PhD Theses

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Adherence to principles of conducting competence-based continuous assessment among secondary school english language teachers and its effects on students’ attainment of competences
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Mdima, Alfred Daniel
The aim of the study was to assess the adherence to principles of conducting Competence-Based Continuous Assessment (CBCA) among Secondary School English Language Teachers (SSELTs) and its effects on students’ attainment of competences. The main problem was the discrepancy between the competences stipulated in the English language syllabus for secondary schools in Tanzania and the students’ failure to attain those competences. The study was expected to uncover the strengths and weaknesses of SSELTs in adhering to the principles of conducting CBCA in English Language subject. The literature review was done in relation to the objectives of the study. This study used qualitative approach within a case study design. The techniques used for data collection were interviews, observations, documentary reviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. The study was conducted in Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania. Six secondary schools were sampled from Dar es Salaam region with 156 respondents including 6 heads of schools, 6 academic teachers, 24 SSELTs and 120 students. The findings showed that the extent of SSELTs in adhering to the principles of conducting CBCA was low. They were not able to define the terms “competence”, and “Competence-based continuous assessment”. They mentioned few competences stipulated in the syllabus. They also identified few CBCA tools. They selected few relevant assessment tools for conducting CBCA. Further, the SSELTs could not use effectively the few CBCA tools they chose. The SSELTs assessed writing skills only. They did not assess listening, speaking and reading skills. The challenges were that, the SSELTs were not adequately trained in conducting CBCA. The curriculum reforms were done abruptly without preparing teachers satisfactorily. The irrelevant system of assessment by NECTA of examining writing skills only influenced the teachers; hence, failure in conducting continuous assessment appropriately and wholly. The study concludes that the SSELTs failed to adhere to the principles of conducting CBCA and its effect was the students’ failure to attain the targeted competences. This study recommends for the Ministry of Education to conduct short courses, workshops and seminars to train in-service SSELTs on principles of conducting CBCA and adhere to them. Lastly, it recommends for NECTA to change the format of examinations and assess all four language skills as they have been stipulated in the syllabus so as to influence the SSELTs to adhere to all principles of conducting CBCA to students.
An analysis of factors influencing motivation in learning english among secondary school students in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Frank, Julius Edmund
This study addressed factors influencing motivation in learning English among secondary school students in Tanzania. It particularly sought to investigate why students in secondary schools depicted varying levels of motivation in learning English, hence variation in their success to learn. To address the problem precisely, the study analysed learners’ intrinsic factors, goals and external factors so as to establish their influence on these students’ motivation in learning English. The study adopted multiple case study design. Stratified sampling was used to select schools on the basis of ownership, whilst criterion sampling was used to select well and poorly performing students from their respective schools; and purposive sampling was used to select teachers of English. Data were collected from 58 participants using semi-structured interview, focus group discussion, and participant observation. The data were then analysed using thematic network model and findings were presented in themes. The findings established that students have varied intrinsic factors, goals and external factors that influence their motivation in learning English. The study further established that differences in learners’ perceptions on learning English; aspirations to learn English and goals for learning English are reflected in their learning behaviours hence influence their varying levels of motivation and success to learn the language. The study recommends future studies to research on two issues, which were impossible to be addressed in this study: firstly, factors for the changing motivation in learning English among secondary school students and secondly, the influence of contextual factors on the choice and setting of goals for learning English among secondary school students.
The animal economy of prehistoric farming communities in manicalani), eastern zimbabwe
(University of Dar es Salaam,, 2011) Shenjere, Plan
The thesis sought to understand the animal economy of prehistoric farming communities in Manicaland, eastern Zimbabwe. It was done within archaeozoological and culture historical methodological frameworks by exploring diachronic as well as synchronic patterns of both wild and domestic animal resource utilization. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. Quantitative research approach was employed in archaeological surveys and excavations during data collection. Faunal, pottery, beads and other data were quantitatively analysed whilst results from ethnographic inquiries were qualitatively analysed. The research strategies were exploratory and comparative. The study has revealed that from the 5th to the 9th centuries AD, EFC’s animal economy was dominated by rearing of small livestock supplemented by few cattle as well as hunting, snaring and gathering. Later Farming Communities associated with socio-political complexity in the 2nd millennium AD had an animal economy that indicated preponderance on cattle with a few small stocks supplemented by minimal hunting. Animal exploitation trends were influenced by the environment, exploitative technology coupled up with human adaptability including communities’ choices against their belief systems and worldview. New data has also revealed that Early Farming Communities in eastern Zimbabwe date from the 3rd to 5th centuries extending into AD 9th century, a much longer period than previously thought. Stable isotope analysis suggests a wetter environment when both sites were occupied than it exists in the areas today. Faunal studies are invaluable in understanding prehistoric human behaviour. In order to fully understand economic, socio-cultural, political histories and trajectories of past communities, their use of animals need to be accorded similar attention to all other archaeological materials.
