Masters Dissertations

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The determinants of export performance: The case of Tanzanian manufactures and semi-manufactures
(198) Mndeme, Frola. N
Since 1979, there is a conscious export promotion strategy in Tanzania due to problems of foreign exchange. The strategy requires the efforts of every Tanzanian in different capacities. While some are directly involved in framing policies, others are engaged in the implementation and yet others in guiding policies. This dissertation investigates the determinants of export performance by relying heavily on the past experience in regard to exports. To begin with, a literature survey is attempted. This is followed by an analysis of the determinants of export performance using a simple econometric model. Most of the hypotheses advanced seem to have reasonable validity.
Econometric Analysis On The Choice Of Firewood And Kerosene As Sources Of Energ Among Rural Households And The Environmental Impact In Tanzania: a Case study of Mbeya District Coucil
(University of Dar es Salaam, 201) Nelson, Rashid
This study aimed at making analysis on the choice of firewood and kerosene consumption by households in Tanzania. Data was collected from Mbeya District household selected as a sample for the study. The data was organized and analyzed by using SSPSS version 16.0. Analysis of the study was done through descriptive and inferential analysis. In descriptive analysis frequency table and charts were used. Characteristics of the study variable such as household size, education level of the household’s heads, energy used mostly for cooking and lighting were clearly depicted in form of frequency tables, bar chart and pie charts. The findings indicated that 81.8 percent of household were using fire wood for cooking, 17.2 percent used charcoal, 0.8percent used gas and 0.2 percent used electricity for cooking. Energy used mostly for lighting was kerosene which consisted 40.2 percent of households while 23.8 percent used electricity, 11.5 percent used solar , 0.8 percent used candle and 0.5 percent used generator for getting light. The statistical significance of the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables were assessed using chi –square test at 5 percent level of significance. This was done before fitting a binary logistic regression and a simultaneous equations model under inferential statistics. At 5 percent level of significance the chi- square test indicated that household size, price of firewood, distance to firewood and price of charcoal were statistically significantly associated with fire wood consumption by households. On the other hand variables like price of kerosene, price of torch, distance to kerosene and distance to electricity were statistically significantly associated with kerosene consumption of the households under chi- square test. Since there were two dependent variables namely firewood consumption and kerosene consumption, then the two logistics regressions were performed separately. Thus under firewood; household size and price of firewood were statistically significant at 5 percent level of significance to electricity source were statistically significantly associated with firewood consumption for cooking by households under a simultaneous equations model were household size, price of fire wood and distance to where firewood is found. Large proportion (81.8 percent)of the sampled population (household) use firewood for cooking in the study area, then it is recommended that the National Environment Committee, Ministry of Natural Resources and Ministry of Energy need to recheck and refine friendly policy that will promote use firewood to conserve the environment.
Statistical analysis of utilization of maternal health care services by adolescent mothers In Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 201) Minja, Jacqueline
The main objective of this study was to examine the utilization of maternal health care services by adolescent mothers in Tanzania so as to improve the health condition among adolescent mothers. The study used cross-sectional study among adolescent mothers aged 15-19 years using Demographic Health Survey and Malaria indicator Survey 2015/16 data. The dependent variables were number of antenatal care visits, the place where an adolescent mother delivered and post-natal checkup (adolescent mother’s health being checked after being discharged or after delivering at home) while the independent variables were birth order, education level of a mother, marital status, marital status, media exposure, wealth index, distance to health facility. Multiple logistic regressions were applied to examine an association between each of the dependent variable as a dichotomous response variable and their respective independent variables. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics version 20 and STATA VERSION 14.A total of 550 adolescent mothers were used in the analysis, where 32.9% were single, 84.7% had one child and 78.5% lived in rural areas. Majority of the adolescent mother had less than four ANC visit (53.5%), while 68.5% of adolescent mothers delivered at a health facility. Adolescent mother with two or more children had less odds of having at least four ANCs compared to those with one child (AOR=0.563 CI=0.338-0.938), adolescent mothers with secondary+ (AOR=3.096, CI=1.185-8.088) education had higher odds of delivering at a health facility compared to those who had no education. Adolescent mothers who had at least four antenatal care visits and those who are married had higher odds of checking their health after being discharged compared to adolescent mothers who had less than 4ANCs and single adolescent mother (AOR=1.685, CI=0.939-3.024) and (AOR =1.951, CI=0.911-4.18), respectively. Maternal health care services to adolescent mother need to be continuously sensitized to the community so as to increase the number of ANCs. Furthermore, delivery and health checking after delivery is very important to reduce adolescent maternal morbidity and mortality in the country.
Kingolwira and Pangawe sisal estates, Morogoro, Tanzania: a case study.
(University of East Africa, 1967) Waller, C.
