emancipation of women occupied the minds of people but still some people do not know what that question means. Some people have even gone as far as distorting the meaning of it and reducing it to a "sex question" which is absolutely wrong. The emancipation of women is not a feminine question as such, and this will be elaborated in the first part of this thesis. Chapter one will try to explain the meaning of emancipation of women, The emancipation of women is actually part and parcel of the primary question of "emancipation" or liberation of humanity from capitalism and all its remnants. The root-cause of the problem to be solved in the emancipation process lies in the economic system of the private ownership of the means of production which necessitates and enables the exploitation of man by man and needless to say, of women by man. The Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century exposed to the fore not only the fact that both sexes are victims of private capital but also that women are more of ten exploited sex than men. During the Industrial Revolution, it was women who suffered more. Slowly people began to realize that oven women were human beings and deserved all rights enjoyed by men. The end of the First world war brought to some European women political rights and the end of the second world war brought some new hopes for women. The creation of UNO was a sort of a blessing to worsen. for women rights in particular. Part of chapter one deals exclusively with UNO's attempts to liberate the female sex. Both the UN constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights contain numerous declarations and articles which support the emancipation of women but that legal stand has not yet effectively been translated into practical terms. Actually it was partly due to this fact that the U.N set aside the year 1975 as an International Womens' Year with the purpose of placing the cause of women before governments as a matter of immediate and urgent concern. Chapter five deals exclusively with the International Women's Year. Apart from explaining what International Women's Year means, this chapter tries to examine the Tanzanian society and exposes what-ever is being done in Tanzania to mark this Women's Year. Chapter one goes on to examine both the capitalist and Socialist countries to see how far they have gone in liberating their women. Chapter two tries to examine the place of women in the socio-economic life in Tanzania. Tanzania, a country which was colonized for navy years got political independence in 1961 and has opted to go Socialist. Ever since 1961 Tanzania has never ceased to struggle for emancipation which has been launched through the process of building a socialist Tanzania which is no easy task. Many stumbling-blocks are being met, such as the existence of out-moded traditions and colonial mentality and hangovers which hinders a speeded-up emancipation. Chapter three tries to show how the state of Tanzania has been involved in the emancipation of women. This chapter is actually additional to chapter Two. Chapter four deals exclusively with the role of UWT a Tanzanian women organization, which has proved to be a worthwhile organization. UWT is actually an implementing organ of TANU's policies so its hope in helping a Tanzanian woman lies mostly in what policies TANU makes, but also in how strong its power to influence works on the making of TANU's policies. TANU, the only political party operating in Tanzania a crucial role to play in of action (through to follow and mainland, has emancipation. It has already drawn a line the Arusha Declaration) for the whole mass has also been busy leading the pass meantime the struggle continues. Chapter six, which is the conclusion, stresses that, no matter what good laws a country has, that alone can not bring about emancipation. Laws have to be translated into practical terms but above all it is the proletarian revolution which is capable of bringing about total and complete emancipation, be it that of man or woman. So, it is only through the victory of that man will then be liberated.
Wattle bark production and its diversification 1950-1975: The case study of Njombe District
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1976) Kihaule, M. M
The dissertation attempts to examine Njombe wattle growing in which metropolitan capital incorporated the peasantry into the production of the raw materials. Consequently, the peasants experienced hardships when their land was alienated to the company and those evicted ones, now on the outskirts of wattle estates, live on infertile land which worsens their standard of living. In this respect the dissertation investigates the objectives and role of the metropolitan colonial development corporation and its subsidiary, the Tanganyika Wattle Company in Njombe including relationship between this company and the Bena Wattle Scheme, Njombe District Council and the Co-operative Union. The purpose of this dissertation, therefore, has been to: (a)Assess the size of wattle land and wattle utilization, (b)Determine the impact of wattle growing on the Bena society, (c) Evaluate domestic and external demand of wattle products, and (d) Assess the validity of diversification. The whole paper comprises six chapters. The first chapter unfolds the aims of the Colonial Development Corporation in England and how it spread its tentacles into Njombe for exploitation of raw materials and cheap labour. Chapter two investigates the way the peasants were incorporated into wattle growing for the metropole. Chapter four traces stages of processing wattle bark into wattle mimosa extract at the factory and looks into its demand by the market. The fifth chapter discussed the future role of wattle in the economic and social development of Njombe. Chapter six assesses diversification as a solution to the shrinkage of external market for wattle extract. The conclusion summarizes the main themes discussed in the chapters and, where necessary, it provides recommendations in the interest of the peasantry.