Archaeological examination of cultural interactions in the upper Nile catchment areas: 6000 to 1500 before present Kyazike Elizabeth
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) Elizabeth, Kyazike
The Khartoum Neolithic culture spread in time and space and was said to have a relationship with the Kansyore cultural material (Chapman, 1967; Robertshaw, 1982). This thesis makes an archaeological examination of cultural interactions in the Upper Nile catchment areas in the period 6000-1500 BP. Specifically it made a comparative study of the Ugandan Kansyore sites (Nsongezi, Kansyore Island and Island of Deserters) and Khartoum Neolithic sites in central and southern Sudan such as Lokabulo, Itohom, Jebel Kathangor, Shaqadud and Esh- Shaheinab. The study examined the credibility of diffusion and migration theories as previously used to explain how cultures of Africa were formed and developed with the assistance of trade and ecological theories to examine the state of cultural connections and affinity in the Upper Nile catchment areas. This involved examination of cultural material like pottery decoration, vessel shapes, and fabric; lithic typology, and faunal remains. The aim of the study was to examine cultural connections and affinity to trace correlations in the Upper Nile catchment areas. In this investigation, the study employed the basic archaeological field methods, which were survey and excavations but also utilised written records especially the ancient historical records and ethnographic inquiries. The findings included; lithics, ceramics, faunal remains, metallurgical remains, red ochre, daub pieces, and charcoal samples. The results from the study showed that affinity existed as traced from pottery, lithics, and the faunal remains in the Upper Nile catchment areas. The absence of domesticates in Kansyore sites did not necessarily imply these were not Neolithic sites as indirect evidence could be obtained from the presence of grinding stones and pottery abrasion hence we could talk about the Neolithic outside the rift valley. Rouletted pottery dated 2710±44 BP implies that rouletting started in the Neolithic period though chronometric dating suggests that Kansyore site is younger compared to the Khartoum Neolithic sites. Despite the absence of exotic material to support trade as a means of cultural interaction ancient historical records indicate that Egypt traded with Punt now accepted to be in East Africa (Chami, 2006, Kitchener, 2004). The study also identified wavy line pottery. The study concluded that cultural affinity existed in the upper Nile catchment areas and hence the Nile was not a cul de sac. Though movements existed in the past at times people were not mere migrants for example the Egyptian deserters who moved for war purposes. Diffusion is not a one way colonial relationship from north to south as the aqualithic culture suggested diffusion from the south to the north.
Are highand Lunguru and lowland Lugulu district dialects?
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Moses, Godian
Although studies on various aspects of language are conducted on one or several varieties of language, the dialectology of most the African languages has not yet been established. Scholars have been giving a generalised observation with regard to dialectology of languages. This study was developed to question the general observation of dialectology of the Lugulu language, stating that Lugulu has two main dialects: the Highland dialect and the lowland dialect, Methodologically, based on the4ir geographical altitudes, from the Higland locations I selected Bunduki, Kikeo and Kinole while the Lowland locations I selected Mzinga, Mlali and Doma. The study compared the lexicon and the phonology of the highland and lowland locations to identify their dialectal variations. In the process, the researcher used 272 word: 100 words of Swadesh wordlist and 172 randomly picked from Petzell and Hammastrom (2013). The words were uploaded on GabMap and then the Blair method was manually used to identify lexical variation. The findings show that some highland locations were more similar to the lowland locations that to their counterpart highland locations, so do the lowland locations. Thus, the categorization of Lugulu into Highland dialect and lowland dialect did not reflect the established dialectal variation of the Luguru language, We recommend that more through studies need to be conducted especially on the impact of borrowing on dialectal variation.
