PhD Theses

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Socio-cultural setting, Political Dynamics and provision of Social Welfare in Colonial Zanzibar , 1890-1963
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2020) Ali, Mkubwa Shaali
This study analyses the influence of socio- cultural and political dynamics in shaping the development of social welfare services in colonial Zanzibar. It was inspired by notable research gaps in the extant literature on the provision of colonial social welfare. The existing literature is silent on how the socio-cultural and political dynamics influenced colonial social welfare and how the local population reacted to it. In an attempt to fill the gaps , the study uses a multidimensional conceptual approach and employs the qualitative method of data collection and analysis. This study argues that the dynamics driving the colonial state, the pre-existing waqf institution and the traditional social welfare practices in Zanzibar society greatly influenced the provision of colonial social welfare. The colonial government ‘s early interventions were mostly influenced by the laissez-fair policy, and they did not involve any significant initiatives to develop social welfare as it is conventionally known. The introduction of colonial development Act in 1929 saw the colonial state abandoning its laissez-faire policy, but this Act fell short of addressing the basic social welfare problems. The subsequent introduction of a colonial development and welfare Act in 1940 was a turning point in the development of social welfare as the Act support a number of social welfare initiatives. The state also intervened directly in the Waqf institution, which negatively altered its traditional role in welfare provision. Colonial welfare policies and practices also shaped the pre-existing inter-racial relations. There was also active agency of local communities in shaping the development of social welfare. The study adds new knowledge to the historiography of social welfare in Africa by bringing together socio-cultural and political forces and showing their interplay in shaping welfare policy and practices.
Language use for self-legitimation and other- delegitimation in Tanzanian presidential campaign speeches
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2020) Mathayo, Kelvin
This study examines four campaign speeches given by former president Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete of Tanzania and Dr Wilbroad Slaa on the campaign trail in 2010 to find out how they used language for self-legitimation and other-delegitimation purposes. Specifically, it analyses the linguistic and contextual resources the two candidates deployed to legitimate themselves. It also looks at how president Kikwete and Dr Slaa used negatively valued rhetoric-linguistic strategies to delegitimate each other. Moreover, it analyses data collected from some of the target audiences to determine their views in their on the function of the candidates’ strategies. The four campaign speeches analysed in this study were obtained from the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC). The other data set was collected in the districts of Kinondon, Nzega, Same and Tandahimba using focus group discussion. This study is grounded in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) , specifically in Theo Van Leeuwen’s version of CDA which comprises four strategies of legimation; authority, moralisation, rationalism and mythopoesis. The strategies may also be used to do delegitimation work. The findings of the themselves and delegitimate each other. Each candidate showed that he was the right person to lead the country and that his opponent was not. However, Dr Slaa articulated his plans without talking about how he would implement them. Besides using the linguistic strategies for self-legitimation purposes, the candidates exploited the context in which their speeches were embedded to influence Tanzanians’ thinking on them and on the political parties on whose platforms they were running for president. Furthermore, some of the above-mentioned strategies was geared towards self-legitimation and other-delegitimation. Others noted that, in using the strategies, the candidates’. Were lying or seeking to serve the country and its people. Moreover, arguments/pledges and other factors influenced the participants’ voting decisions. Finally, since this study has examined only campaign speeches, it is recommended that a study incorporating campaign speeches, images and music should be done to find out how self-legitimation and other-delegitimation are done through them. It is also important to impart discursive, campaign-related education to Tanzanians so that they can make the right decisions during elect
The nanga epos of the bahaya
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1986) Mulokozi, Mugyabuso mlinzi
This thesis sets out to define the nanga epos of the bahaya of Tanzania as a specific example of the African oral epic.It starts from the premise that the nanga epos is an oral performance which exists only as a momentary esthetic event, not as a fixed, permanent text. As such, its occurrence, its content, and indeed, its final is ultimately determined by the social-historical and performance context. The interaction between this con-text and the content and formal aspects of the verbalization of the epos gives us three sets of epos characteristics namely; the contextual characteristics, the content characteristics, and the formal characteristics. The contextual characteristics operate at two levels; the macro-contextual level and the micro-contextual level. The macro-context is the social-historical situation pertaining to the origination and subsequent performances of a given epos. For feature acknowledges the primary role of non-literary factors in defining the nanga epos. For instance the very existence of the nanga epos tradition cannot be divorced from the rise of the Bahinda/Ba-bito aristocracy in Buhaya-Karagwe; the tradition was sustained through the warring activities and patronage of that aristocracy. The decline of the traditional social set-up. These historical realities also dictated its functions in traditional Buhaya societies. The micro-context pertains to the immediate performance situation and needs. The central features of this level are the interaction between the bard, the