Sisal is the major export crop of Tanzania and Tanzania is the world's major supplier of sisal, although its position is now challenged by Brazil. Production in Tanzania is concentrated in large estates owned by non-Africans. Kingolwira and Pangawe estates, in the district of Morogoro are British owned and, with an area of 5000 hectares, is one of the largest estates in the country. High yields are achieved through careful cultivating and cutting techniques, there being no particular natural advantages except limited areas of good soil. As is so typical of perennials, supply is basically inelastic although a response was made to the price boom of 1862-64. The labour catchment area is vast and a marked contrast is visible between local and distant workers in several respects. In recent years, the most pressing problem has been a raise in wage costs accompanied by very low sisal Prices since1964. This problem is being met by making economies wherever possible. The future depends on the world sisal market which is threatened by synthetics and a Brazilian surplus.
Political leadership in Busoga.
(University of East Africa, 1968) Hansen, Emanuel
The survey had two aims. One was to obtain information on the social background, activities, and political attitudes of the Soga leaders. The second was to try and see if there was any correlation between level of education and attitudes. On social background, the survey showed that the Soga political leadership was overwhelmingly male, predominantly Christian (Protestant), and general polygamous. In terms of education, economic position, and general standard of living they were, on the whole, above the level of the average mane in Busoga. On political and social life the survey found that the Soga political leadership was spatially distributed all over Busoga. On political leadership and the political system, the survey showed that the attitudes of the Soga political leadership towards the political system was diffuse. There was neither an overwhelming preference for, nor an overwhelming disapproval of any of the component part of the system. On values and beliefs of the political leadership, the survey showed that the Soga political leaders were basically conservative. Though they would like to get the benefits of a modern society, they still remained closely tied to their traditional way of life in terms of beliefs and values. On perspectives, though the Soga leaders showed a fairly high degree of geographical mobility, and tried to keep in touch with current affairs by listening to the radio and reading newspapers regularly, their political horizons were limited mainly to their East Africa environment. And on the Asian problem, the Soga political leaders were keenly aware that Asians constituted a thorny problem in their country. Though a few conceded that Asian had contributed to the development of their country, on the whole there was a deep sense of distrust for the Asian. It was largely felt that conflict between Asian and African was inevitable. Early work on the population of the eastern part of Africa has tended to stress the importance of broad physical environmental factors in producing the patterns of distribution and varying density (Trewartha and Zelinsky, 1954 pl 35 et seq). While the significance of low and unreliable rainfall or lack of domestic water is not to be denied there have also been a number of historical, social and demographic elements in the recent population situation. This study therefore attempts to indicate some of the components of a situation producing and modifying area patterns of population. The postwar censuses in Tanganyika, and the extensive mapping at 1:50,000 based on air photographs taken during the same period provide more detailed information above population and settlement then had hitherto been available in the Southern Highlands. Therefore in this thesis the problems and possibilities of cartographic representation are first examined while through the application of the distribution and density of population in this area is obtained. Population number is the first consideration but published census material permits some examination of certain aspects of population composition. In Ch II the geographic distribution, the extent of areal and temporal variation, and the degree of correlation between the components of the population are examined.
Dispute settlement in a Hindu community of Kampala
(University of East Africa, 1968) Barot, Rohit
This thesis proposes to examine the dispute settlement in the Hindu community of Bakuli, Kampala. It shows the way different kinds of disputes are settled in Bakuli outside the realm of national law. Uganda constitutes a number of groups who enjoy the security provided by the state law through its judiciary and police services. The Asians, who trace their origin in India or Pakistan, have lived in Uganda since the beginning of this century. They, however, do not comprise a single homogenous community but divide themselves into numerous groups along linguistic, religious, and other grounds. This thesis attempts to illustrate how these groups evoke, outside law courts, standardized procedures for settling differences between themselves at local level. On the disputes about boys and girls, the Hindu communities always emphasize the polarity between sexes. The separation of sexes reduces all the possibilities of inter-group sex relationships for this may threaten endogamy on which the exclusiveness of different groups rests. Whenever such contacts between males and females become socially visible, this may generate tensions and conflicts. These may become disputes by drawing much public attention. Whenever such a dispute among the Hindus occurs, the member of Bhajanmandali is summoned to settle the differences and to prevent outbursts of hostility and violence. Matrimonial disputes go to different sources for their settlement. Elders in one's groups provide on locus of bringing pressures on husband and wife not to abandon each other and retain joint family unity. Some of these disputes often go to the lawyers who may help to settle the differences between spouses. On rent disputes the landlords attempt to settle these differences with their tenants by calling in lawyers or their clerks who then provide a way of settling disputes. On business disputes, the businesses in many Asian communities of Uganda are centered at family level. Families often provide a model to those who want to form partnership. In absence of legal agreements between members of the family or partners, disputes can be settled only outside the law courts. On police and settlement of disputes, in many disputes the Asians living in Bakuli call in the police constables in the initial stages of hostility. They go to the police station, not very much to use the available procedures of punishing their adversary but merely to frighten him. In a number of cases the disputants retreat from the police station and reach a compromise. Finally, this thesis shows how a dispute settlement process is informal when the principles, procedures, and personnel involved in it vary from the national legal system.
A nation in search of a script: the problem of establishing a national orthography for Somalia.
(University of East Africa, 1968) Adam, Hussein M.