Aspects of biology, ecology and fishery of the bigfin squid sepioteuthis lessoniana (lesson, 1830) in Kenya
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Mwonjoria, Francis Murage
Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1830) occurs along the coast of Kenya from Vanga ordering Tanzania to Kiunga bordering Somalia and supports small scale fishery. Sea surface emperature, chlorophyll-a, wind velocity, rainfall and salinity were related to fishing records from 2001-2010. Fishery data were obtained from Fisheries Department and artisanal fishermen. Physico-chemical data were from satellite data (“oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3”website), Kenya meteorological department and in-situ measurements. Shimoni recorded the highest average landing of 119.6±78.6mt and Lamu recording the lowest of 8.2±5.0mt. Average catch per unit effort (CPUE) was 6.7±4.1kg/man/hr with the highest in Kilifi recording 11.3±9.8kg/man/hr and the lowest at Lamu at 3.7±2.6kg/man/hr. Rainfall and sea surface temperature had significant positive correlation with squid catches while wind velocity had significant positive correlation with catch per unit effort (CPUE). Annual average value for harvested squid was Ksh 12,315,389±5,608,761 with the highest of Ksh 21,587,548 recorded in 2007 and the lowest of Ksh 5,826,216 in 2002. Length/weight relationship for males was: Log10W = 0.336+2.233Log10L; for females was Log10W = 0.565 + 2.412Log10L. Dorsal mantle length had a linear relationship with age (DML=0.093(Age) + 0.667) and a polynomial relationship with weight (Weight =0.002 (Age) 2.28. Asymptotic length (L∞) was 34.1cm, population growth coefficient (K) 0.82/yr, growth performance index (Ø) 2.98/yr, (t0) -0.18913, which were consistent with other regions. Total mortality (Z) was 2.49/yr, natural mortality (M) 2.01/yr, fishing mortality (F) 0.48/yr and exploitation rate (E) of 0.42/yr differed from other regions. Sex at maturity L50 was 20-21.9cm for both sexes while fecundity was 20-1160 eggs and spawning from July to January and recruitment from February to June. Gears and methods that minimize recruitment overfishing should be encouraged in the south coast whereas gears and methods that minimize growth overfishing should be encouraged in the north coast. Correlation between environmental data with catches and CPUE relates well with fishermen’s oceanographic knowledge, accentuating the potential of incorporating such knowledge into evaluations of the squid fishery management.
Aspects of Ki-Bena phonology: the case of Ki-Mavemba variety
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1989) Chaula, Egidio H. Y
This study examines some phonological aspects of the Ki-Bena language, taking Ki-Mavemba variety as a case study. The study is organized in five chapters. Chapter one introduces the problem area. It shows the geographical location of Ki-Bena with its main varieties (dialects). Further, the significance and scope of the study are also stated here. In addition, the literature review reveals that this language has been less studied. In fact, some of the varieties, Ki-Mavemba included, have not been studied at all; thus, remaining undescribed. The theoretical framework adopted (i.e. generative phonology GP) is also briefly discussed here. The sound system of Ki-Mavemba is examined in Chapter Two. The sound inventory, the phonemes as well as the morpheme structure conditions are identified. The study reveals that this sound system is typically Bantu. The phonological processes affecting vowels are examined in Chapter Four. The study reveals that these processes are natural and take place in order to accommodate the phonetic an morpheme structure conditions of the language. Further, the study reveals that processes take place at morpheme/word boundaries. Chapter Five summarises the findings and concludes that although the findings have widened our knowledge on the phonology of Ki-Bena, it is not exhaustive, therefore more research is required.
Assessing the determinants of forest change and their impacts on community livelihood in Ngezi area, Micheweni district, Pemba, Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Zahor, Zahor Khalifa
The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of forest change and their impacts on the community livelihood in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest area, Pemba. To accomplish this, the study was conducted in ten villages namely Jiwemoja, Tondooni, Makangale, Kijiji, Mkia wa ngómbe, Kibatini, Gombani, K/kwa mmanda, Bandari kuu and K/Kipangani. A total of 219 respondents which is 18% of the entire population in the study area were selected as a sample to represent the entire population. To investigate the forest change in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest area, the study mainly employed the participatory approach using Participatory Mapping technique. Other data collection techniques involved were semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and field observation. The target groups included the forest communities living in and around Ngezi Vumawimbi forest as well as government forestry officials at both local and national levels. Both spatial and non-spatial techniques such as Microsoft Excel, SPSS and GIS were used to analyze the data while tables, graphs, charts, boxes and maps were used to present the findings. The results of this study show that socio-demographic factors such as household size, income, educational level, marriage and occupation have substantively influenced the occurrence of deforestation and forest degradation in Ngezi Vumawimbi area. In addition to that the study findings showed that increasing population, in-migration and poverty, low level of livelihood options, poor technology and low level of education continue to affect Ngezi Vumawimbi forest reserve. Furthermore, the study reveals that the local residents have recognized the negative change of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest. They described that large part of the forest have been replaced by houses, roads and agriculture. Alongside this, they understand that some of plant and animal species such as milicia, erthophloem, phonix leaves, chesi and wild pigs have become rare or almost extinct. This perception is also supported by a scientific tool like GIS which shows that Ngezi Vumawimbi forest reserve and forests surrounding it have drastically changed over the years due to encroachment from human activities, especially the western and southern areas of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest. The study further shows that deforestation and forest degradation are the major ecological problems in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest area. According to the community perceptions, the observed changes of the forest were attributed to both anthropogenic factors (unsustainable harvest of forest products, sand quarrying, declining of traditional system of managing forest and some of the illegal forest practices) and political factors such as land tenure and sectarian conflicts. Forest degradation and deforestation have negative socio-economic and cultural implications to the community livelihood in the study area. It has reduced availability of various forest products upon which local communities solely depends on it. These include; food, money, wood materials for house construction and cooking. The study puts the following conclusions; there is need for Ngezi areas to shift the forest management approach toward more local participatory management. The respondents require sound management decisions that are publicly acceptable, economically feasible and ecologically sustainable. In order to achieve the everlasting solution of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest, other intervention measures were also proposed. For example, areas for socio-economic and cultural activities such as agriculture, forest products, and road and conservation are adequately discussed and their ‘proper’ location proposed. The study believes that, this strategy will contribute greatly to poverty reduction, improve the community livelihood and sustainable conservation of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest reserve.
