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Item Newspaper coverage of the 2019 early warnings and flood disaster management in Tanzania’s habari leo and mwananchi(University of Dar es Salaam, 2020) Mwalo, InnocentNews gathered and shared by reporters is useful to warn, control panic and help public recovery from a disaster. This research was about newspaper coverage of the 2019 early warnings and flood disaster management in Tanzania. The study was guided by three objectives: to find out the frequency of Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspaper coverage of the 2019 early warnings and flood disaster management in Dar es Salaam; to investigate the quality of news stories covered in Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspapers about the 2019 early warnings and flood disaster management in Dar es Salaam; and to explore opportunities and the challenges of journalists in covering of the 2019 early warnings and flood disaster management in Dar es Salaam. Agenda-setting Theory and Social Responsibility Theory provided useful insights for guiding the assessment process. Story cuttings about floods were collected from Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspaper and subjected to content analysis and semi-structured interview was also employed to collect supplementary data. For the case of the first objective; to find out the frequency of Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspaper coverage of the 2019 early warnings and flood disaster management in Dar es Salaam, the study found out that there was inadequate coverage of early warnings and flood disaster management stories. About the second objective which investigated the quality of news stories covered in Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspapers about early warnings and flood disaster management information, the findings indicated that Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspaper did not cover stories about the recovery process and most of the covered stories during flood disaster lacked a call for actions and background information about flood disaster. For the third objective which explored the opportunities and challenges of journalists in covering early warnings and flood disaster management in Dar es Salaam, the study found out lack of specialization, lack of cooperation between journalists and organisations dealing with management of flood disaster and lack of funds leading to journalists' failure to hold a critical responsibility of informing and making the public aware about flood disaster, as some of the challenges for the coverage of flood disaster in Dar es Salaam.Item Assessment of amateur journalists in observing journalism professional standards: A case of Clouds Media Group, Dar es Salaam,(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Saadan, WardaThis study aimed at assessing amateur journalists in observing professional standards. Its specific objective were to assess the understanding of professional standards at Clouds Media Group, Dar es salaam; find out the perception of clouds Media Group about amateur journalism; and find out the audience opinion of the journalist observing professional journalism standards. This research used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In this regard the research. Used case study and survey research designs in its accomplishments. The data were collected through interview, questionnaire and document review methods. The quantitative data were analyzed and presented through tables. The qualitative data were analyzed by looking at the content to particular categories, and data were presented using descriptive sentences with quotations. The findings revealed that amateur journalists are not in a position of upholding professional standards due to their failure to understand journalism professional standards. Despite amateur journalists not being in position of upholding journalism standards, media organizations are employing them. For the aim of improving the credibility and upholding of professional standards, amateur journalists should be encouraged to attend training on journalism and the news media to ensure that its employees without such training so as to be in a position of upholding journalism standards.Item The assessment of the role of sino Tanzania media co - operation in shaping the image of China in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Qiuyao, MaThis study assessed the role of Sino-Tanzania media cooperation in shaping the image of China in Tanzania. This study deployed qualitative methods to collect and analyze the research data. The unstructured interview was used to collect data from the media people who involved in the Sino-Tanzania media cooperation, media official from the two governments and scholars who studied China and Tanzania relations. The qualitative content analysis was used to analysis the interview data and the documents data. The study found that, Sino-Tanzania media cooperation is vital, it is not only benefiting the development of China-Tanzania relations, but also help establishing China's image in Tanzanian eyes. Also, Sino-Tanzania media cooperation through three dimensions of