Regional development planning and mass-participation
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1976) Mongula, Benedict Stephen
This thesis pursues to study mass-participation decision making in the Regional Planning in Tanzania picking on Tanga Region as a case study. It starts by introducing the origins of mass-participation Regional Development planning in Tanzania, quoting Party Statements; and then after showing studies carried on related subjects, it then points out what was intended to be researched on. The first of the five chapters of this work discusses the concepts of mass-participation decision making in the planning process herein after referred to as mass-participation planning process, showing forms and virtues of mass-participation planning. In the same chapter is discussion of essence of regional planning, after which is one on mass-participation regional development planning and its development in Tanzania since Uhuru. After chapter two which introduces the area of study, showing the structural set up of the socio-economy of the Region, District, and Villages (Plus Wards) studied, come the third and fourth chapters that outline research findings, and chapter five that makes a general assessment of the extent mass-participation planning has been a success. Chapter three shows the working of the structural set up for regional planning, analyzing the structures and analyzing the various recommendations drawn by these structures. Lastly is analysis on the scope such a planning process extends. Chapter four shows plan implementation: the extent of success in plan implementation and restraints involved in plan implementation. The success of self-help in implementing projects (one of the virtues of carrying out mass-participation planning process} is dealt with at length. On the whole the thesis succeeds in showing the following. First, that the planning process follows the laid down structural set up. Second, that there is great limitation to effective mass-participation due to problems of low consciousness of the masses and leadership to the essence of self-reliance, due to little contact amongst the structures, due to governments financial constraint and finally due to the narrow scope in which the planning is defined.
The role of language in the struggle for liberation in Africa: a comparative study of Tanzania and Mozambique situations
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1976) Tumbo, Zubeida N. Z
This dissertation deals broadly with the development of language in relation to the basic social structures in two African countries i . e. Tanzania and Mozambique.It starts by giving out a historicali background to the language situation in these two countries. In Tanzania it starts with the British rule, not because German rule did not affect the language situation in (Tanganyika, but because British rule was common to both Tanganyika and Zanzibar. It later deals with the language policies of both Tanzania and Mozambique in the post independence period and trying to relate them to the social forces prevailant at this time. Since the choice of a national language has not yet been f inalised in Mozambique, the dissertation finally gives suggestions on how to choose and to develop a national language so that it becomes an effective means of self expression and self-manifestation of the people as a nations.
The social content and function of Matengo oral literature
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1977) Mbele, Joseph Leodgar
This work is an attempt to elucidate some aspects of the social content and function of the oral literature of the Matengo of southern Tanzania at a specific stage of their historical development, with a view to contributing to the scientific appreciation of oral literature in general. The argument presented herein is that to understand this and any other oral literature it is necessary to grasp it as a totality of genres, as a unity of the particular and the universal, and as a phenomenon in permanent motion. These three considerations remain valid irrespective of whether we are looking at the form or the content of oral literature. Our aims, promises and methods are outlined in chapter one. In chapter two we review some folklore theories to see how other people have perceived and handled folklore. In chapter three we define the concept of Matengo oral literature by outlining its scope and characteristics. In chapter four we discuss, in general terms, the social content of this oral literature as is revealed by its various genres. This discussion is continued in chapter five in which we focus on a particular tale to reveal its social content. The social function of Matengo oral literature is the subject of the last chapter, Chapter six.
Effectiveness of the existing sisal-based industries in reducing the market dependence of the sisal industry in Tanzania: a case study of Tanga region industries
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Kaya, Hassan Omar
The developing countries have been a source of raw materials for the metropolitan countries, For instance until 1964 sisal was the main export crop in Tanzania. In that year alone it contributed about thirty one per cent of the total export earnings in the country. As a source of wage employment the sisal industry contributed about thirty four per cent of the total wage employment in the country in the same year. However, from 1965 sisal began to lose its leading position as an export earner in the economy. This was a result of competition with Brazilian sisal and synthetic fibres. Brazilian sisal is sold cheaply in the world market because the Brazilian government subsidizes the production costsy; while industrialized countries are turning and giving preference to the use of synthetics. In order to save the sisal industry from its declining position in terms of production and demand several suggestions have been put forward, These include government subsidisation of the industry with respect to its production costs and the establishment of sisal-based industries which would process the sisal fibre into various products which might have wider market outlets both in internally and externally than the raw fibre. This study concentrated on the of the effectiveness of establishing sisal - based industries, The investigation was made by looking at the input - output structure of the existing sisal - based industries in Tanzania. The purpose was to see if these industries have managed to reduce the external dependence character of the sisal industry in Tanzania and to examine the potentialities of developing an internal market for the sisal industry and associated industries given the local availability of the necessary inputs besides the sisal fibre. It was also the purpose of this study to look at the prospects of Tanzania's Third Five Year Plan (1975-1980) to establish a producer goods industrial base to produce locally the currently imported inputs for 'the country's industrial