audience, and the social setting on the one hand, and between the text and the musical setting on the other, it is from this interaction that the nanga epos derives much of its poetic quality and impact. The content of specific epos is likewise dictated and demarcated by the macro-contextual and the performance factors. The subject matter of most nanga derive from the social-historical struggle and processes dating from the time of the Bachwezi (13-14th centuary) to the present. The process of political centralization and its antithesis; the clan and plebeian resistance, that accompanied the changes in the modes of production and the corresponding economic relations, is featured directly or indirectly in the majority of the epos.The subsequent degeneration of the ruling classes, culminating in the rise of new ruling lineges in Kyamutwala and Kiziba in the nineteenth century, is also featured in the nineteenth century epos. These social-political themes are ingeniously blended with sub-themes of a more personal nature, revolving around such existential problems as love, jealousy, the meaning of life, and problem of death and immortality. The bardic per-spectives on these issues are informed by a traditional materialistic world view.The nanga epos are thus more than fiction, they are more that myth and legend, the nanga epos are also history. They contain valuable historical data and they symbolically depict historical process.The nanga conceptualization of the hero and heroic is likewise determined by the social- historical but human, mighty but vulnerable. He lacks divine pretensions, and is not guided by the hand of destiny He can therefore only triumph by employing the tried traditional weapons, namely; his own physical and mental might, occult science and the support of his community. The formal characteristics are determined by the interaction between context and verbalization. The nanga epos derives its structure from the traditional narrative pattern it thus has a unified plot, whose lowest narrative unit is the topes, and whose highest unit is the story, within this narrative framework the utterances are verbalized through a generative process that has two interacting and inter- related levels- the preverbal and the verbal. The pre- verbal level consists of a frame of reference called a Gestalt which branches into numerous core-ideas (formulas) and core-vignettes (topes). These are in turn realized during performance as all forms and allotropes. This process is facilitated and influenced by the musical setting The musical setting has three elements; the instrumental music produced by the nanga zither, the vocal music produced by the bards voice and occasionally the audience and the percussion sounds (e.g. clapping) produced by the bard and/or the audience. These musical elements serve as poetic devices narrative markers, or content reinforcements. The musical setting interacts that constitutes the poetic experience of nanga performance. The other important poetic element of the nanga epos is the imagery is highly developed; it derives from the history environment beliefs and prejudices of the Bahaya as well as the whole gamut of their oral arts and traditions. Two types of imagery-metaphor and allusion, demonstrates how this features operates in the poetry. One obvious characteristic of the metaphors is their association of pastoral images, especially cattle and the wildlife, with heroism, manhood and the aristocracy and their association of aquatic and agricultural images with womanhood. The complex structure of the metaphors, with many layers of meaning, both denotative and connotative, testify to the artistic accomplishment of the nanga bards within their tradition Finally all these features, plus the presence of other literary and non-literary genres in each epos go to characterize the nanga epos as a multi generic, multi functional genre that is truly the encyclopedic art form of the Bahaya
The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Shambala
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Kaoneka, Salehe
The primary goal of this thesis is to describe and analyse relative clause constructions in Shambala. This thesis presents an account of the salient and linguistic properties of the relative clauses with a particular focus on the strategies which are employed in the formation of relative clause constructions. Shambala, just like other Bantu languages, employs different mechanisms in forming relative clauses. The data collected quest to see whether Shambala behaves in the same manner as other Bantu languages or these is a unique strategy in that language. The data for the study was in form of two hundred, eighty three relative clause constructions which were extracted from oral, written and audio-visual sources. The results revealed that morphological relative clause markers are the sole technique that is employed in the formation of relative constructions in Shambala. The common relative clause markers identified are –o, e-, and ndi-. The study also established that the distributions of these relative markers are triggered by the tense/aspect variations. This means that, in Shambala, every relative constructions in Shambala. The common relative markers occurs in different environments. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that Shambala relative clauses are tense sensitive. Tense distinctions in relative clauses lead to different positioning of relative markers. In unmarked relative constructions, different relative markers represent different tenses. A relative marker –o occurs at the post verbal position after the tensed –iye or –a and it is related to clauses which indicate past tense. The relativization of the relative marker e- occurs before the verb stem and after the subject/agreement marker and it denotes the present tense. The relative marker ndi- occurs with relative clauses in future tense. However, in marked relative constructions, ndi- relative constructions may refer to other tenses. In this study other research areas are proposed. Firstly, the phonological phrasing in relative clauses is an area of research which can be done in Shambala relative clauses. Secondary, the tense/aspect sensitivity deserves a special attention in a Shambala relative clause. Secondly, the tense/aspect sensitivity deserves a special attension in Shambala relative clauses.