agenda-setting to shape the China's image in Tanzania. In addition, there are still many challenges in the current media cooperation. To enhance the image of China in Tanzania, it is necessary for the two countries to work together to solve existing problems and improve media cooperation. On the basis of these findings, the study concluded that Sino-Tanzania media co-operation plays an indispensable role in shaping China's image. Since currently media co-operation between the two countries is still in initial stage. It is not deeply rooted in the hearts of the two people. Only by strengthening, the co-operation between the two countries and the private sector, media co-operation can play its biggest role and better serve the shaping of the country's image. It is, therefore recommended that, the high-level leaders of the two countries need to attach importance to media co-operation, strengthen the construction of a full-fledged mechanism, and promote non-governmental media exchanges. Utilize Sino-Tanzania media cooperation to effectively enhance China's image in Tanzania.Item The relevancy of inverted pyramid in contemporary news coverage a comparative study of mpekuzi huru blog and mwananchi newspaper(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Jovina, KanenoThis study examines the relevancy of inverted pyramid in contemporary news coverage in Tanzania using the case of Mpekuzi Huru blog compared with Mwananchi newspaper articles. The specific objectives of the study were to compare the use of 5W+H details in Mpekuzi Huru blog and Mwananchi newspaper. Another was to examine how reporting syle in Mpekuzi Huru blog distinguishes itself that of Mwananchi newspaper. The last objective was to examine the current Tanzania news coverage style for Mpekuzi Huru blog and Mwananchi newspaper. The study was guided by Diffusion of innovating theory. The study used samples of news articles and also news reporter from the two media and expert in media studies. The sample involved 50 articles from Mwananchi and 50 articles from Mpekuzi Huru blog. The study also used 14 respondents including journalist, bloggers and media experts. Quantitative and qualitative research approach were used in this study for data collection and analysis. Data were collected through documentary view for quantitative part and face to face semi structured interviews and qualitative data. IBM statistical package for the service solution version 21 and Microsoft Excel were used to analyzed quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze data from interviews. The major findings of this study are that, inverted pyramid is still relevant especially with print journalism and the structure is reflected in blog contact too. More specifically, the study found out that print journalism is distinguishable from blogging; though, the gap is getting thinner. News, coverage style today as reflected in both media under assessment shows that, they are event oriented (news reports on events) rather than investigative as well as reader centred (meeting the readers wants) rather than agenda setting (meeting information needs). So, the study suggests journalists and bloggers to use much of their power to set agenda, define social problems and describe viable solutions than storytelling.Item Newspaper framing of the 2015 Tanzania presidentisl campaign(University of Dar es Salaam, 2020) Kibano, Fred JThis study provides an overview of the newspaper framing of the 2015 Tanzanian Presidential Campaign which provide insights on how newspapers frame news particularly when comparing Government (HabariLeo) and Private owned (Nipashe) newspapers. The 2015 general election was selected because of the high nature of competition between the Ruling Party (CCM) and the Opposition Parties forming the coalition of UKAWA which attracted the mass media and the people, among the indicators was the increase of voters' turnout by (24.3%) when comparing the 2015 elections (67.3%) versus 2010 elections (24.3%). It is from this perspective that provides an opportunity to study newspapers framing of the 2015 Tanzanian Presidential Campaign. The study employed exploratory case study whereas purposive sampling was used to select the information related to elections campaign from Nipashe and HabariLeo newspapers. Newspaper articles were used as data that was collected and analyzed by using content analysis and thematic analysis in developing the patterns that ignore bias and subjectivity. The study analyzed 578 news stories published in all pages of Nipashe and HabariLeo newspapers. The analysis in this study involved 275 news articles in Nipashe and 303 news articles in HabariLeo newspapers from the start of election on 22 August to the Election Day 24 October, 2015. The findings shows that HabariLeo newspaper framed issues that supported the ruling party (CCM) by (77%); and (12%) for the opposition while Nipashe supported issues related to opposition Party, UKAWA by (50%) and (49%) for C.C.M. The study concludes that the issue of democratic principles dominated where HabariLeo had (43%) and Nipashe had (56.2%). The negative reportage was much in HabariLeo (Government) compared to Nipashe (Private) newspaper.Item The