PhD Theses

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Browsing PhD Theses by Author "Bagile, Astronaut Rutenge"

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    Behaviour formation and girls vulnerability to hiv/aids: the case of two communities of coastal regions in Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Bagile, Astronaut Rutenge
    Female youths’ vulnerability to reproductive health and sexual health challenges, including HIV and AIDS in Tanzania is attributable to many factors, with the parenting process being one of them. This qualitative study, focusing on Zogowale Village in Kibaha District, Coast Region and Vibaoni Village in Handeni District, Tanga Region, used a number of research techniques to generate the required information on the sexual behaviour formation and vulnerability of female youth in the context of the HIV and AIDS pandemic. This exploratory study used 12 Case Studies and 10 Key Informant interviews, whose participants were drawn from parents of various ages and socio-economic backgrounds as well as faith-based and formal education institutions and traditional initiation rites—and the youth themselves to gather its data for analysis. Observations and documentary review were also made to triangulate the information collected through other methods. The study established that ignorance of parents on sexuality issues as they relate to HIV and AIDS limited their capacity to tutor and influence youth sexual behaviour so as to reduce their vulnerability to the pandemic and other sexual health-related challenges. The situation was found to be compounded by the absence of formal structures in the two communities under study to prepare parents on how to handle such issues with their children. It was also established that the traditional structures, such as initiation rites, coupled with social taboos and customs, failed to provide adequate and appropriate sexuality education beyond how to practice sex particularly in marriage. The communities whose parenting processes and socialisation were gender-biased ended up feminising the HIV and AIDS pandemic, with the female youth suffering the most. In fact, the inability of these parenting institutions to keep abreast of changes in the context in which these youth live undermines their capacity to moderate their sexual behaviour within the context of HIV and AIDS. On the basis of these findings, the study recommends the development of a coherent, systematic and comprehensive sexuality education targeting parents. Also, gender-based programmes should be mainstreamed in all parenting strategies and processes. Furthermore, there should be deliberate efforts exerted towards co-ordinating parenting structures, processes and programmes. In addition, ,the nation should consider having parenting-based programmes to equip parents with skills needed to produce quality and healthy youth capable of making informed decisions on their sexual health and behaviour.
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    Poverty, urbanization and development: the case of Manzese squatter settlement, Dar es Salaam, and its impact on women.
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1998) Bagile, Astronaut Rutenge
    The primary purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the environmental and general socio-economic living conditions of people in the unplanned urban settlement of Manzese in the City of Dar es Salaam. The research formulated hypotheses to the effect that: Both poverty and shortage of housing units in Dar es Salaam are at critical levels that women and children have been adversely affected due to poor environmental sanitation and living conditions. Moreover, the hypotheses proposed that the conditionality of Housing Credit or Building loan schemes by Tanzania financial institutions are in most cases too strangest and tend to discourage people from seeking such housing credit funds. The sample consisted of eighty women respondents. Data for this study was collected using documentary research, interviews, questionnaires and researcher's observation. The main method used for data collection was the questionnaire. Based on the findings from both documentary research and data analysis, the researcher concluded that: (i) people living in Manzese squatter settlement are poor both in terms of income and lack of access to basic needs such as proper surveyed plots, housing, inadequate services such as water, electricity, recreational facilities and dumping places within or close to their vicinity; (ii) The environmental and sanitation conditions of Manzese are very poor. People have no proper cooking places, they are overcrowded hence forced to share some services such as toilets whereby the modality of toilet waste disposal is alarming; (iii) In Market areas where they obtain their daily food, the sanitary condition is very poor; and (iv) The performance of delivery of public service to the Manzese squatter settlements is very low as such people and children in general have limited areas designated for recreational activities or early childhood education. The researcher therefore recommended that the Government should review its housing plot allocation policy for Urban Residential Areas to enable poor income people to have access to plots. Alternatively, it should launch a comprehensive Urban Housing Cooperative Programme which would promote construction of houses for low cost residential houses for low income group. It is also recommended that the city should improve its urban waste management operations, the city authority should make it mandatory for house owners to construct both cooking sheds and toilets for a fixed number of residents. Lastly, the Government should help children living in squatter settlements, like Manzese, by building day care centres and kindergarten services as an investment in human resource development.