Linguistic landscape of public health institutions in Tanzania: the case of Muhimbili national hospital
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Mdukala, Paschal Charles
This is a sociolinguistic study pursued to investigate the Linguistic Landscape (LL) of a public health institution in Tanzania. Specifically, the study to accomplish three sociolinguistic concerns-the nature of linguistic landscape of Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), the influence of linguistic landscape on access to information at MNH, and the coping strategies that are used by hospital clients to access information in the LL at MNH when they fail to understand what is written on signboards. Data for this work, which included photographs and interviews narrative from LL actors, came primarily from MNH in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A total of 225 public signs from various areas of activity at MNH were purposively sampled through observation method and 20 respondents were purposively and conveniently sampled through interview during the field survey. The current study sociolinguistic frame work by Backhaus (2005) and Spolsky (2009) which substantiates the explorative analysis of Public signs by focusing on theoretical constructs like; LL actors, language choice and preference, motive for language choice and use, and language function in the LL and the way these constructs influence access to information on the part of the reader (s) in the public space. The study employed a case study design to examine the nature of LL at MNH as a particular case and its influence on access to information. Results show that MNH’s linguistic is predominantly controlled by top-down actors than bottom up actors in which 96% of public signs analysed were top-down items. In terms of language choice and preference, three languages were more visible in the linguistic public space of the hospital –English, Kiswahili and Chinese, but English was more visible in both monolingual and bilingual signs compared to the other two languages. The language function on signs showed that most of signs were mainly disseminating information related to health promotion, administration, regulation, and rights and responsibilities. Furthermore, two coping strategies used by hospitals clients when they failed to understand what was written on signboards were identified-these are asking other fellows at the hospital and using personal experience on the area and its compounds. Results concluded that the LL of the hospital does not guarantee access to information to the majority of hospital clients due to the language patterns used on public signs.in order to improve access to information in the LL of the hospital and address linguistic needs of hospital clients, the study recommended adaptations of Kiswahili, English Language pattern or bilingual policy in which two languages are used for public signage.
An inquiry into the continued existence of challenges faced by Musicians of Popular Music in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Mwakibete, Edwin Anderson
This study investigated rationale for the recurrence of challenges faced by musicians of popular music in Tanzania. The challenges included ‗artistic ‘and ‗economic ‘ones. ‗Artistic‘ challenges were those encounters which interfered with musicians‘ artistic creativity and ‗economic‘ challenges were those which interfered with musicians‘ career economic objectives. Data were gathered in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and Zanzibar Island, through three research methods: group discussions, interviews, and observations, and then analysed qualitatively. The study used two concepts: ‗dependability of the young ‘and ‗standardization of popular music‘, to examine the challenges. All concepts argue that, musicians ‘are ‗weak ‘in making decisions and in creating their music, thus, fail to achieve and protect their artistic and economic interests. The study found out that recurrence of the challenges was due to their existed underlying causes and weaknesses in the attempts to overcome them. The causes were explored by using two concepts: ‗the power of relationships among music industry personnel’ and ‗social relations in life‘. The attempts were evaluated by using two concepts, namely ‗tactics of the weak’ and ‗industry authority‘s dominance‘. The study‘s contribution was exploration of causes and evaluation of attempts to overcome the challenges. It recommends that to deal with the recurrence of the challenges effectively, it was necessary to understand the challenges thoroughly and improve the weaknesses of the attempts to overcome them.