contribution of television advertisements in enhancing knowledge on the use of TRA EFD machines: a Case of Kinondoni Municipality(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Mahena, LilianThe aim of the study was to assess the contribution of television advertisements in enhancing knowledge on the use of TRA EFD machines: Acase of Kinondoni Municipality. The study specifically had three objectives namely; to find out what extent has TRA-EFD television adverts influenced grocers and buyers in Kinondoni MunicItem Newspaper framing of the 2015 Tanzania presidential campaign(University of Dar es salaam, 2020) Kibano, Fred J.This study provides an overview of the newspaper framing of the 2015 Tanzania Presidential Campaign which provide insights on how newspaper frame news particularly when comparing Government (Habari leo) and private owned (Nipashe) newspapers. The 2015 general election was selected because of the high nature of competition between the Ruling Party (CCM) and the Opposition Parties forming the coalition of UKAWA which attracted the mass media and the people, among the indicators was the incease of voters’ turnout by (24.3%) when comparing the 2015 elections (67.3%) versus 2010 elections (24.3%). It is from this perspective that provides an opportunity to study newspapers framing of the 2015 Tanzanian Presidential Campaign. The study employed exploratory case study whereas purposive sampling was used to select the information related to elections campaign from Nipashe and HabariLeo newspapers. Newspaper articles were used as data that was collected and analyzed by using content analysis and thematic analysis in developing the patterns that ignore bias and subjectivity. The study analyzed 578 news stories published in all pages of Nipashe and HabariLeo newspapers. The analsis in this study involved 275 news articles in Nipashe and 303 news articles in HabariLeo newspapers from the start of election on 22 August to the Election Day 24 October, 2015. The findings shows that HbariLeo newspaper framed issues that supported the ruling party (CCM) by (77%); and (12%) for the opposition while Nipashe supported issues related to opposition Party, UKAWA by (50%) and (49%) for C.C.M. The study concludes that the issue of democratic principles dominated where HabariLeo had (43%) and Nipashe had (56.2%). The negative reportage was much in HabariLeo (Government) compared to Nipashe (Private) newspaper.Item The impact of internal communication on enhancing employees’ performance in public organizations in Tanzania: a case of the Institute of Adult Education (IAE)(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Mtuwa, Issa MohamedThis study assessed the impact the impact of internal communication on enhancing employees’ performance in public organization using the Institute of Adult Education (IAE) as a case study. The objectives were to: (i) examine the efficiency of internal communications in the Institute of Adult Education; (ii) assess the contribution of internal communications towards employees’ performance at the Institute of Adult Education and (iii) investigate the relationship between internal communication and employee performance. The study employed a qualitative method in data collection in all, 30 respondents were purposively sampled with the data collected using interviews and observation. The study found that internal communication had a role to play in attaining organizational success through the performance of employees. The system of communication made everybody free to communicate to each other (bottom up and down up way of communication). On the other hand, employees recognized much communication through phone, memo, whatsapp and quarterly staff meeting. However, IAE must broaden and strengthen the use of the phone, memo and whatsapp as the findings indicate that the majority prefer such channels. The study recommends for the provision of knowledge on internal communication, particularly communication technology channels and PRO to employees to improve the performance of workers through communication. The IAE should also improve and strengthen the use of PRO to communicate with employees collectively without waiting for quarterly staff meeting. As written form of communication delaying feedback was found to be a challenge on enhancing employees’ performance, the IAE management should set standards of receiving feedback.Item Gate-keeping in the post-1990s Newspaper production: a case of Mwananchi Newspaper in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Kinyanguli, Erick AdolphThe study examined the role of information gate-keeping in the post-1990s Tanzania’s newspaper production using a case of Mwananchi newspaper. The study also assessed how the post-1990s socio-political changes have shaped the role of information gate keepers in Tanzania’s newspaper organizations; investigated the factors that influence the way gate-keepers operate in the post-1990s Tanzania’s newspaper organizations; and evaluated the effects of gate-keeping on the newspaper production in the 1990s Tanzania. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the study generated information through the use of interviews and self-administered questionnaires. The sample comprised 15 purposively selected respondents. The findings reveal that gate-keeping has changed mainly because of politics whereby the present regime use its power in issues that involve the media so as to manage all media outlets to serve government interests rather than those of the audience needs. Overall, a myriad of issues go into gate-keeping, starting with the individual and media house values, to news determinants, institutional factors and politics of the day backed by the legal framework in place. A part from contending with the enacted Media Services Act, 2016 and Media Services Regulations, 2017 which influence how media practitioners at various levels should conduct their gate-keeping. As a result, gate-keeping in the post-1990s newspapers in Tanzania appears to have been somewhat compromised. Based on these findings, the study recommends a review of the laws to make them more amenable to foster freedom of expression and to enhance professionalism. Moreover, the study recommends for an audience-based study to be carried out to gauge the effect of gate-keeping from the perspective of news consumers.Item The contribution of print media towards conflict resolution between farmers and pastoralists in Mvomero District : a case study of Mwananchi Newspaper(University of Dar es salaam, 2020) Johnbosco, LucyThis study examined the contribution of print media towards conflict resolution between farmers and pastoralists in Mvomero District: A case study of Mwananchi newspaper. Specifically, the study had three specific objectives: the first one was to establish the sources of information through which Mwananchi newspaper journalists collected farmer-pastoralist land conflicts stories in Mvomero District; Second, to examine news stories on Mvomero District farmer-pastoralist land conflict covered in the Mwananchi newspaper between Januarys and June 2016, and third was to assess the impact of Mvomero farmer-pastoralist land conflict news stories in Mwananchi newspapers towards the relevant stakeholders to come up with the solution. The study purposely selected 5 issues of Mwananchi newspaper published Mvomero farmer-pastoralist land conflict news stories between 2016 and June 2016 month, therefore the total of 30 issues of Mwananchi newspaper published Mvomero farmer-pastoralist land conflict news stories between 2016 and June 2016 were purposely selected and analyzed. 20 respondents from Mwananchi newspaper who covered Mvomero farmer-pastoralist land conflict news stories were purposively interviewed. The findings revealed that Mwananchi reporters who covered Mvomero farmer-pastoralist land conflict news stories used Mvomero District agricultural officers and Mvomero village executive officers as their source of information. Only 11 Mvomero farmer-pastoralist land conflict news stories were published between January 2016 and June 2016 and study found out that farmer-pastoralist land conflict stories in Mwananchi newspaper impacted the relevant stakeholders to come up with the solution for the conflicts in Mvomero district. Based on the findings the study, recommended that authorities should establish an effective rule of law and implementation of good governance to minimize abuse of power and corruption among the local government leaders.Item The of digital media in transforming theatre arts in Tanzania: A gendered perspective(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Kuyunga, Rachael D.The main objective of this study was to examine the role of digital media approach incorporating with Tanzanian producers towards the development of theatre arts in Tanzania based on the perspective of gender; The study focused to find out the assessment of gender balance among theatre arts producers, to examine how men and women producers use digital media in theatre arts, to recommended effective ways of using digital media among male and female producers for the development of theatre arts and to measure challenges of gender diversification in theatre arts. The study adopted case design for the sake of describing the details in context and holistically. A sample size of 30 respondents was involved in implementation of the production of theatre arts as far as the use of digital media is concerned. Data were collected using semi-structure interviews, questionnaires, and observation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively. In the same line data collected from questionnaires were analyzed with the help of Microsoft excel. The study revealed that in theatre arts there is a marked gender imbalance, psychological barriers and conditioned notions of relative male and female attributes of confidence were seen as impacting on women’s involvement in the theatrical production industry. There are areas in production where producers experience much inconveniences such as no flexible working patterns, high costs of accessing digital services, no improvement of quality theatrical production materials, and there was no room for growth. The study recommends that; colleges should embark on development of digital online networks to the community as a way of passing on knowledge, public awareness on digital technology