Assessment of the role of enneagramme approach in leadership fit for sustainable institutional development: a case of higher education institutions in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Toba, Richard Donacian
Understanding and managing personality has become greatly important because they affect efficiency and employees ‘morale. Modern organizations still continue to witness a lot of leadership issues, which are failing organizations. Such issues include leaders failing to motivate as well as understand staff/subordinates, low productivity, increasing conflicts, excessive power to suppress queries, misuse of public funds, application of self-centred strategies, increased corruption, low attention to community problems, increasing violence, rising demonstrations and high turnover of excellent staff. Though it is known that strong leadership is required to modern organizations, yet many top executives hired today fail despite of the many efforts directed by various stakeholders to improve leadership. In the literature though a lot of studies have been conducted but they have not taken the opportunity to establish right processes to recruit right fit leaders to right positions. In this thesis, assessment of the role of enneagramme was studied to provide a framework that provides leadership fit to enhance institutional sustainability for continued growth of the institutions with focus to higher education. The study involved 12 universities with a total 140 respondents from the respective universities. The respondents who were randomly selected were interviewed using a survey questionnaire structure in Likert scale format. Both qualitative and quantitative data gathered from the survey were computed for interpretation using SPSS. In summary, the study revealed that recruitment of leadership-fit was a major challenge facing institutions of higher education as leadership-fit was a major problem in higher education institutions in Tanzania and this has continued to affect institutional growth and sustainability. The study suggested some examples of higher education institutional priority issues that could be considered when conducting institutional situational analysis for selecting position fit leaders for enhanced institutional growth and sustainability. Further, the study recommended that the proposed enneagramme based leadership fit framework to appoint best situational fit- leaders should be adopted as it may provide a long term solutions to the leadership problems faced in our modern institutions of higher education for many years. The study recommended some measures to be taken to rectify the situation. Some of the major recommendations include the following; need to review curricular and train staff on personality awareness and its effect to development; need to review curricular for secondary schools and include mandatory course on personality awareness to assist in identification of talents of young people as well as start grooming them from the right age for enhanced individual growth; need to develop and adopt procedures or processes to select leadership-fit based on issues emanating from institutional situation analysis for enhanced institutional growth and sustainability; need to develop and adopt procedures for selecting leadership-fit team with matching chemistry for enhanced institutional growth and sustainability and lastly the need for institutions to revisit and re-establish their societal vision as a basis to review relevancy of their institutional mission and vision as well as institutionalize means to recheck and monitor institutional growth and continuity through her stakeholders in a more in a sustainable manner.
Changing nature of Kauraye youth group activities in the post-independent Katsina, Nigeria (1960-2013)
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kankara, Ibrahim Sani
Negative activities among youth groups have remained a phenomenon in the developing countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa. This thesis focused on the activities of such group, the Kauraye in post independent Katsina state, Nigeria. While the activities of this group in pre- colonial and colonial periods were considered as prescriptive and contributory to the general development of the society, their activities in the post-independent period are considered as proscriptive by the state and the public. This study explored the nature and socio-demographic status of Kauraye and the factors that led to the change in the nature of their activities in postindependent Katsina. Thus, the study has adopted multi-theory approach and mixed research method in data collection in order to explore the changing nature of Kauraye activities. The activities of Kauraye youth in Katsina from the period of Nigerian independence were not so pronounced until the return of democracy in 1999. Their activities have been identified as one of the major social problems bedeviling the state. The findings of the study indicate that activities of Kauraye in postindependent Katsina State are mostly associated with thuggery in party politics, local vigilante, participation in traditional ceremonies and public harassment of innocent citizens. The use of arms, charms, special weaponry, sale and consumption of drugs are also identified as among the major contributory factors to the prevailing picture of Kauraye. This thesis therefore examined the changing nature of their activities, contributory factors and impact of those activities. The work further examines the social characteristics of Kauraye groups located in different location of the state. The study has made some contribution to the empirical research by adopting mixed research method. As part of its recommendations the research observed that in order to understand the nature and activities of Kauraye in post-independent Katsina, there is the need to underscore the role of differential association, conflict and structuration theories. It also suggests the re-organisation of the social structure of the Nigerian state in order to prevent the political elites from using this youth group as a means of capital accumulation and manipulation of political parameters. The study also recommends that state and local governments in Katsina should come together to improve and address developmental needs of their people and that failure to address issues related to infrastructural development, poverty and economic matters greatly worsens societal conditions, thereby creating a resentful youth population that is vulnerable to negative activities. Improving the conditions of living of these youth in the state will help in curbing the culture of over-dependence on political elites by this army of unemployed youth.