An inquiry into the continued existence of challenges faced by Musicians of Popular Music in Tanzania
(University of Dar es salaam, 2019) Mwakibete, Edwin Anderson
This study investigated rationale for the recurrence of challenges faced by musicians of popular music in Tanzania. The challenges included ‗artistic ‘and ‗economic ‘ones. ‗Artistic‘ challenges were those encounters which interfered with musicians‘ artistic creativity and ‗economic‘ challenges were those which interfered with musicians‘ career economic objectives. Data were gathered in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and Zanzibar Island, through three research methods: group discussions, interviews, and observations, and then analysed qualitatively. The study used two concepts: ‗dependability of the young ‘and ‗standardization of popular music‘, to examine the challenges. All concepts argue that, musicians ‘are ‗weak ‘in making decisions and in creating their music, thus, fail to achieve and protect their artistic and economic interests. The study found out that recurrence of the challenges was due to their existed underlying causes and weaknesses in the attempts to overcome them. The causes were explored by using two concepts: ‗the power of relationships among music industry personnel’ and ‗social relations in life‘. The attempts were evaluated by using two concepts, namely ‗tactics of the weak’ and ‗industry authority‘s dominance‘. The study‘s contribution was exploration of causes and evaluation of attempts to overcome the challenges. It recommends that to deal with the recurrence of the challenges effectively, it was necessary to understand the challenges thoroughly and improve the weaknesses of the attempts to overcome them.
A morphosyntactic and semantic analysis of possessive noun phrases in Kisubi
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Rwakakindo, Ibrahim Domician
The focus of this study is on the morphsyntactic and semantic analysis of possessive noun phrases (PNDs) in terms of their order of occurrence and co-occurrence constructions in Kisubi. The study confines itself to the nominal PNPs because, between the head noun (N_(1-)the possessee) and the dependent noun (N2-the processor), there are potential syntactic slots that can be occupied by different noun PNDs. On other hand, three wards (Nyarubungo, Nyamahanga and Runazi in Biharamulo district, Kagera region) are purposively selected for this study; where by six (6) respondents are selected using snowball sampling technique. Data –both quantitative and qualitative- are obtained using structured interview, introspection and Focus group Discussion; and are analysed in two different ways; on the one hand, quantitative data are analysed using tables and tree structure inherent in the phrase structure grammar; and on the other hand, qualitative data are analysed using content analysis and interlinear glossing techniques. Data analysis reveals that there is a maximum of five peripheral nominal dependents (PNDs) (demonstrative, adjective, quantifier, numeral and ordinal) in the Kisubi PNP. Of the five PNDs the demonstrative is designated as a determiner and the remaining elements are designated as modifiers. Furthermore, the study reveals that possessive constructions in Kisubi may exist in three broad categories: alienable, inalienable and neither-alienable-nor-inalienable. Finally, it is recommended that further studies need to be done in this area so as to establish if there are other syntactic slots in the nominal PNP besides those which have been established by the findings of this study. Similarly, there is a need of investigating in kisubi and other Bantu languages the structural configuration of pronominal PNPs in terms of the available syntactic slots, the number of PNPs that can be occupied by these slots and their order of occurrence.