to be delivered by the government, enhancement of digital technology awareness to women while encouraging their participation in theatre arts, empower women in the use of digital technology knowledge to improve effectiveness and participation, there should be an improvement of communication systems specifically by implementing digital media. The role of digital media is transforming theatre arts in Tanzania: a gendered perspective.Item The role of marketing communication in growth of small and medium enterprises in Tanzania: A case study of women’s small and medium enterprises in Dar es Salaam(University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) Chiza, ZanelleThis general objective of the study was to examine the role of Marketing communication in the growth of small and medium enterprises in Tanzania specifically the study looked at the contribution of marketing communication to the business turnovers of women SME’s and the extent to which knowledge levels of women SME clients are attribute to the lecels of usage of Marketing communication . The findings from the study are expected to illustrate how marketing communication is as an important enabler if effectively used within the SME sector. The study was conducted in Dar e s salaam region. The sample of the study included a list of 30 women entrepreneurs drawn from a list of women entrepreneurs who are members of Tanzania women chambers of commerce (TWCC) based in Dar es salaam. Data for the study were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires were distributed to the 30 respondents in small business enterprises, while interviews were administered to groups of managerial and clients. The data were analysed using both content analysis and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings sales and profit in the business as approximately 83 percent of the respondents indicated. The respondents also admitted that they understand marketing communication and its use to promote their business. The study showed that 40% of theItem The portrayal of women and men in Kiswahili films(University of Dar es Salaam, 2016) Totoman, GidionThis study examined how women and men are portrayed in Kiswahili films. The study used a mixed methods research design to collect both qualitative and quantitative data, 60 respondents is participated in this study. These were purposively and randomly selected. Data were collected through Interviews, Questionnaires, Observations and Focus Group Discussion 40 respondents filled out the questionnaire, 10 were interviewed, 10 participated in Focus Group Discussions and ten films were reviewed. Key findings show that 91% of respondents are aware of gender stereotyping in Kiswahili films and Only 9% were not aware. Findings further revealed that films influence the way youth behave and act. Furthermore, gender stereotyping in Kiswahili film influence viewers perceptions and behavior. The study recommends that the government, gender activities, Gender NGOs, and Film Training Institutions needs to come together with strategies to eliminate this problem.Item The portrayal of women and men in kiswahili films(University of Dar es Salaam, 2016) Totoman, GidionThis study examined how women and men are portrayed in Kiswahili films. The study used a mixed methods research design to collect both qualitative and quantitative data, 60 respondents participated in this study. These were purposively and randomly selected. Data were collected through Interviews, Questionnaires, Observations and Focus Group Discussion 40 respondents filled out the questionnaire, 10 were interviewed, 10 participated in Focus Group Discussions and ten films were reviewed. Key findings show that 91% of respondents are aware of gender stereotyping in Kiswahili films and only 9% were not aware. Findings further revealed that films influence the way youth behave and act. Furthermore, gender stereotyping in Kiswahili film influence viewers perceptions and behavior. The study recommends that the government, gender activists, Gender NGOs, and Film Training Institutions needs to come together with strategies to eliminate this problem.Item The contribution of Ubongo Kinds TV program in educating children on social skills: a case of Mugabe and Bunju 'A' primary schools.(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kajuna, EsteriaThis study analyzed the contribution of Ubongo Kids TV program on educating Children about Social Skills. It was conducted in Dar es Salaam specifically into two public schools: Bunju 'A' and Mugabe primary school. It sought to identify the extent to which children are exposed to television, factors for watching Ubongo Kids program, lessons learnt and challenges that children face when watching the program. Case study was deployed whereby interview and participant observation were carried out to 150 children who were purposively. The study found out that programs that are aimed at teaching school related skills have their contribution in imparting social skills. The upshots revealed that, 48% of children were able to learn social skills from the Ubongo Kids TV program despite the fact that the same aimed at teaching school related skills such as math and