Civil society and the pursuit of peace: the dynamics of conflict transformation in Zanzibar
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2012) Ramadhani, Lupa
This thesis uses the Zanzibar case to analyze the role of civil society organiza¬tions in conflict transformation in divided societies. Developing and adapting ideas from traditional conflict resolution approaches, the thesis shows that conflict transformation, as opposed to conflict resolution and conflict manage¬ment, deepens sustainability of peace in divided societies. It outlines a theo¬retical framework for understanding the evolution of the relationship between the state, conflict and civil society. The thesis reviews the post-1990s elections in Zanzibar to explain why the same party system that reflects conventional political differences in Mainland Tanzania is associated with deep political divi¬sions in Zanzibar. On deeper analysis, what appears as merely post-electoral rioting has in fact most of the characteristics of deep-set conflict. The political divisions are superimposed on deeper racial/ethnic divisions embedded in terri¬torially-defined horizontal inequalities (political and economic). These in turn have resonances with very brutal periods in Zanzibar and African history (par¬ticularly the slave trade). The thesis traces the roots of identity construction and change, arguing that, although frequently overlooked by analysts of Zanzi¬bar politics, identity and the politics of belonging are crucial to conflict trans-formation in Zanzibar. Therefore, the dynamics of identity construction and identity change are systematically studied in Zanzibar in exploring the nuances and machinations of the working of the state, in the light of the former region¬al and global strategic importance of Zanzibar, and how its decline informs the conflict. The results are in line with observations of theorists of social capital: the more the state suppresses the civil society organizations, the higher the levels of societal tensions and the higher the potential for conflict. As such, part of the failure of peace agreements in Zanzibar is directly related to failure to articulate society as an integral part of the process.
Class, capital and state in colonial Swaziland c1850 - 1948
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1988) Mlahagwa, Josian Reuben
The history surrounding the emergence and metamorphosis of the Swaziland social formation is deep and complex. The moulding of a unitary nation with a single language and a hegemonic culture under a widely recognised dynastic ruler in less than a century; the struggles geared at maintaining the independence of the nation against the upheavals associated with the Mfecane; the encroachments of the forces of capitalism, particularly in the form of a hunt for consessions; the response of the Swazi rulers to those forces and their eventual subordination to colonial and global capitalism, despite their show of resilience in that situation; the impoverishment of the peasantry and proletarianization of a sizeable proportion of the population in the wake of the partition of the country and the operation of south African mineral capitalism; the protracted efforts of the colonial state to disentangle the mess created by the concessions onslaught so as to facilitate effective and profitable exploitation; the history surrounding these themes is very rich and the telling of that story is a noble task, though not easy. Despite this rich history, quite out of proportion to the territory's size and population, it is only recently that scholars have started reconstructing and synthesizing it. This study attempts to make a contribution to the reconstruction of that history along the above stated themes. Swaziland was created by a refugee society on the run. The emergence of strong states in the aftermath of the Mfecane is a familiar theme. But the uniqueness of Swaziland lies in the fact that it was the only state that carried the process of integration to a maximum, leading to a unique uniformity of culture. The military establishment (amabutho) and the homestead played a crucial role in promoting and maintaining the dominant production relations. While the homestead formed the basic unit of production the amabutho contributed to the process of accumulation, mainly through plunderand military incursions. Different forces were brought to bear upon the Swazi state which eventually led to its demise. Such forces were European settlement, the dynamics of merchant capital, concession capitalism, Anglo-Boer rivalries which culminated in the Anglo-Boer war and the consolidation of British colonial rule. The British colonial state emerged as the skilful manager of sharp contradictions within Swaziland. In its effort to consolidate itself and to effectively discharge its responsibility as overseer of c apitalist penetration the colonial state endeavoured to balance conflicting interests, the Swazi aristocracy, settler farmers, mining interests, and the Union of South Africa. Skilfully, the colonial state succeeded to control the finances of the Swazi royalty, partitioned the territory for effective exploitation, curtailed the judicial powers of the Swazi ruling aristocracy, broke the neck of the monopoly concessions, streamlined mining interests, intervened in the acquisition of labour, and successfully handled the issue of incorporation into the Union of South Africa. Indeed, it turned out that the colonial state became the chief beneficiary of that process since it emerged as the biggest capitalist' landowner. The picture which emerges out of all this is that the colonial state did succeed to resolve serious contradictions in the overall interest of a peaceful subjugation of the Swazi and of capitalist penetration and consolidation in Swaziland.