and agricultural development. These inputs include machinery, equipment and chemicals. The data were obtained through interviews and documentation. The main problems encountered were lack of cooperation from some of the people interviewed, and from those requested to provide the relevant data for the study. For instance, certain important documents were nat made accessible and some questions were not fully anwered. Another problem was lack of current data and inconsistcnce of data.from the different documents examined. The major findings as shown in chapter three are that most of the existing sisal - based industries in Tanzania are foreign owned and that their input and output structures are externally determined. From this it was concluded that these industries are not a solution to the market dependence of sisal industry in Tanzania. In chapter four it was found that the internal consumption of sisal and sisal made products is increasing. This means that given the local availability of the currently imported inputs Tanzania could develop an internal market for her sisal and associated products. It was further seen that for this to succeed the envisaged producer goods industries in the Third Five Year Plan should be developed in a manner consistent with their backwards and forwards linkages in order to make Tanzania self-reliant in terms of producer goods. In conclusion, in chapter five, it was suggested that the success of reducing the dependence of the sisal industry on the external market by establishing sisal - based industries that are locally dependent will depend on full nationalization and centralization of all sisal - based industries by the government followed by good management and administration under the guidance of the Party
Teaching science on limited resources with specific reference to chemistry
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Kisanga, Maria E
The prosperity of a country increasingly depends upon the number of scientists and technologists it employs. These can be produced only if there is adequate training in basic science in the schools. A growing shortage of such scientists and technologists had over recent years, become a source of concern to the Party and Government, and much thought is now being given to the correction of this situation. The purpose of this study, as outlined in chapter one, is to investigate the effects of limited resources on the teaching of science; specific reference is made to the teaching of chemistry (the largest consumer of resources at the secondary school level) using a sample of Dar es Saalaam schools. The resources considered were time, and financial, human and physical resources. Most of the data, as outlined in chapter two, were collected through questionnaires information obtained through the questionnaire; was supplemented by information obtained through interviews and by documentation. The results are presented in chapter three; the commercial bias is the most common in Dar es Salaam secondary schools, while there is no technically biased secondary school. It seems from these results that Biasing or Vocationalization may be having a negative effect on science education. The results show a shortage of all the resources considered. Time devoted to teaching science is inadequate; the number of teachers and technicians need to be increased; the allowance for the purchase of science teaching materials is inadequate, and demand for necessary materials is not met by suppliers. Teachers neither use materials from local industries and organizations, nor do they make their own apparatus. Moreover, the schools lack maintenance and repair facilities. As a result there is a serious rundown of stock in all the schools. The study has revealed, therefore, that shortages of resources have led to a decrease both in pupils practical work and in teacher demonstrations, making the teaching of chemistry theoretical. It is difficult in the circumstances to develop the pupils reasoning and deductive powers their ability to observe, to manipulate apparatus and to develop a scientific spirit and attitude. It is recommended that: 1. All schools should have a uniform, consistent number of periods; say, four periods per week in all forms. 2. The government should issue a formula for allocating funds to the various departments. It should also increase the allowance for science, together with strengthening: the position of the suppliers. 3. Teachers should be provided with technicians, who should also be trained in the maintenance and repair of equipment. 4. Teachers both in the field and in training, should be given courses on how to make use of materials available in industries and institutions around them. Teachers should also be encouraged to be innovative, and to seek alternatives to experimental work prescribed in the scheme of work, in order to reduce the costs of science education and to stimulate learning.
The impact of the militarization of the Indian Ocean on the future of the non-aligned movement
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Tungaraza, Casta M
The present research is designed to examine the impact of the militarization of the Indian Ocean to the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM}.The Indian Ocean is militarized by the super powers (US and USSR), middle powers like France and Great Britain, and regional powers like India, South Africa and Australia. This study will concentrate on the militarization of the Indian Ocean by non-regional states. The study is divided into five chapters: The first chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the dissertation, The issues discussed in this chapter are the following: background to the problem, here it introduces the NAM and its quest for the demilitarization of the Indian Ocean. Then it goes on to explicate the practical significance of the study in comprehending the militarization of Indian Ocean as well as the scholarly value of the research work.The third section demonstrates the methodology for the field work and to the scope of inquiry. Chapter two presents an overview of the Indian Ocean and its countries. It discusses the military logistics of these countries and the importance of the Indian Ocean to the littoral states.Chapter three covers the question of power politics in the Indian Ocean region. Here the discussion goes into the strategic importance of the Indian Ocean. Chapter four gives the historical development of the NAM and the demand of the NAM to have the United Nations declare the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace (IOZP}. This chapter is closed by the prospects for creating the IOZP. Finally chapter five gives the research findings including the analysis of such findings with special referene to the integrity of the NAM; it examines if there is any departure from the spirit of Non-Alignment or any strength towards it. This chapter ends up by giving the recommendations of the researcher in relation to the discussed issues.