While the Somali share the same spoken language, they frequently cannot communicate with one another in writing without the help of translators. The question of how and with what degree of success the Arabic script could be adapted for Somali is mainly concerned with the system of representing the relatively large number of Somali vowels. The thesis has tried to chronicle the history of some of the notable attempts to transcribe the Somali language. In presenting the study of Somalia’s search for an alphabet, the author has attempted to draw upon historical, linguistic, biographical, socio-psychological and political analyses. Surveys carried out to test the opinions of the civil servants, students and the inhabitants of Mogadishu, show that a considerable amount of these elements of the “modern sector” of society are in favour of the Latin transcription of Somali social and economic changes may, therefore, be said to favour the Latin script in the long run. While the national language remains un-written, Somalia is paying a high price. Where there are no natural linguistic barriers, artificial ones have been erected: Arabic (the language of the state religions, Islam), English (from the former British protected North) and Italian (used in the South) are the three recognized “official” languages. Colonial attempts to transcribe Somali seem to have floundered due to religious opposition. A popular referendum could only bring more problems than it would solve. The handling of such a divisive and emotional issue needs more sophisticated political techniques. An immediate way out could be found and the deadlock broken, if Somalia leaders were to agree to establish a dual system of writing Somali. The adoption of both Latin and Arabic characters which are championed by the pre-ponderous majority of Somalis. This is not the “best” but the “optimal best” solution for the problem given the existing conflicting forces. The problem of a script for Somali is, though basic, unique in this day and age. Accordingly, it does not lend itself to any relevant comparisons. Nevertheless, it may be said to symbolize the highly reconciliatory (reflecting the society) traits of the Somali political system relative to, for example, the highly mobilizing attributes of the Tanzanian political system.
The role of the cooperative movement in the economic development of Uganda
(East Africa University, 1968) Okereke, Okoro
An attempt is made in this thesis to present a general survey of the role of the Uganda Co-operative Movement in the economic development of the country, as a springboard for a possible further investigation of particular aspects of the movement’s activities in the development effort. The important role being played by the movement in the development of Uganda’s agriculture and other activities which are ancillary to agriculture has been analyzed in this work. The main areas of inquiry covered those aspects of the movement’s activities connected with economic growth, those concerned with efficiency and equity and those relating to the political power structure. The study covers the main period of growth of the movement from 1945 onward. The investigation has been primarily at union level. In most underdeveloped countries, great importance is attached to the development of co-operative as a means of improving the economic and social status of people through increased efficiency and social justice. Hence, development must be directed towards the objective of raising people’s incomes through providing opportunities for earning incomes co-operative undertakings, it is assumed, would provide, not only opportunities for earning incomes, but for raising the level of such incomes. On the part of developed and industrialized countries, fostering co-operative development in low-income countries is means of providing effective aggregate demand for the goods of the former, through an increase in the income of earning capacity of the latter. This objective of earning a higher income may however, be frustrated by poor administration in the management of the movement itself. Also, the objective of a movement may be seen at different points of view. Government, for example, may use co-operatives as a means of achieving, not only economic satisfaction, but of other ends, too. Hence, there may be a divergence between economic, social and equity considerations from the national point of view. Before the advent of co-operatives in Uganda, the market structure in the cotton and coffee industries was monopolistic. The two industries were controlled by non-Africans. One way to challenge this dominance was by the emergence of co-operatives of peasant farmers as a “countervailing power”. Conditions of monopoly and exploitation favour co-operative development in order to enhance the market power of those subject to those conditions. The main target of attack was the profit making cotton industry which was the mainstay of the economy of the country at that time. At first, co-operative endeavours and African participation in the processing industries were restricted by the earlier administration, but since the post-war period, co-operative development has been encouraged to the extent that the indigenous Government, since the post-Independence period, has adopted the movement as an instrument to effect social and economic changes. As the economy of the country is broadly based on agriculture, the activities of the movement are in the field of crop marketing. Owing to the Government’s policy of Africanizing the economy through co-operatives, the movement has, by 1967, acquired nearly 100% take-over of cotton ginning in the country, at the expense of the private sector; similar attempts are being contemplated in the coffee industry. At the moment, however, there is competition in both coffee and minor crops industries. By the 1965/66 year, co-operatives were marketing about 65% of the country’s cotton crop and ginning about 60% of it. In coffee robusta, primary societies, by 1964/65, marketed 42% of the country’s crop and processed 42% of it, but by 1965/66 the figures had come down to 31% and 29%, respectively, owing to competition from the private sector, in Arabica coffee, co-operatives are providing and processing over 80% of the country’s crop, most of which comes from the Bugisu societies. The movement’s role in the development effort calls for a diversification of its activities beyond crop marketing. Hence co-operatives engage in activities ancillary to marketing, such as thrift, credit, and farming (through credit and group farming schemes), as well as general trading, through consumer and supply societies. Other services of the movement include education and publicity. Under the credit and group farming schemes, Government has injected considerable capital into rural development programmes through primary societies. The strength of the movement lies mainly in the support it gets from the government for its political and social functions as a device for redistribution of income and economic power; its weakness lies in its economic performance. While some unions have been successful in their market performance and passed on their members regularly, the profits they make, others have not , but rather dissipated their surpluses in extravagant expenses and high overheads. Thus, the co-operative have not been as efficient as expected, and are now faced with that ask of adapting co-operation to the needs of a rapidly developing country, in reconciling economic objectives with social ends. The changes that have been brought about by social and economic circumstances make it imperative that the movement must adjust itself to new conditions. However, the educational value of the co-operatives has been tremendous. The efficiency of the movement has been adversely affected by a number of factors, such as improper management; conflicts between management and committees; capital constraint; rapid growth of the movement and the expanding size of business units being out of proportion to the calibre of management available; political infiltration into union/society administration; and disloyalty of members of the movement. To overcome these problems needs a reappraisal of the policy of Government towards the movement as well as that of the movement itself, in order that the movement may be able to fulfill the major objective of improving the economic and social status of its members.