Commercial Rice Farming and Economic Well Being of Peasants: the case study of the Usangu Plains -1945-200
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2003) Ambindwile, George Katoto
This study examines the impact of commercial rice farmig on the peasants economic wellbeing in the Usangu plains between 1945 and 2000. The main assumption of the study is that, the development of capitalist production in the Usangu plans had an impact on peasant wellbeing and their self-sufficiency. The study used the political economy approach in explaining this relationship. It used interviews as well documentary review as the main methods for data collection. The study reveals three main findings. First, the study finds out that the introduction and development of rice production in the Usangu plans led to the rice of social stratification based on the ownership of land and utilization of labour among peasants. This gave rise to the consolidation of private family property ownership and exchange relations. Second, the study points out that consolidation of rice production of rice also led to food shortages in the Usangu plans. Peasants put efforts in the production of rice of commercial purpose and spent less time on food production. Third, the study shows that commercial rice farming expresses the exploitative nature of capitalist relations of production and that this is revealed by various mechanisms employed by capital. Peasants are exploited as labours in production as well as at the market place. The study concludes that the poor economic wellbeing of peasant in the Usangu plans is connected to the history of commercial rice farming in the area.
Communication skills course relevance and effectiveness at the University of Dar es salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Msuya, Erasmus Akiley
This study sought to evaluate Communication Skills for Arts and Social Sciences (CL 106) of the University of Dar es Salaam both in its design and impact. It was guided by three objectives, namely; a) to identify the students’ needs b) to establish the degree of relevance and c) to measure the rate of effectiveness of the courses in promoting students’ academic proficiency. The study was a program-effect case study that involved 445 students, chosen randomly. Three instruments were used to collect data, namely; documentary review, questionnaire and test. The findings showed that students had positive attitude towards and instrumental motivation for the course. There was a good number of students’ academic literacy needs in the areas of academic reading, writing, speaking, library skills, as well as students’ own wants in course content, teaching methodology, course evaluation and duration, and teaching-learning materials. The course proved more relevant to the students’ needs but was inclined towards EGP (rather than ESAP) focusing on general academic language. Also, the students had a greater need for productive skills than receptive skills. It also found out that the students’ overall baseline academic literacy proficiency was generally low. After the instructions, however, their proficiency improved more in discourse feature items, irregular verbs and in identifying citations and referencing skills. Areas proposed for further research include comparing CL 106 with other CL courses within and outside University of Dar es Salaam as well as the students’ quality of written academic English as reflected in academic papers.
A critical discourse analysis of cross examination at the high court of Tanzania in Dar Es Salaam
(University of Dar es salaam, 2013) Keya, Antoni Majembe
This study examined courtroom interaction between counsel and witness during cross examination at the High Court of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam. The objective of the study was to explore trial discourse practices in order to find out whether the distribution and exercise of agency roles at cross-examination accords lay witnesses a substantively just treatment to allow them freedom over their own narrative. The study worked on audio recordings of four case tried in the commercial Division of the High Court of Tanzania and interviews with judges, counsel and the Director of public prosecutions. Transcripts were analyzed following closely the Faircloughian method of Critical Discourse Analysis (TODA) Findings show that counsel utilize their institutional privileges to constrain witnesses’ interactional behavior to suit counsel’s desire. Counsel manipulate the interplay between primary and secondary realities to lower witnesses’ credibility. Beth counsel and judges work to maintain a distinct identity of the legal profession through a normative engagement with trial discourse. A religious adherence to the current distribution of discourse resources in the trial needs questioning if the judiciary is to be seen as an entity of the society administering law for the good of the society. Since discursive change seems hard to come by under the present circumstances, this study recommends a review of the distribution of agency roles, elevating the role of the judge beyond the administrator that he or she is in the adversarial trial today.