State control of industries and the role of transnational corporations: a case study of Tanzania cigarette company limited
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Rugumamu, Severine M
With the attainment of political independence, third world countries realized that they had yet to fight even much harder than before to regain their economic independence. Different countries have, at different times, attempted to grapple with this problem differently. Tanzania began this process by encouraging joint industrial ventures with private foreign capital. After a member of years this arrangement did not pay off as handsomely as expected. The Party decided to embark on a “new” strategy altogether Socialism and Self-Reliance in 1967. The policy called on the nationalization of the commanding heights of the economy. By this nationalization the government acquired majority shares in a few selected industrial establishments. After some years of operation, the government acquired all the shares in some of the nationalized firms. The purpose of this study is to investigate the state control in such nationalized industries. The Tanzania Cigarette Company has been chosen as our case study. This was prompted by two reasons: first because TCC was one of the seven industries that were affected by 1967 government act of nationalization and secondly, it was one of the first industries that the government finally wholly acquired after eight years of operation. It is our contention that neither partial nor full ownership guarantee full control. In the first instance, after the 1967 nationalization foreign experts, who normally were minority shareholders, continued to manage the industries. The day-to-day operations of the firms remained in the hands of the managing agents. Even at the level of policy making the influence of the minority share hold remained predominant. The acquisition of all equity shares did not solve the problem entirely. Our industries have continued to be almost entirely dependent on foreign technology, which in turn exerts a certain degree of control. The study begins by examining, at a general level, the development of the tobacco industry in Tanzania. Attention has been paid to the role of finance capital and its exploitative effects on the peasants. Later efforts are made to look particularly at the cigarette making industry and how it has evolved in the country. Before delving deeply into the problem of control a critical discussion is made on the concept of nationalization as applied in capitalist and socialist countries and finally the forms it has taken in Tanzania. It is against this strong background that the problem is situated. It is our strong contention that the 1967 type of nationalization left most of the control in the foreign hands. This we have shown by examining the planning mechanisms of the firm. The study has revealed that the planning processes took place at the level of management which until 1975 was wholly BAT London. At the policy making level we have found out that although the government had majority shares and subsequently more members on the Board of Directors, the minority share holders influenced, in the majority of cases, the policy making mechanism. We have come to such a conclusion after carefully studying the amount of knowledge the government representatives had about the industry, the amount of time at their disposal to sit together and formulate a common stand and above all their technical and business knowledge build up. The study has amply revealed that since the TCC was, prior to 1967, a subsidiary of the BAT London, then all its plans had of necessity to be vertically integrated with, the center. No major decision could have been made without a formal sanctions of the headquarters. Since virtually all decisions were controlled in London until 1975, the government attempts to export cigarettes were curtailed by BAT London. We realized this after examining the technological control that BAT London exerted on the TCC. When that permission was granted, the study has found out, a code of operation was laid down for TCC to abide by. Even after the government had wholly acquired the company, BAT control over TCC did not stop. We have private property and worst of all a patented one, industries like TCC will continue to be technological appendage of the giant capitalist companies. It is because of this fact that we have argued that full ownership does not necessarily mean effective control. The impact that foreign technology impinges on the local industrial policy making is so big that one cannot brush it aside when major decisions are being taken. To ensure effective control of the commanding heights of the economy, we have finally proposed, workers, peasants and all other democratic elements should be mobilized under a vanguard Marxist-Leninist Party to overthrow imperialism and its local lackeys. That done, a new economic organization will be established to ensure genuine ownership and control of the major means of production and comprehensive program will be charted out to ensure a Self-sustaining economy.
Village management and mobilisation for rural change: a case study of three villages in Hanang District
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Ngware, Suleiman Shaaban Abdallah
The Arusha declaration articulated the type of (socialist) society envisaged by the party and government as well as the strategy Tanzania was to pursue to attain its socialist objectives. Tanzania’s strategy is one of socialism and self-reliance. However the building of socialism entails not only the realisation but also the implementation of certain basic principles and conditions. Among these are the abolition of capitalist relations of production and establishment of the public ownership of basic means of production. Furthermore, for a country like Tanzania where agriculture is the backbone of the economy, building socialism necessitates transformation of the entire rural sector particularly the agricultural sector. It is in this context that one has to see the role and importance of the villagisation programme since 1967 as a first crucial step towards socialist construction in Tanzania. At present over 13 million peasants live in villages. However sheer moving of people into villages is a necessary but hardly a sufficient condition to effect socialist rural transformation. The resettling of people into planned villages should have been accompanied by serious and systematic attempts at mobilizing and managing both human and material resources for socialist construction. But this could not easily be done. There are basic constraints which retard efforts towards the realisation of the above objective. Among these constraints is private ownership of the means of production which is dominant in the rural areas; such ownership relations are not conducive to effective management and mobilisation for transformation of the rural sector. Socialist rural transformation requires a social ownership of the means of production and basic instruments of labour. In addition the party’s rural policy has some ideological flaws and as a result the party is very weak at village level. The study shows that there is close correlation between property ownership and leadership in villages. Consequently it is the rich peasants who have monopolized village party and government leadership and such leadership frustrates efforts towards mobilizing the peasantry for communal production. There is no doubt class differentiation is now being hardened in the existing villages. Finally the low level of productive forces and poor utilisation of resources retard efforts towards
Cooperation and rural small scale industries in Tanzania: a study of problems and prospects of communal village small scale industries in Kibaha district
(Univerasity of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Magogo, Patricia
Tanzania is administered at five levels, namely regional, district, divisional, ward and village levels. A ward usually administers three to six villages. Kibaha district is one of the ninety five (95) districts of Tanzania Mainland. Kibaha district has an area of 1630 square kilometres. Tanzania's three main trunk-roads namely Tanga to Dar es Salaam, Mwanza to Dar es Salaam and Iringa to Dar es Salaam which merge at Chalinze into the sixty mile road to Dar es Salaam, passes right across Kibaha District. (See map 2). It is generally accepted that Kibaha is one of the backward districts in Tanzania, especially so with regard to agricultural and industrial development as well as in the exploitation of physical resources and the development of human resources. This study attempts to examine rural small scale industrialization in Kibaha district. In so doing, the study examines the, production process in four woodworks industry and tailoring industry. Furthermore, the study takes cognizance of economic, educational and organisational aspects related to the promotion of cooperative small scale rural industries. The study was carred out in three villages of Kibaha, district, namely Mailimoja, Mwendapole and Mlandizi B. Within these villages, six industrial units were studied. These included three carpentry industries, two tailoring industries and one woodcarving industry. This study is divided into four chapters. In Chapter one, which is an introduction to the study, the researcher gives the theoretical framework of the study. This introductory Chapter includes the background to the problem, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study specific objectives; significance and the hypothesis of the study; techniques for collecting data and lastly the limitations of the study. Chapter two deals with the socio-economic and geo-political characteristics of Kibaha district. This Chapter has been included in this study because the socio- economic and geo-political features have a direct bearing on every day human activities including of course, the promotion and development of small scale industries. In chapter three, the researcher presents and makes an analysis of the findings. In the analysis the researcher gives a detailed discussion an the six industrial units. studied, especially with regard to production process; relations of production, development of productive forces; distribution pattern; and source of capital and basic materials. These are dealt with in line with the four hypotheses which the researcher formulated for this study. In the final chapter, chapter four, the researcher gives a summary of major findings and conclusions of the study a.s will as recommendations arising thereof.