Language learning strategies use and vocabulary knowledge among Tanzanian learners of Chinese as a foreign language
(University of Dar es salaam, 2020) Kilangi, Cyprian Tungaraza
This exploratory study investigates the relationship between the use of vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary knowledge among learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language. A total of 39 University of Dar es Salaam students participated in the study. These participants were from different degree programmes, and they were taking Chinese as an elective course. Data for the study was collected using a vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire, which was divided into discovery and consolidating strategies, and a vocabulary knowledge test, which consisted of single-character word and double-character word knowledge. The data was analysed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A comparison of the frequency of strategy use indicated no significant difference between the use of discovery strategies and consolidating strategies. A Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated a positive relationship between the vocabulary learning strategy use and vocabulary knowledge and that both the discovery and consolidating strategies were important in establishing this relationship. A further analysis using Pearson’s correlation revealed no significant difference in how single-character words and double-character words relate to both discovery and consolidating strategies. The results reveal that the participants were active language learning strategy users. This underscores the importance of language learning strategies’ use in language learning. The results suggest that the frequent use of vocabulary learning strategies contributes to the development of Chinese vocabulary knowledge among learners.
Language use for self-legitimation and other-delegitimation in Tanzanian presidential campaign speeches
(University of Dar es salaam, 2020) Mathayo, Kelvin
This study examines four campaign speeches given by former President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete of Tanzania and Dr Wilbroad Slaa on the campaign trail in 2010 to find out how they used language for self-legitimation and other-delegitimation purposes. Specifically, it analyses the linguistic and contextual resources the two candidates deployed to legitimate themselves. It also looks at how President Kikwete and Dr Slaa used negatively valued rhetorico-linguistic strategies to delegitimate each other. Moreover, it analyses data collected from some of the target audiences to determine their views on the function of the candidates’ strategies. The four campaign speeches analysed in this study were obtained from the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC). The other data set was collected in the districts of Kinondoni, Nzega, Same and Tandahimba using focus group discussion. This study is grounded in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), specifically in Theo van Leeuwen’s version of CDA which comprises four strategies of legitimation: authority, moralisation, rationalisation and mythopoesis. The strategies may also be used to do delegitimation work. The findings of the study show that the candidates largely employed the same strategies to legitimate themselves and delegitimate each other. Each candidate showed that he was the right person to lead the country and that his opponent was not. However, Dr Slaa articulated his plans and showed how they would be pursued, but President Kikwete only mentioned his plans without talking about how he would implement them. Besides using the linguistic strategies for self-legitimation purposes, the candidates exploited the context in which their speeches were embedded to influence Tanzanians’ thinking on them and on the political parties on whose platforms they were running for president. Furthermore, some of the participants (part of the candidates’ audiences) understood that the deployment of the above-mentioned strategies was geared towards self-legitimation and other-delegitimation. Others noted that, in using the strategies, the candidates were lying or seeking to serve the country and its people. Moreover, the candidates’ arguments/pledges and other factors influenced the participants’ voting decisions. Finally, since this study has examined only campaign speeches, it is recommended that a study incorporating campaign speeches, images and music should be done to find out how self-legitimation and other-delegitimation are done through them. It is also important to impart discursive, campaign-related education to Tanzanians so that they can make the right decisions during elections.