science. The social skills were learnt generally from the whole program and specifically from children's favorite characters and episodes. The study also found that the co-viewers that is parents and older siblings do not mediate when watching the program something that lead to children having questions about the reality of animations and math problems which remained unsolved in children's heads. This study concluded that the program that aims at imparting schools skills can have satisfactory contribution towards the development of social skills to children who are still learning from their environment. It is therefore recommended to TV producers, media schools, parents and researchers to put more emphasis on impacting these young minds socially so as to generate the societies that are better places to every human being.Item Effectiveness of Television Programmes in Promoting Tanzania’s Domestic Tourism: a case study of Channel Ten’s ‘Utalii wa Ndani’’(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Ngomuo, DeboraThis study determined the effectiveness of television programmes in promoting domestic tourism in Tanzania using Channel Ten as a case study. The study deployed a combination of both qualitative and quantative methods to collect analyse the research data. Under the quantative method, the questionnaire was used to collect data from television viewers of Kinondoni Municipality at Sinza, Ubungo and makumbusho wards. With qualitative method, an interview was done with the producer and editor of ‘’Utalii wa Ndani’’ programme to get the ways of improving the packaging of the programme to enhance its receptiveness and effectiveness. The study found that, although television programmes such as ‘’Utalii wa Ndani’’ aired by Channel Ten have the potential of fostering domestic tourism, there was limited follow-up education of the viewers on the importance of visiting the sites physically after watching them on the the television screen. In addition, the ‘’Utalii wa Ndani’’ programme has a short airtime when the majority of the respondents demanded additional time. On the basis of these findings, the study concludes that television has the potential of promoting domestic tourism in Tanzania; however, there was a need to repackage these programmes to make them more effective. It is, therefore recommended that, the programmes should be packaged to educate viewers on the importance of domestic tourism, inspire locals to have interest to visit the sites, elongate the airtime with enhanced creativity, and encourage the use of corporate sponsorship to have packages for viewers that would allow them to sample the sites and their experiences aired on TV to serve as an encouragement to others.Item The contribution of Ubongo kids tv program in educating children on social skills: a case of Mugabe and Bunju a primary(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kajuna, EsteriaThis study analysed the contribution of Ubongo Kids TV program on educating Children about Social Skills. It was conducted in Dar es Salaam specifically into two public schools: Bunju 'A' and Mugabe primary school. It sought to identify the extent to which children are exposed to television, factors for watching Ubongo Kids program, lessons learnt and challenges that children face when watching the program. Case study was deployed whereby interview and participant observation were carried out to 150 children who were purposively. The study found out that programs that are aimed at teaching school related skills have their contribution in imparting social skills. The upshots revealed that, 48% of children were able to learn social skills from the Ubongo Kids TV program despite the fact that the same aimed at teaching school related skills such as math and science. The social skills were learnt generally from the whole program and specifically from children's favourite characters and episodes. The study also found that the co-viewers that is parents and older siblings do not mediate when watching the program something that lead to children having questions about the reality of animations and math problems which remained unsolved in children's heads. This study concluded that the program that aims at imparting schools skills can have satisfactory contribution towards the development of social skills to children who are still learning from their environment. It is therefore recommended to TV producers, media schools, parents and researchers to put more emphasis on impacting these young minds socially so as to generate the societies that are better places to every human being.Item Effectiveness of television programmes in promoting Tanzania's domestic tourism : a case Study of Channel Ten's Utalii wa Ndani'(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Ngomuo, DeboraThis study determined the effectiveness of television programmes in promoting domestic tourism in Tanzania using Channel Ten as a case study. The study deployed a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyse the research data. Under the quantitative method, the questionnaire was used to collect data from television viewers of Kinondoni Municipality at Sinza, Ubungo and Makumbusho wards. With qualitative