State succession with regard to international treaties- some theoretical observation on the practice of Anglophone Africa
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1979) Othman, Haroub M.
This work looks at the practice of Commonwealth African States with regard to international treaties inherited from the colonial past. Though much has been written on the problem of state succession, yet no work has so far specifically and systematically looked at the practices of these states. This work therefore attempts a systematic and in-depth study of the problem of state succession as it affects the new states in Africa emerging from the colonial system. The work is divided into seven chapters; an exhaustive bibliography, and appendices. The first chapter is a short introduction reviewing the problem of state succession, and assessing the level of the debate so far. It also sets the context in which the work will proceed. The following five major chapters present a thorough treatment of the problem. Chapter Two traces the origins of international law, and the relationships that existed between Afro-Asian entities themselves, and the rest of the world. Also in this chapter the impact of the 1917 Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia on international law is examined, and also the qualitative input that Revolution has made in the whole system of international relations in the last sixty years. Also stressed here is the practice of the Soviet State with regard to the problem under study. This chapter ends by putting emphasis on the role being played in the post-war period by the new states in formulating and re-shaping international legal principles, including principles relating to state succession. With this somewhat broad perspective, the work moves on, in the third chapter, to look at the various theories of state succession current at one time or another. Since nation-states as we know them today first appeared in Europe, from where also emanated international law as is understood now, the discussion centres on different theories, a major portion of the discussion looks at contemporary theories and state practices. An attempt is also made in this chapter to look at the Marxist theory of the state and how it relates to (a) state succession and (b) to the question of international treaties. It must be pointed out, though, that this is the first treatment in the study of state succession which applies the Marxist theory of the state to this problem. Other Marxist international lawyers who have written on this problem have only looked at the practices of states without going into the theoretical postulates behind those states’ practices. An attempt was made in the early days of the Russian Revolution to go into these theoretical postulates, but that was a short-lived debate in the formulation of Soviet doctrine of international law. Chapter Four moves from the general to the particular, in that it looks at process of decolonization, and the various ways in which new states reacted to the international agreements of the colonial powers. It discusses in detail the inheritance agreements whereby the new states were required, as a condition to independence, to take over international arrangements applied to their territories prior to the achievement of Uhuru. This chapter also looks at the specific cases of Pakistan and India and the Francophonic African state. This consideration of case-studies is continued in Chapter Five, where the attainment of dominion status by the white dominions, the collapse of the Third Reich, the establishment and dissolution of the United Arab Republic, and the attainment of independence by Ireland, Israel and Somalia are also examined. It has been necessary to make a broad study of these cases in order to put into their proper context the practices of the Anglophonic African states. Chapter Six concentrates on the practices of the African Commonwealth states. It begins by discussing in detail the practice of Tanzania, since it was the first African Commonwealth state to have opted out of the then general practice of automatically taking over colonial international treaties, and to have adopted its own criteria in picking and choosing, known in the literature as the Nyerere Doctrine. The theme of this chapter is further elaborated in a consideration of the practices of the other African Commonwealth states with regard to international treaties and membership in international organisations. The work ends with an examination of the UN document on state succession, and indicates some of its weaknesses. The main thesis of the work is that decolonization should be seen in the same light as a social revolution, in that the attainment of independence as far as these African countries are concerned is not a process but an event. Hence what one sees is the birth of a completely new state, and therefore it should not be bound by the rights and duties of the colonial administration. Though of late the clean-slate principle has been accepted, it applies only to a state that is being born and not to those already existing which at the time of their independence was enmeshed in unequal treaty arrangements as a condition to Uhuru. The work ends by providing an exhaustive bibliography and appending much hither-to-unpublished materials.