The interplay of Socio- Historical and Linguistics factors on structural borrowing from Kiswahili to Chimalaba
(University of Dar es salaam, 2018) Amani, Hamisi
This study addresses the interplay of socio-historical and linguistics factors on structural borrowing in Chimalaba. It inquiries to determine the types of structural borrowing exhibited in Chimalaba and to establish the manner in which all factors interplay to promote structural borrowing in Chimalaba. The study uses multi-factorial approach under Thomason’s (2001) Borrowing Scale, which offers correlations between factors and types of structural borrowings in terms of intensity of contact, for exploring factors on structural borrowing and the Principle of Functional Explanation (PEE) by Bakker (2008) which specifies the division of labour and causal relationship of factors to determine the interplay of factors on structural borrowing data. Data were collected through interviews, audio recordings, targeted elicitation and previously collected corpora. Data were collected from seven villages on Mgao, Mkungu, Msangamkuu, Msimbati, Mikindani and Naumbu form Mtwara Rural District and Sudi from Lindi Rural District, these are villages which are considered to be the main Malaba centres. The findings indicate that apart from previously attested structural features, more other features including derivation affixes; function words and slightly altered word order have been discovered in this study. The findings also show that there are number of socio-historical and linguistic factors which have worked jointly to advance linguistic borrowing to structural features from Kiwahili whereas linguistics factors motivate speakers to borrowing in Chimalaba. In their interplay, socio-historical factors motivate speakers to borrow structural features from Kiswahili whereas linguistics factors govern and limit the maxing up of the borrowed features and their intergration in the system of Chimalaba. They also display a clear division of labour and hierarehy in their interplay. It is recommended in this study that there is a need to carry on further investigation on semantic profile of the borrowed features to see if thei meaning and functions have been altered in the Recipient Language (RL). Also an empirical inquiry is needed to examine issues like Numeral, phraseology and pragmatic borrowing because these aspects have not been addressed
Linguistic features of persuasion in parliamentary debates: the case of the 2014 constituent assembly in Tanzania
(University of Dar es salaam, 2018) Rutechura, Florence
This study examine parliamentary debates by parliamentarians from two opposing camps on the structure of the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in the 2014 Constituent Assembly in Tanzania. The objective of the study was to analyse debates on the structure of the union order to find out the ways through which linguistics features of persuasion are employed by politicians in favour of the in-group views and in disfavor of the out-group views of the union structure and the possible social-political effects these persuasive linguistics features are likely to pose on the public. The study worked on video recordings of the debates about the structure of the union by parliamentarians, and through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) collected views from the general public. Texts were analysed by using two of the three dimensions of Faircloghian’s TODA (text and discursive dimensions), while the opinions from the FGD were analysed in the third dimension of Social practice. Findings show that parliamentarians negatively described out-group opinions, and used ethos to positively describe in- group opinions as far as structure of the union is concerned. Members of the Ukawa camp discursively employed more alternative expressions or words referring to the in-group and out –group, as well as ethos more convincingly to make their arguments more logical as compared to the Tanzanian Kwanza camp. This suggests that they had better argumentation skills to articulate their arguments in favour of their preferred three-government union structure. However, the study found out that persuasion can be hardly be effective in contents where the government in power holds different opinions from those of the persuader. Being an area of scholarly importance, persuasion can be studied from a number of discourse domains apart from political domain such as advertisement, job or career interviews, fund raising and business. Studies covering these domains from persuasive use of language are limited in Tanzania to date.
Development Interventions and Environmental Change in Karatu, Tanzania, 1930-1980
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2011) Bungaya, Mayo
This study uses the case of the present day Karatu District in North-Eastern Tanzania to investigate the history of development interventions in Tanzania between 1930 and 1980 and examines their impacts on environmental change. The study focused on three major development interventions; the tsetse fly clearing campaigns, the introduction of the cash crops and settlement/resettlement schemes. Relying mainly on archival and oral sources as well as on narratives, the study examines these interventions in the context of changing historical circumstances. The study has revealed that colonial and post-colonial development interventions lead to the following impacts. First, it transformed the District from a subsistence economy to a cash crop economy which led to irreversible environmental changes, most of them being negative. Secondly, changes in environmental conditions resulted in the changes in the socio-economic development which in turn affected the living conditions of people. Although development interventions aimed at eradicating tsetse flies, opening up of new settlements for people and livestock and introducing cash crops, their implementation brought negative implications. Implementation of development interventions brought short-lived achievements in terms of food and cash crop production and environmental conservation. From the late 1960s. Karatu was characterized by series of environmental changes and a decline in the production of food and cash crops. Deforestation and soil erosion became common environmental problems. This dissertation elaborates on these changes and relates them to the socio-economic and political forced behind them.
Are highand Lunguru and lowland Lugulu district dialects?