The housing market in Uganda
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1968) Tribe, Michael Andrew
Chapter lasts out approach to the Ugandan housing market in urban areas in terms of supply of and demand for accommodation. In this framework the isolation of particular sub-markets is given omphasis, and it is pointed out that the study is concerned more with demand than with supply. In chapter 2 a careful discussion of the characteristics of housing as an economic commodity and in relation to consumption gives the initial analytical justification for the division of the market into the individual sub-markets. The place of housing in the total economy of a low-income economy is than covered briefly, and it is suggested that the role of housing is frequently under-estimated in this context. A short description of Uganda and its economy opens Chapter 3, and the character of the main towns is outlined. It is suggested that the major characteristic of the Uganda urban housing market is an example of “dualism”. There follows a division of the market into the major components of the public and private sectors, and a delineation of the major government institutions which affect the housing market. Chapter 4 is largely a descriptive back- ground to a survey of some Ugandan public servants working in five of the main towns. This survey was carried out at the request of the Ministry of Public Service by self-administered question naire. The major difficulty involved the look of an adequate sampling frame, but the proportion of an adequate sampling frame, but the proportion of questionnaires completed and returned was relatively high for such a survey. The analysis of the survey data is divided between two chapters. The first of these, Chapter 5, is concerned largely with comparisons of several characteristically between tenure groups. It is found that the private market is the major sources of supply of housing even for the public servants, and that those who live in the public servants, and that those who live in the public sector receive considerable advantages through subsidized rents. Owner-occupiers generally live outside the immediate environs of the towns, are in their home-district, have larger households than renter and significantly less “over-crowding.” In all cases the width of the distributions and the standard deviations were high. Chapter 6 is more concerned with the variables inside tenure groups, and more particularly those of private renters. The major determinants of housing demand appear to be salary level and household size in this sense, but the degree of variation is considerable. The effect of the home district of the household is looked at in more detail, and does not appear to affect expenditure patterns or the degree of crowding. A brief look at some supply factors on the private renting market is followed by consideration of some characteristics of owner-occupies and municipal estates renters. A summary of the determinants of demand, and a discussion of housing aspirations close the chapter. In chapter 7 there is an assessment of the future size and urban housing demand in Uganda. Use of urban population and employment statistics leads to the use of the former in assessing future urban housing need. Housing demand is than considered in the light of available into an income distribution, expenditure patterns, locality, tenure group and household structures. It is suggested that such projections can only be tentative, particularly since housing is an extremely durable commodity. The summary of the main conclusions which appears in Chapter 8 separates four main areas. The first is that of the main features of the market, particularly in relation to dualian. The second is that of findings on the patterns of housing demand. The third concerns of housing demand. The third concerns itself with other market features such as the adequacy of the institutional framework. The problems associated with constructing housing projections, and the major problems in urban housing close the discussion.
Social and economic aspects of Bandek land settlement scheme.
(University of East Africa, 1968) Cosnow, Jeffrey E.
The thesis will consist of a sociological case study of a land settlement scheme located in Kericho District in the Republic of Kenya. The topics which are given the greatest consideration are the social factors effecting agricultural production, the problem of agricultural production despite settlement, the Co-operative Society and loan repayments. The thesis states that agricultural production on the Scheme is strikingly grater than it is on the neighboring freehold lands, but that the per acre production is considerably below that achieved by the Europeans that formerly occupied the Land. The explanation given for this phenomenon is that the plot holders are committed to producing for the cash economy to a much greater degree than are the people in the neighboring freehold land, but they are not completely committed to the concept of farming as a commercial enterprise. The “economizing ethnic” is not at the centre of the plot holders’ attitude toward farming. This contention will be supported by data collected in interviews and by observation. A discussion of the agricultural techniques practiced by the plot holders will be presented. The thesis concludes that despite the fact that many of the plot holders find certain aspects of the Scheme unpleasant, only a small minority of them have chosen to sell their plots and move elsewhere. The great majority of the plot holders consider the scheme to be their permanent home.
A history of church missionary society high schools in Uganda, 1900-1924: the education of a protestant elite.