Socialism and industrial organisation in Tanzania an analysis of the present industrial relations pattern in a parastatal organisation
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Makusi, George J
Socialism and Industrial Organisation in Tanzania is a study intended to contribute to the understanding of the problems of industrial relations in parastatals. The basic characteristic feature of industrial organisation in Tanzanian, as in all other Third world countries is that it has its roots in the system of colonialism. In 1967, Tanzania nationalised industrial enterprises run under capitalist organisation and characterised by fundamental opposition between the interaction of purposes and activities of workers on the one hand and the management on the other. Whereas the Arusha Declaration laid down the main principles and the future path of Tanzanian development other policy papers the presidential Circular No.1 of 1970 and the Mwongozo, added to strengthen the socialist initiative in industrial relations. Yet, studies undertaken to as late as 1980, indicate that there is still existing in our industrial enterprises the Master-servant Subordination. This raise the difficult and important question undertaken by this study to analyse the inhibiting features to our socialist goals. The investigation was carried out under three basic assumptions, First, that, Managerial organisation all structures in our industrial enterprises inhibits successful adoption of our socialist goals. Second that industry technology under capitalism is a product of deliberate research guided by s set of objectives, one of which is to control the porkers. Thus, the technology embody work structures which give power function to the management. Thirdly, that our labour legislation is not compatible with our socialist policy aspirations. The study yield four important conclusions. First that our industries are governed by a system of organisation more readily understood as bureaucratic which is characterised by hierarchical relations of subordination with concentration of authority with a few individuals at the top. Such a relationship of subordination is normally resistant to change. Secondly that the technology we have, reflect the intentions of the designers in its mode of operation. Such intentions also reflect the ideology of subordination characteristic of capitalist society. Thirdly that the resultant industrial relations pattern together with the labour laws which govern it would seem to preserve the status quo. The major source of conflict prevailing in industrial relations then, was seen to be the Nations Socialist goal and the Western Managerial values and technology which we Nationalized in 1967 and continue to procure to date. The study concludes that, in as much as, the contradictions between our National Economy and monopoly capitalism is not resolved capitalist manifestations will continue to inhibit our socialist development.
Some aspects of food production and food wastage in Muleba district, Kagera region: the case of non-grain food production and the utilization of post harvest technology
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Ngaiza, Magdalena K
This study was undertaken in Kagera region to examine the food production pattern of selected food crops namely bananas, sweet-potatoes and vegetables and the corresponding post harvest technologies employed to preserve them. Secondly, the study sought to illuminate an the magnitude of the food losses experienced by the peasants and how the food losses and food shortage occurrence could be related to the non-use of post harvest technology. The author's claim in undertaking the study was that, in her experience in Kagera region which grows mainly non-grain food crops, there has not been any efforts by the government and the people themselves geared towards the preservation and storage of bananas, sweet potatoes and vegetables. Through this inadequacy, there has been damage to the above mentioned crops and the break in production caused by the absence of post harvest technologies, remain undetermined. The study was based in Bushagara village in Muleba District between March-June 1981. Among the aspects examined in this study are; (a) The socio-economic and political background history of food production in the area of study which exposes how the indigenous elite (chiefs) owned and controlled food post harvest technologies; (b) The historical phenomenal occurrence of incidental food surpluses and food shortage periods alternately; (c) The important role which post harvest technologies can play to save food surpluses from wastage and curb food shortages and (d) the possibility of introducing the relevant post harvest technologies with the help of the government and rural administrators in collaboration with various institutions in the country. The study is presented in five chapters. In the first chapters, we define the problem in all its dimensions at local, national and international levels. The problem is further discussed within the broad theory of peasant economy while specifically examining the sub-systems in food production system. In the second chapter, we present the methodology we employed in conducting the study. In the third chapter, we present in detail the historical aspects of food production and preservation. In chapter four, the findings are analysed and discussed. Finally in chapter five, we draw some tentative conclusions and recommendations.