Development Interventions and Environmental Change in Karatu, Tanzania, 1930-1980
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Bungaya, Mayo
This study uses the case of the present day Karatu District in North-Eastern Tanzania to investigate the history of development interventions in Tanzania between 1930 and 1980 and examines their impacts on environmental change. The study focused on three major development interventions; the tsetse fly clearing campaigns, the introduction of the cash crops and settlement/resettlement schemes. Relying mainly on archival and oral sources as well as on narratives, the study examines these interventions in the context of changing historical circumstances. The study has revealed that colonial and post-colonial development interventions lead to the following impacts. First, it transformed the District from a subsistence economy to a cash crop economy which led to irreversible environmental changes, most of them being negative. Secondly, changes in environmental conditions resulted in the changes in the socio-economic development which in turn affected the living conditions of people. Although development interventions aimed at eradicating tsetse flies, opening up of new settlements for people and livestock and introducing cash crops, their implementation brought negative implications. Implementation of development interventions brought short-lived achievements in terms of food and cash crop production and environmental conservation. From the late 1960s. Karatu was characterized by series of environmental changes and a decline in the production of food and cash crops. Deforestation and soil erosion became common environmental problems. This dissertation elaborates on these changes and relates them to the socio-economic and political forced behind them.
Developmentalism and its failings: Why rural development went wrong in 1960s and 1970s Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2003) Schneider, Leander
The central puzzle addressed by this study is the remarkable persistence of development agents, be they state officials or otherwise, in their pursuit of often ineffective or even harmful development policies. I contend that most existing approaches to explaining this phenomenon and concomitant developmental failures rely far too exclusively on a strategy of asserting that development policies ‘fail* because they are typically usurped for unstated exploitative purposes. This study demonstrates that such an argument does not fit the Tanzanian record, suggesting also that the broader universe of cases might warrant a re¬examination. The study’s main empirical focus is the pillar of rural development policy in 1960s and 1970s Tanzania, the forced ujamaa/villagization program that culminated in the mid- 1970s and - according to official claims - resettled 70 per cent of Tanzania’s rural population into ‘planned villages. I seek to understand this policy and its problematic dimensions and failings as the product of what I call ‘developmentalism. At the toot of developmentalism lies state elites’ strong sense of developmental mission and their unshakable conviction that in this mission they, as competent developers, confronted ‘backward’ rural masses. This study centers on an examination of these developmentalist imaginings and hierarchies. Developmentalism’s most critical effect was that it apparently blinded Tanzanian developers to the fact that they often pushed initiatives with wholly inadequate forethought and preparation- As they read the rural populace as backward, ignorant, and in some instances indeed ‘savage*, riding roughshod over the often legitimate concerns of rural people - in the name of their development - seemed palatable to the interveners. I show through a series of micro-historical studies that coming to grips with developmentalism and its roots and effects is essential to an adequate understanding of the initiation and persistence of foiling rural development policies in Tanzania. Through a close-up focus on agents and actions within their historical, social, and discursive matrices, this study seeks to produce an ethnography of the Tanzanian state in development.
Discourse analysis of gender-based violence in contemporary Kiswahili Fiction: a case study of selected novels of the past three decades (1975 - 2004) and Young Tanzanians9 Interpretations
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) Mosha, Ernesta Simon
This study focused on indirect exposure to violence against women by examining the discursive construction of gender-based violence in Kiswahili novels. While there have been numerous studies on violence in the mass media and its possible effects on young people, limited research has focused on the role of violence in novels, particularly those written in the African languages. Since novels comprise a significant form of media in Tanzania and are particularly influential in the lives of young people, this study examined how novelists employ dominant discourses of gender-based violence to depict perpetrators and victims of violence against women, and the way young Tanzanians make sense of these textual constructions. Drawing on feminist poststructuralist and audience reception theories, this study combined textual analysis of Kiswahili novels with empirical research into their reception. A sample of 15 Kiswahili novels, published between 1975 and 2004, was analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis to uncover the strategies novelists employ as they reflect, reproduce and sometimes challenge dominant discourses of violence against women in their novels. Focus group interviews were then conducted with 72 high school students in order to ascertain how they understood and responded to depictions of gender-based violence in Kiswahili novels. The composite model of modes of reception was used to analyse their responses as they affirmed, questioned, and critiqued the novels’ depictions of gender-based violence. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with six Kiswahili teachers to understand the relationship between the textual construction of gender-based violence and broader social/cultural practices, and to identify potential ways of using novels in school settings as part of wider efforts to end violence against women in Tanzanian society. Analysis of the textual representation of gender-based violence in Kiswahili novels showed that the dominant male power of the perpetrators was the main reason offered for the violence against women depicted in the novels. However, cultural practices, poverty, alcoholism, male sexuality and uncontrollable jealousy were also foregrounded as factors promoting violence against women in Tanzanian society. Furthermore, while some novelists seemingly raised these factors to exonerate perpetrators from responsibility for their abusive actions, others punished the victims of violence for not complying with accepted social practices. By rearticulating discourses that exonerate abusers while punishing victims, the textual representation of gender-based violence in Kiswahili novels generally failed to challenge the dominant discourses that maintain oppressive social relations in Tanzanian society. The interview findings supported the conclusions drawn from the textual analysis, and showed that the textual depiction of violence against women is influenced by cultural practices. Respondents also argued that problematising discourses that sustain violence against women and emphasising alternative ways of understanding gender-based violence would offer different subject positions to girls and women who experience abuse in Tanzanian society. In summary, this study illustrates the importance of authors drawing on alternative and critical discourses when representing violence against women in novels, and it also supports the contention that using novels as an education tool in school settings to raise awareness about gender-based violence would usefully contribute to wider efforts to end violence against women in Tanzanian society. To that end, a model for curriculum intervention is also presented.