(University of East Africa, 1968) Watson, Tom
History is a story of challenge and response this study shows the challenge of higher education to the peoples of Uganda during the formative period between 1900 and 1924, and their response to it. The Church Missionary Society willingly entered the field of secular education. Its pioneer headmaster, Mr. C.W. Hattersley, the Rv. HW and the Rev. R.T.C Weatherhead forged a pattern of High school education in Buganda resembling the British Public School. After 1909 the mission began similar schools, primarily, for the sons of chiefs, in the eastern similarly, Miss A.L. Allens practical form of training at Gayaza Girl’s High School was adopted elsewhere. Why did the Buganda respond so so readily to this form of education? Realizing after the 1900 Uganda Agreement that future success depended upon a knowledge of English, their chiefs followed the example of Sir Apolo Kagwa, Buganda’s Katikiro, in sending their sons to Mengo High School and to King’s School, Budo. The desire to learn English gave the CMS missionaries considerable advantages over the French speaking white Fathers and the Dutch-speaking Hill Fathers. In addition, the CMS High Schools received strong support from British Officials. They relied upon these schools to supply the educated clerks and chiefs upon which the policy of Indirect Rule depended. The main emphasis in this work is upon Uganda’s varied ethnic groups and their initial response to the C.M/S High School movement.
The foreign policy of Tanzania 1961 - 1968
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1969) SHAW, T. M.
This thesis is an attempt to describe the international behaviour of Tanzania from independence to the end of 1968; the mainland celebrated its seventh anniversary of freedom on 9th December 19680 It is primarily a descriptive and an analytical account of historical and policy developments of a new state and the element of rigorous evaluation and prescription is small. The data has been collected over a period of eighteen months primarily from secondary sources, especially newspapers and other publications of Tanzania and East Africa. Selective interviews were conducted in Dar es salaam but the topic is controversial, sometimes confidential, land access to non-published material limited. The work is divided into two parts: the four chapters describe the main components of Tanzania this policy, its ideology and relations with Other international actors; the appendices provide details of Tanzania the resources in diplomacy, the military and the economy. However, it is hoped that the work will provide an overall account of Tanzania’s foreign policy and Its development from an orthodox 'non-alignment’ into a novel position of self-reliance and that it might stimu1ate and provide a useful compendium for a more evaluative study
Socialist equality, Marx versus Utopians: the conflicting treatment of the idea of equality in European and African socialism.
(1970) Turok, Ben
The thesis is on the discussion and analysis of socialist equality as it is contrasted in European and African socialism. The thesis contends that Africa has passed through a decade of momentous transition. From a continent shimbering in patience and passivity, it has now come to the fore as an area of turbulence, and, of promise. Two factors are attributed to this change. First, the burgeoning self-consciousness of the peoples of Africa and their consolidation into an anti-colonial force expressing itself in the demand for the recognition of independent nation states. Second, the urge for self-realisation of the African personality taking the form of an unprecedented desire for socio-economic development combined with a hope that this can be achieved without passing through the industrial anarchy and class conflicts experienced under capitalism in the metropolitan world. These factors have tended to highlight one idea, that of 'equality', as is evident even from a cursory examination of the speeches and documents of African spokesmen. A further dimension has been added however, by the fact that these aspirations have been accompanied by a growth of socialist awareness so that the problems of national emancipation are merged with those of socialist construction. In the resultant ideology, egalitarianism takes a central position as an ethical goal and as a prime programmatic principle to determine the broad lines of socialist development. In their totality therefore, these policies may be summed up in the expression 'Socialist Equality'. However the difficulties facing African leaders are many, and African Socialism, still in its germinal period, reveals theoretical ambiguities reflecting policy dilemmas of African governments bringing socialist goals to bear on unformed heterogenous social systems. These ambiguities are reminiscent of the theoretical and practical difficulties experienced by the Utopian Socialists and the Russian Populists of nineteenth century Europe. The Utopian Socialists saw socialism as a moral alternative to the evils of capitalism. Marx developed a critique of the Utopian Socialists, and of utopianism in general. The arguments developed by Marx were later applied to the Russia populists with some modifications. However, African Socialism arose in a society where industrialization had not yet begun and where there were no deep-seated class divisions. African socialists assert the need to creating a socialist society in which the country side will be the centre of gravity.
Gully erosion around Iringa, Southern Highlands, Tanzania.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1970) Roberts, John Raymond.
The Iringa area, situated in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, exhibits various types of gully erosion and gullies form an important element in the landscape. They occur mainly on land which has been or could be used for agriculture and therefore contribute a great deal to land wastage, as well as to the silting of culverts and drainage channels in the area. The factors leading to soil erosion in the area are described and are identified as strongly seasonal rainfall, the presence of impermeable horizons at or near the surface, improper methods of Land use and increasing pressure on the land. Six specimen gullies mapped in the field on a scale of l:1200. The basis of morphology, topographic location and of material into which cut. Local land use history was also considered. On the basis of these studies and experience gained from a more examination of many other gullies in the area, characteristics of the gullies are described and an attempt made to analyse the origin, growth and age of the gullies. It is concluded from these that Bullying in the area is not the result of any process, but to the interaction of a number of both active and passive processes. It is further suggested that gullies in the area are not of recent origin, but that at present they are undergoing a renewal of erosion. It is considered that the cutting of the gullies is the result of more than one phase of activities.