Party supremacy and economic enterprises in Tanzania: a case study of the practice of the concept of party supremacy in Tanzania with special reference to the T.A.T. & T.T.P.C
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Kapinga, D. S
In recent year, the concept of Party Supremacy in Tanzania has been subjected to intense discussion by politicians, bureaucrats and academicians alike. Attempts have been made to define the concept and evaluation its practice. Party Supremacy in Tanzania has generally been defined as the ability and capacity of Party Organs (particularly national organs) to pass resolutions, proclaim policies and supervise the implementation of such resolutions and policies. The Party's status and power have generally been assumed to be natural consequences of the political proclamation of the concept and legalisation of its practice. Evaluation of Party policies in Tanzania has revealed the Party's weakness in executing its supervisory roles. This study traces the evolution of the concept and practice of Party Supremacy in Tanzania special emphasis is placed the Party 's role in economic management in general, and at the enterprise level in particular. On the basis of Tanzanian's developing and practising the concept of Party Supremacy; this study attempts to redefine the concept of Party Supremacy. It is argued that for the Party to be supreme, three conditions are essential. First it ought to have organisational and functional ability and capacity to fulfill its responsibilities of providing political leadership and ideological guidance. Secondly, ought to have legal status, and on he strength of its legality and heavy responsibilities (social, political economic, cultural ideological), it ought to be held high esteeming society. Thirdly, it ought to wield power over agencies of implementation, including the government. In this study an examination and evaluation of the development and practice of Party Supremacy in Tanzania is made the light of the operational definition above. Conceptual and practical shortcomings and limitations are exhaustively discussed. These include constitutional and general political limitations. It is farther argued that, as regards economic management, Party Supremacy has to be practised at the enterprise level. In a country which is in a transition to Socialism, Party Supremacy has to be conceived in terms of transfer of power to the working people (workers and peasants). The Party ought to be the organ through which the working people wield political power, own and control the major means of production and exchange. It is argued that the Party cannot control the economy from national level. The Party at national level can only exercise remote control which my lead to bureaucratisation of public property and finances. The Party at enterprises level, therefore, must be able to fulfill political and ideological obligations. It is suggested that the Party at enterprises level ought to be accorded a higher status than the management and other organs at the enterprises level. It ought to wield political power over the management and other organs at that level. Finally, this study makes policy recommendations, including the need to enact a specific law on Party Supremacy which should make detailed provisions about the Party's status and power. It is further recommended that all acts establishing public corporations should contain provisions for the legal and functional relationships between the Party on the one hand and mass Organisations, the management and management boards on the other.
Use of the village as a basic planning unit: a case study of four villages in Mbulu district, Arusha
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Mwasha, Reminiscere Patton
The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether villagization and decentralization of the administrative structure in Tanzania has had any influence on the rural development planning structure. It aims at finding out the extent to which the villages are able to plan and implement their own projects. It further investigates whether there has been a qualitative change of the village plans over the period (between 1975/76 and 1979/80). To get this information the, researcher had to live in each of the villages for two weeks. This enabled him to participate fully in the village activities and to get a fist-hand information of what was going on in the villages. The study also required the use of questionnaires to the people directly involved in rural development planning at the regional, districts, ward and village level. For the people who couldn't read we interviewed them. The methodology used in our research together with the hypothesis are in chapter one. We also give our data analysis, plan and the definition of terms commonly used in our study. Chapter two is basically concerned with the literature review. In this chapter we identify different views taken by different people on peasants and their development. Chapter three is actually the continuation of chapter two and it gives us the conceptual framework on planning in down to the planning at the village level. the definition of the villages in Tanzania the end we give a brief description of the the four villages of our study, general and narrows It also gives context. Towards salient features of our study. Chapter four deals with the data obtained from the field work analyses it and towards the end put our three hypotheses to test. Chapter five is on the conclusions and recommendations, based on the data analysis in chapter four. In Chapter five we conclude that there has been improvement in the nature of planning and plans themselves at the village level. We conclude that more people participate in village development planning than was the case in 1975/76.
An enquiry into socio-economic effects and some current problems of peasants tea growing in Tanzania: the case of Rungwe smallholder tea project
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Gambi, Lazarus A.
This study has been undertaken as an attempt to investigate and evaluates various socio-economic impact and some current problems of the introduction of smallholder tea growing in Tanzania with special reference to the Rungwe Smallholder Tea Project. It has been undertaken in order to help us and the government understand current problems underlying the general decline of Peasant Cash Crop production in Tanzania. The government has for several times complained on the declining of Cash-Crop production greatly needed for the generation of foreign exchange earnings required for national socio-economic development. This problem therefore needs to be researched on. In the first chapter of this study, we present the specific problem of our research study which is based on the contention that current problems and socio-economic effects of the Smallholder Tea Project of Rungwe and Tanzania in general have to be looked at and analyzed within the context of the relationship between peasant Cash-Crop production and the government in conjuction with the International Capital. Thus in the second chapter on Literature Review, we discuss the historical background of the introduction of Tea as a Cash-Crop in Tanzania, and later the launching of Smallholder Tea Project-sponsored by the government and the World Bank. We also review various arguments and theories on the general problems of Third World underdevelopment in relation to Cash-Crop production, the backbone of most third world economies. Such arguments include Samir Amin’s (1976), Rodney’s (1971), L. Reynold’s (1975), T.W. Schultz’s (1974) etc. Furthermore we review a few specific studies mode on the development of Smallholder Tea development in Rungwe and Tanzania in general e.g. A.S.Byejwe’s (1977), F.M. Tuniga’s (1977), Kiondo’s (1980) etc. In the third chapter of this study, we discuss our research methodology which includes aspects on data collection approach-mainly historical approach on documentary study; personal interviews and informal discussions, participatory approach and field observations. Also sampling of area of study; villagers for interviews and data analysis techniques are discussed. The fourth chapter deals with the discussion of the research findings on mobilization of peasants to enable them adopt tea growing, development impact of the introduction of the Rungwe Smallholder Tea Project, contradictions and some current problems of peasants and smallholder tea development in Rungwe and the Tea growing on Communal basis. Finally in the fifth chapter, we make a conclusion and a few recommendations based on our theoretical framework and findings of our research study.