Drama as a means of education in Africa
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Leshoai, Benjamini Letholoa
Contemporary African educators have advocated for the elimination of the colonial inherited educational models and to replace them with a system relevant to the needs of Africa. There can be met by directly referring to the entire background of her experience, particularly with reference to the system of aesthetics and pedagogy. True education trains and clients’ the senses and therefore the African background constitute the staple reference to the education of her youth. Since the African is surrounded by an artistic world, the burden of this dissertation is to illustrate through analysis and comparison and concrete examples what drama has been and still remains the most immediately effective method of instruction. True and lasting education actively involves the learner in the learning process; and drama prepares the ground, defines the goals for experimentation and eventual execution. The study embodies results of research through interviews, library and archival work in various parts of Africa, and an analysis of traditional and modern African performing arts. The subject is extensive and demands an acquaintance with the entire range of aesthetics and pedagogy on the continent. Tempting as it is to range so far and wide, this study limits the scope by focusing on those societies in Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia and southern Africa of which I have personal experience and adequate knowledge. The dissertation is not a description of current practices in education, nor is it on evaluation of the role of the performing arts, but is an attempt to re-orient and re- direct creative and pedagogical endeavors so as to narrow and minimize the gap that exists between artistic expression and educational practice. Consequently, the study is structured to reflect the ideas and suggestions behind it with the purpose of stimulating a purposeful debate among practitioners of creative dramatics in education. The first chapter reflects the ideas and thoughts of African scholars seeking to Africanize education so that its content and methods will be relevant to Africa’s religious, social, economic cultural and political aspirations. The second chapter examines and analyses the literature of scholars and creative dramatics with the view to reveal their convictions and beliefs of the utility and role of drama in traditional and contemporary education. That there are similarities and differences in the African and western concepts of drama has been established therefore chapter three discusses primarily the concept of African drama and its role in the education of the youth. There is a close relationship between chapters four and five which both discuss the traditional, contemporary and transformed dramas to illustrate their use in the education of young people. The concluding chapter attempts to suggest new areas of research linked with drama. The references used in the study and the additional select biography are intended for the benefit of aspiring and practicing creative dramatists not withstanding limitations in the study, positive principles emerged from it. Drama in education develops in the child self- confidence and poise lasting education in through active participation, and the successful transformed African traditional drama has great potential in various educational programmers for those adventurous and enterprising creative practitioners.
Engendering the history of pottery industry in Tanzania a comparative study on the Kisi and Pare, 1930 – 2000
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Mteti, Shakila Halifan
The study investigates the history of pottery industry in Tanzania from 1930 to 2000 from a gender perspective using a comparative case study approach. The main objective has been to engender history of pottery industry among the Kisi of Southern Highland along Lake Nyasa and the Pare of Northeast Highland of Tanzania by examining the social, economic and technological changes on pottery industry as well as its gendered impact. The two groups have been selected on the basis of their impressive records on pottery making from the pre-colonial period to the present. In attempting to achieve the study objectives, qualitative research instruments including interview, observation and archival as well as consultation of the secondary data were used in collecting information presented in this thesis. Overall, study findings reveal that since time immemorial, women were consistently making substantial contributions to the development of pottery production in the two communities. More specifically, the study findings indicate that through learning and control of major aspects of pottery production and subsequent income from pottery sales, women were changing their social position within the community and changing the economic position of their families. On the other hand, men’s engagement with the pottery industry was sporadic, and highly determined by economic gains accruing from various pottery making processes. The study also shows that although both men and women played important gender roles in the pottery industry between 1930 and 2000, women’s roles were more taxing and crucial as they engaged more in adapting changes according to the changing socioeconomic and technological aspects than those of men.

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