Leadership and communication in the Ujamaa process: A case study of Kabuku-ndani Ujamaa Village cooperative society
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1971) Bavu, Immanuel
In an attempt to provide a systematic study of the Ujamaa process the study on communication and leadership has been divided into six sub-titles: introduction, location of the Village and its social structure, production process, and Conclusion and Recommendations. In the introductory chapter attempts have been made to describe the problem studied in relation to the conceptual framework used. In this chapter the basic continuation is that the Ujamaa process is an organization of social change considered as a revolution. Hence an attempt to define the basic concepts used: Ujamaa process, organizations, communication and revolution. Chapter II, as suggested by its title, locates the village unit in the district (Handeni District in Tanga Region) and discusses its transportation and external communication potentials. As the village was once a village settlement, an historical review of its members’ education, experience and original homes has been given to help understand the nature and form of the process of organization and communication in terms of the villagers’ perception of their social and economic security. The significant aspects of the form of the village which result from its historical background are its tribal mix, village settlement origin, high capitalization because of its main economic activity—sisal estates, who have loaned the village the capital they required for their enterprise with the concomitant attachment of the socialist directed village development to the capitalist group of estates. This forms the argument further advanced in chapter III on production organization’s this chapter it has been argued that this situation has added up to the above basic contradiction on which the revolution is set. For the attachment to Amboni group has set off a series of incidents which has laid a suspicious relationship between Kabuku Ndani ujamaa village and Amboni group of estates. This situation has helped to provide a source for ideological development in the villagers. However, it has further been pointed out that the leaders have not taken advantage of this situation to provide a centripetal force necessary to keep on the revolutionary spirit. In the chapter on Leadership and Authority it is contended that the ujamaa process as guided by the ujamaa village constitution conflicts with the present set-up and function of the cooperative movement of the country. And further the newly organized and politicized ujamaa democratic authority is, in a way, challenging the bureaucratic administrative authority inherited from the colonial system. This is happening because the higher level authority is, in the process of administering an organinized group of farmers, falling back into their bureaucratic arrogance and pattern which produces negativistic relationships with the politically conscious community. This negative attitude results in a social distance between the villagers on the one hand and the political and administrative leaders on the other. This situation, as pointed out in chapter V, results in communication becoming more of an instructional rather than motivational force. On the other hand when this situation is looked at from the national level the peasants and the leaders may establish an alliance in their fight against external forces of economic exploitation and political ideological struggle against imperialism. This link is assumed to the working in conjunction with traditional tribal/kinship relations. However, which of the two force (centrifugal and centripetal) is stronger between the peasants and the leader is a problem requiring a further empirical study. This problem appears in the final chapter the basic point is that ujamaa is a reflection of what is going on within the national organization. What is seen as lacking at Kabuku Ndani—organizing the revolutionary process—is a warning of what in fact is lacking at the national level—the setting up of an ujamaa process political cadre for regular contact to establish an efficient duologue between the villagers and the leadership.
The influence of climate on building orientation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1971) Teskeredzic, Fahrudin
The purpose of this study is to determine for Dar es Salaam Planning Area an optimal building orientation that will maximize the effect of cooling by wind and minimize the effect of exposure to the sun. The need for such a study is imposed by the relatively unfavourable climate and by the rapid growth, particularly since independence, of Dar es Salaam,, which in view of the city’s status and importance in the development of Tanzania, is certain to continue. The study discusses in general the climate of Dar es salaam, its effects and strains imposed upon the human body ;and its evaluation in relation to the comfort zone standards. The influencing factors, the sun and the wind, are dealt with in greater detail. The results of these analyses, presented in the form of a diagram, show the intensity of wind effects influencing the building at each of the 36 studied building orientations. Apart from the considerations aimed at determing the building position receiving maximal wind effects, the air flow around buildings is considered using the results of the tests conducted with models in the Texas Engineering Experiments stations low speed wind tunnel especially designed for the study of air flow around buildings. The evaluation of the combined influence of both factors on the building orientation, the sun and the wind, is built up gradually by plotting their corresponding values against each other. Thus the position of the optimal building orientation, as well as the rating of each; of the 36 studied positions, is obtained. The final results, of this evaluation are presented in the form of an orientation chart defining the range of the positions producing good to optimal building orientations. The building orientation criterion established in this study is applied to the five large, well known buildings, situated in various parts of Dar es Salaam and oriented at the three different building positions, which are rated as bad, intermediate and optimal orientations and are in fact the key points of the whole set up of possible building orientations. The evaluation of the orientation of these buildings shows to what extent the adaptation to the thermal environment is achieved and what difference a good or a bad building orientation really makes in the practiced.Contemporary architects and town planners cannot ignore the effects of environmental factors on their structures as they have sometimes done in the past. It is therefore, hoped that the results of this building orientation study will contribute to the control of the environment and will be of significant interest and value.