A study of agricultural development in Morogoro region: an historical perspective.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1981) Ngasongwa, Juma Alifa
Then importance of agriculture in Tanzania' s socioeconomic development cannot be over-emphasized, both the Party and Government have duly recognized the importance of agriculture in the people's development process and the Arusha Declaration, Tanzanian' s blue print for socialist construction, emphasizes role of agriculture as the only basis for Tanzanian development. The policy documents "Socialism and Rural Development" and "Siasa ni Kilimo" further clarified the issues of rural socialism and socialist production in agriculture. In recent years Tanzania has experienced a rapidly changing, structure of rural development policy and the author felt obliged to examine the successes and failures of the new policies, particularly those relating to agricultural production. The study employs an historical analysis of agricultural development of Morogoro Region starting with the attainment of constitutional independence to the present day (1979). In Looking at this historical development of agriculture within these eighteen years of Tanzania's existence as an independent state, it has been found desirable and indeed necessary to delve further into the past, into the colonial days since the present situation of agricultural production owes its form and direction to this past period. For instance at the time of independence in 1961 the Tanzanian economy extremely skewed in favour of the export enclave, This was because colonial agricultural policy deliberately planned it that way since its objective was to obtain cheap raw materials in the metropolitan industries. Thus cash crops received the Lion's share of attention both in financial and manpower resources. In this study documentary research was the basic source of information. This research was carried out in the Offices of the Regional and District Development Directorates, in the TCA and NMC Regional Offices in the University Library and at the Ministry of Agriculture's Head Office Library. To supplement the information gained from documentary research the researcher carried out informal field surveys in Ulanga, Kilombero and Morogoro districts in order to identify current problems of agricultural development in the Region. The new policies which began to be implemented after the Arusha Declaration aimed at removing the imbalance in the agricultural production so as to achieve self-sufficiency in food. They also aimed at the implementation of the collectivisation of the peasantry into planned villages in which communal agricultural production would be institutionalized. The villagisation programme has given opportunity to villagers to improve agricultural production and to be provided with social services and amenities, though sore negative consequences have been observed. Morogoro region is evidently one of the areas in the country with highest agricultural potential. It is the contention of this study this potential is not being adequately tapped in order to benefit the people of the region and the nation as a whole. Accelerated agricultural production is only possible if the mobilisation of peasants is backed up by correctly worked-out plans and agricultural supportive services such as peasant education agricultural extensions, relevant research mechanization and modernisation, etc. We found that most of the supportive services are ineffective, as most officials do not go out to the villages frequently enough, in order to solve the problems facing the peasants since they prefer to stay in their offices. Irrigation agriculture and flood control are important in increasing agricultural production of the region, but there is very little work has been done towards this direction. And even the little work, which has been done regards irrigated agriculture, is ineffective because of unsound planning and faulty implementation. Communications and transport are a serious constraint to the region's development and therefore its resolution is a necessary precondition. Equally important is the issue of properly qualified manpower in development which is crucial in bringing about accelerated development.
Mobilizing the mass for participation in self-help projects: a study of road construction and maintenance in same district
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1982) Mmbaga, Richard B.
This study is on mass mobilization towards undertaking self-help projects, where road construction and maintenance in Same District is taken as a case study. Since self-help projects are viewed as a part of the development process in society, the mobilization of the mass towards undertaking S.H.P is also viewed as a process where the success of one stage leads to a higher stage, thus improving the living conditions of the participants. In this particular study, it is clear that road construction in itself does not lead to improved transportation, without the provision of transporters, which in turn will call for the maintenance of the road. It follows that the mass mobilization process has to deal with road construction, after which it is expected that the results of the first stage will lead to a higher stage where unless the participants have attained their expectations, they are unlikely to be motivated to continue with the next phase by the way they had done in the previous one. It is thus the impact of road construction which influences participation in road maintenance. Whereas in this study the importance of people participation in decision making process has been given due weight, at later stage of undertaking the programme it appears that there was less involvement of mass decision making, following by failure to attain the expected objectives, resulting in building roads for the economic exploitation of the participants by truck owners, through businessmen who are final decision makers as far as pricing of commodities sold in the villages shops is concerned. Among other problems in the mobilization process, it is realized that there is declining number of participants in manual work during S.H.P which we feel is a sign of declining morale in the projects, at least as far as rural conditions are involved. Another factor in the changes in socio-economic conditions in the area which have led to some people seeking employment elsewhere. Although some villagers are paying cash interest instead of doing the manual work the failure to have an organized system to ensure that each of the expected participants, do participate fully in the programme and that those who fail to do so are restricted from enjoying the fruits of the labour of others (within the accepted by laws on the project) the mobilization process can generally be regarded as a failure. The revival of the mass mobilization towards undertaking S.H.P will largely depend on the will of the leaders to ensure that all would be participants in the projects are involved fully at all stages of decision making process, so that they are always aware of the problem in hand and the solutions there to, as will have been decided on by the people themselves.

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