method, an interview was done with the producer and editor of "Utalii wa Ndani" programme to get the ways of improving the packaging of the programme to enhance its receptiveness and effectiveness. The study found that, although television programmes such as "Utalii wa Ndani" aired by Channel Ten have the potential of fostering domestic tourism, there was limited follow-up actions resulting from watching the programme. There was hardly any follow-up education of the viewers on the importance of visiting the sites physically after watching them on the television screen. In addition, the "Utalii wa Ndani" programme has a short airtime when the majority of the respondents demanded additional time. On the basis of these findings, the study concludes that television has the potential of promoting domestic tourism in Tanzania; however, there was a need to repackage these programmes to make them more effective. It is, therefore recommended that, the programmes should be packaged to educate viewers on the importance of domestic tourism, inspire locals to have interest to visit the sites, elongate the airtime with enhanced creativity, and encourage the use of corporate sponsorship to have packages for viewers that would allow them to sample the sites and their experiences aired on TV to serve as an encouragement to others.Item The impact of tax remission - (special relief under 3rd schedule of vat act 1997) to the general performance of VAT : the case of mining companies in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2005) Rishya, Aron IduwaufooIn an effort to improve the economy, the government of Tanzania has been taking several measures to create a favourable investment climate for both local and foreign investors. Among the measures taken was the provision of a large variety of incentives; some of them being different tax exemptions provided under different tax statutes. The unanswered question which this study sought to investigate on is the extent to which tax exemptions provided under 3rd schedule of VAT Act 1997 negatively affected VAT revenue collections in the country. Data were obtained from a sample of 83 respondents from Dar es Salaam city only. They included businesspersons, TRA staff, Tax consultant and auditors. The study was made at the Department of Large Taxpayers where large business is controlled and they constitute about 70% of the Total government domestic revenue. The questionnaires administration and interview methods were used for data collection. The responses indicate that there is a perception that the exemptions provided under the 3rd schedule of VAT Act negatively resulted to poor VAT performance. Additionally, majority of respondents felt that there were no sufficient controls instituted to make sure that the exemptions are properly allowed only to bodies and items listed in the 3rd schedule of the VAT Act. It was also felt that the great number exempted items provided under the schedule and tax exemptions given to various item is among the attractions to the investors in Tanzania. On the other hand, study results indicated that the respondents acknowledged that apart from revenue collection underperformance, companies enjoying special relief have made some positive contributions to the national economyItem An assessment of objectivity in news sourcing in Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspapers during the 2015 general elections.(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Ngabo, EmmanuelThe overall purpose of this study was to assess objectivity in political news sourcing because the influence of news sources on independence of journalistic judgements presents a serious subject. The 2015 general election mass media coverage offered an opportunity to study journalistic judgements focusing on how objectively they sourced news. Data were collected through content analysis and interview methods. The study analysed 704 news stories published on the first three pages of Habari Leo and Mwananchi newspapers. The analysis involved 330 news items published in HabariLeo and 374 in Mwananchi newspapers over a period of 70 days from election campaign commencement to results announcements. Only news stories published during 70 days of general election campaigns were taken into account. Also the study interviewed 8 journalists, 2 newspaper editors and 5 media studies experts. The findings suggest that print media missed to dispassionately source the 2015 general election coverage. Habari Leo by 30.60% was behind Mwananchi by 57.7% for publishing objectively sourced news stories. The findings also indicate news sourcing in main sources, age wise, gender wise and places of story origin; subjectivity was detected in the assessed hard news articles. Though some political news stories were commendable as they represented sources’ viewpoints, at large media parroted voices from sources with only simple analysis, lacked own initiatives and thus missed to present issues over politicians. Despite the positive presentation of news sources print media missed to eliminate all elements of negativities. Worse, personalities dominated rather than themes (issues). Thus it was not difficult to make effectively.