Leadership and communication in the ujamaa process: a case study of Kabuku-ndani ujamaa village cooperative society
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1971) Bavu, Immanueli K
In attempt to provide a systematic study of the ujamaa process the study on communication and leadership has been divided into six-titles: introduction, location of the Village and its social structure, production organization, leadership and authority, communication process and conclusion and recommendations. In the introductory chapter attempts have been made to describe the problem studied in relation to the conceptual framework used. In this chapter the basic contention is that the ujamaa process is an organization of social change considered as a revolution. Hence an attempt to define the basic concepts used: ujamaa process, organizations, communication and revolution. Chapter II, as suggested by its title, locates the village unit in the district (Handeni District in Tanga Region) and discusses its transportation and external communication potentials. As the village was once a village settlement, an historical review of its members ‘ education, experience and original homes has been given to help understand the nature and form of the process of organization and communication in terms of the villagers perception of their social and economic security. The significant aspects of the form of the village which result from its historical background are tribal mix, village settlement origin, high capitalization because of its main economic activity—sisal growing—and its bondage to Amboni group of sisal estates, who have loaned the village the capital they required for their enterprise with the concomitant attachment of the socialist directed village development to the capitalist group of estates. This forms the argument further advanced in chapter III on production organization. In this chapter it has been argued that this situation has added up to the above basic contradiction on which the revolution is set. For the attachment to Amboni group has set off a series of incidents which has laid a suspicious relationship between kabuku ndani ujamaa village and ambone group estates. This situation has helped to provide a source for ideological development in the villagers. However, it has further been pointed out that the leaders have not taken advantage of this situation to provide a centripetal force necessary to keep on the revolutionary spirit. In the chapter on leadership and authority it is contended that the ujamaa process as guided by the ujamaa village constitution conflicts with the present set up and function of the cooperative movement of the country and further the newly organized and politicized ujamaa democratic authority is, in a way, challenging the bureaucratic administrative authority inherited from the colonial system. This is happening because the higher level authority is, in the process of administering an organized group of farmers, falling back into their bureaucratic arrogance and pattern which produces negativistic relationships with the politically conscious community. This negative attitude results in a social distance between the villagers on the one hand and the political and administrative leaders on the other. This situation, as pointed out in chapter V, results in communication becoming more of an instructional rather than motivational force. On the other hand when this situation is looked at from the national level the peasants and the leaders may establish an alliance in their fight against external forces of economic exploitation and political ideological struggle against imperialism. This link is assumed to be working in conjunction with traditional tribal/kinship relations. However, which of the two forces (centrifugal and centripetal) is stronger between the peasants and the leaders is a problem requiring a further empirical study. This problem appears in the final chapter on conclusion and recommendations. In this chapter the basic point is that ujamaa is a process and ujamaa village leadership can be understood only if it is studied as a leadership of the whole process. Whatever is going on within the ujamaa village is a reflection of what is going on within the national organizational. What is seen as lacking at kabuki ndani-organizing the revolutionary process—is a warning of what in fact is lacking at the national level-the setting up of an ujamaa process political cadre for regular contact to establish an efficient dialogue between the villagers and the leadership.
The Ability of Form Four Pupils in the Secondary School of Tanzania to Read Contour Maps
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1972) Aldridge, Roger Michael
Contour map symbols are more complicated than most symbols as they- portray the third dimision in twodimensions. Thus, before understanding a contour map, one must acquire a specific Spatial ability --the ability tolerate the two --dimensional maps to the three-dimensional landscape it represents. According to Piaget, the pre-adolescent Swiss child has the ability to imagine different viewpoint --- ability related to contour map reading, although other evidence indicates that some adolescents, lack this ability. Other studies have revealed that somenon – Western cultural groups have considerable problems in understanding perceptual symbols especially depth cues. Itis thus possible that African Secondary school pupils havemore difficulty in understandingcontour maps than their Western counterparts. From the 1iterature and the considerable variationin contour map reading ability among University students in Tanzaniathe author expected that Secondary school pupils would beweak in certain basic skillsnecessary for contour reading. In addition, certain variables were expected to affect perfomance.Two instruments- a contour map reading test for pupils and a teacher questionnaire-were devised to answer questions and test hypotheses. The questions asked whether or not there was poor performance in contour map reading in the Secondary schools of Tanzania and whether or not poor performance wasrelated to weaknessin fourskills identified as important: 1. The ability to relate the two-dimensional contour map to the three-dimensional Landscape. 2. The ability to find the approximate height of any point on the contour map. 3. The ability to analyse slopes. 4. The ability to draw or to interpret cross-sections. Thehypotheses tested whether or not variability in performance was related to home bacground, age, sex, school type, school facilities and teaching. Aftera pilot study, the pupil contour map reading test (the final pupil test), which included ten perceptual items, was given to 1714 form four pupils (27% of the total population) in 40 schools from seven school types. Statistics were obtained from a computer programme and hand, analyses in particular a detailed item analysis or based on 2% of the total sample randomly selected. The test attempted to answer thequestions posed and also providedinformation relevant to the hypotheses regarding the age, sex and home background of the pupils. After revision of the draft form a teacher questionnaire was sent to all the Secondary schools in Tanzania taking Geography at form four levels. Eightypercent of the schools replied (86% of the schools whose pupils took the final pupil test). Results were recorded on punch cards which were then hand—sorted. Informationwas provided as to the facilities for teaching map readingin the schoolsthe amount of experience of the teachersthe organization of' map reading training the subjects matter covered and the types of aids used. Most pupils scored under 60% on the final pupil test, indicating that there is poor performance in contour map reading in the secondary school in Tanzania. There were close relationships betweenthe perceptual items and the rest of the test indicating a relationship between spatial ability, as measured by this sub -test, and the contour map reading section of the test. Some pupils were un able to imagine a different viewpoint from their own, suggestion that they have not yet reached the final Piagetian stage of development in spatial concepts. Consequently, they have difficulty in the first importantskill identified abovethe ability to relate the two-dimensionalmap to the three—dimensional landscape. Pupils were weak in two other basic skills-the ability to analyse slopes and the ability to draw or interpret cross sections. Although the pupils were able to find the approximate height of any point on a contour map,they were unable torelate height to each other. This is symptomatic of a more general weakness - an inability to apply knowledge of contour principles to problem solving situations.Performance varied considerably, for in spitegeneral weakness, individual pupils score very highly on the test. An important variable was sex, males performing better than females on three sub-tests, especially the perceptual sub-test. It is possible that role indoctrination and traditional attitudes to the education of girls may affect their performance on the test. Nevertheless, one girls’ school obtained the highest mean on the final pupil test of all 40 schools, thus suggesting that other variables can overcome sex differences. There were only slight relationships between home background measures and test performance. However, other measures, especially clinical observation indicates. There was an inverse relationship between age and test performance, possibly because some pupils are repeating years at school and are either less intelligent than other pupils or else have missed vital works through illness. Performance inday schools varied more than in boarding schools, and was possibly related to the urban setting of the day schools, where there is less control over the study habits of the pupils. No significant relationship was found between any of the variables measured by the teacher questionnaire and the test results.Within its limits, the questionnaire is a fairly accurate measure. it could notattempt to measure important factors such as the teacher’s person ability. Based on the results, it is recommended that perceptual training at primary school level should precede map reading work. Practice in observing simple three - dimensional models from different viewpoints would lead to pupils drawing their own contours on potatoes or clay shapes. Pupils participation in making and using the modes is vital.Specific practice in training the four basic skills is also recommended after assessment of the performance of pupils on a test consisting of twenty items from the final pupil test. Teachers sometimes do not give adequate contour map reading instruction because they themselves lack the necessary skills. Thus, weaknesses should be identified and some form of remedial work should be provided at the teacher training level. Training teachers to criticize themselves and to learn from experience is also important. The investigation closes with recommendations for further research.
Fertility differentials in Tanzania with special reference to four regions.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1972) Ngallaba, Sylvester A. M. M.
The purpose of this thesis is to study fertility differentials in Tanzania by making use of two sources of data, namely the 1967 Population Census and the 1971 Demographic survey. Chapter 1 "Introduction" deals with fertility data from the 1967 census with a view to throwing light on fertility differences between regions of the country. No other source of data is available against which the findings arrived at from the 1967 census could be compared. Further, a population census enquiry cannot, by its nature, provide information on the factors behind fertility differentials. For this purpose a demographic survey was conducted in September/October 1971 in two low fertility regions, namely Coast and Singida, and two high fertility regions, that is Arusha and Kilimanjaro.The methodology adopted is therefore discussed in chapter 2, and the analysis of the collected data is undertaken in chapters 3 to 6. In chapter 3, the data on age are analysed in order to throw light on the existence of fertility differentials between the areas covered by the survey. Chapter 4 deals with establishing the level of fertility in each of the four areas. Factors behind fertility differentials are divided into two broad categories, those arising from differential nuptiality patterns and those which may be termed physiological and medical. These are studied in chapters 5 and 6. While chapter 5 deals with studying the prevailing marriage patterns in each area, in chapter 6 an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of each factor on fertility differentials. Chapter 7 is devoted to summary and conclusions. The implications of fertility differentials to economic and social development in Tanzania are also discussed.
Mortality differentials in Tanzania with special reference to four regions.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1972) Kamuzora, Chrysanth L. A.
The aim of the thesis in to study mortality differentials between the regions of Tanzania Mainland. The introduction, in chapter 1, deals with the subject of mortality, on how it has generally been a difficult aspect of the human population to study. For this purpose, the nature of the data used in mortality analysis; its limitations and methods of collection are discussed. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I census data. Firstly, a test is made of the reliability of the data on mortality in Chapter 2. Secondly, in Chapter 3, an attempt is made to establish a level of mortality for each district and region. Apart from the 1967 Census data the writer collected data in the four regions as mentioned above which is the subject of Part II. In Part III of the thesis a scotch is made for the factors that contribute to mortality differentials between the four regions. These are discussed in Chapter 6. Finally, chapter 7 is devoted to the summary and conclusion. The aim of this thesis was to attempt to answer the question: do mortality differentials exist between different regions of “Tanzania and if so, what are the factors behind these differentials. For this purpose an analysis of the 1967 Population Census results was carried out and the findings were checked against another source of data, namely the 1971 Demographic survey which was undertaken by the present writer jointly with another research worker who was concerned with the study of fertility differentials in Tanzania.

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