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Moses, Godian
Although studies on various aspects of language are conducted on one or several varieties of language, the dialectology of most the African languages has not yet been established. Scholars have been giving a generalised observation with regard to dialectology of languages. This study was developed to question the general observation of dialectology of the Lugulu language, stating that Lugulu has two main dialects: the Highland dialect and the lowland dialect, Methodologically, based on the4ir geographical altitudes, from the Higland locations I selected Bunduki, Kikeo and Kinole while the Lowland locations I selected Mzinga, Mlali and Doma. The study compared the lexicon and the phonology of the highland and lowland locations to identify their dialectal variations. In the process, the researcher used 272 word: 100 words of Swadesh wordlist and 172 randomly picked from Petzell and Hammastrom (2013). The words were uploaded on GabMap and then the Blair method was manually used to identify lexical variation. The findings show that some highland locations were more similar to the lowland locations that to their counterpart highland locations, so do the lowland locations. Thus, the categorization of Lugulu into Highland dialect and lowland dialect did not reflect the established dialectal variation of the Luguru language, We recommend that more through studies need to be conducted especially on the impact of borrowing on dialectal variation.
Word stress placement by Tanzanian learners of English
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) Msagalla, Brighton
This study investigated the degree of variation between word stress placement by Tanzanian learners of English and the native-like stress placement as well as the extent to which these learners agree among themselves on their stress assignment in English words The study was conducted at the University of Dar es salaam and it involved thirty third year undergraduate students of E English. The subjects were required to read 120 target English words both in sentences and in isolation. Results from the stress placement test suggested that, while their stress placement majority of the disyllabic words differed only slightly from the native stress assignment, the subject stress placement in trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words varies widely from the native-like one. It was concluded that most Tanzania learners of English fail to assign stress to the preantepenultimate syllable of quadrisyllabic words and antepenultimate syllable of trisyllabic verbs mainly because word stress placement in English is complex and determined by a number of constraints. The study recommended that further research should be carried out to investigate the acquisition of English stress by Tanzania learners of English from secondary schools or other universities. Research may also include other sets of words that were not incorporated in the present study.
Histtory of sexually transmitted diseases in Mbozi District, Tanzania, 1905-2005
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Sadock, Musa
This thesis examined trends in the prevalence of STDs in Mbozi district in Mbozi district in Tanzania, the forces that shaped their sprend, the discoursed on their social impact, as well as the responses of society and the government to these diseases. Rather than synchronically investigate STDs by focusing on specific populations as has been the case with many studies this study explores the history of STDs in Mbozi society as a whole over a period of one hundred years. It is argued that the spread and impact of, and the responses to, STDs in Mbozi society were determined by a confluence of local, regional, national, and global contexts, interpreting historical data by drawing on a combination of theoretical perspectives including social constructionism, political economy, agency and cultural dynamics, this study has established that the spread of STDs was driven by diverse factors, that STDs impacted on marital and extra-marital relations; that the diseases enlisted varied discourses from governments and society about their social impact; and that both government and society perceived STDs as afflictions suffered by specific social groups constructed on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender and generation. Moreover, measures taken by the government and society to control STDs recorded precious little success due to economic, social and medical limiting factors. The evidence that supports these findings was derived from archival, oral, ethnographic and enthropological sources. In studying STDs at the level of a local area of Mbozi, the thesis seeks to make a contribution to the growing body of knowledge in the field of history of diseases that links local epidemics to the wider social milieu, including national, regional and global forces and responses.
Commercial Rice Farming and Economic Well Being of Peasants: the case study of the Usangu Plains -1945-200
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2003) Ambindwile, George Katoto
This study examines the impact of commercial rice farmig on the peasants economic wellbeing in the Usangu plains between 1945 and 2000. The main assumption of the study is that, the development of capitalist production in the Usangu plans had an impact on peasant wellbeing and their self-sufficiency. The study used the political economy approach in explaining this relationship. It used interviews as well documentary review as the main methods for data collection. The study reveals three main findings. First, the study finds out that the introduction and development of rice production in the Usangu plans led to the rice of social stratification based on the ownership of land and utilization of labour among peasants. This gave rise to the consolidation of private family property ownership and exchange relations. Second, the study points out that consolidation of rice production of rice also led to food shortages in the Usangu plans. Peasants put efforts in the production of rice of commercial purpose and spent less time on food production. Third, the study shows that commercial rice farming expresses the exploitative nature of capitalist relations of production and that this is revealed by various mechanisms employed by capital. Peasants are exploited as labours in production as well as at the market place. The study concludes that the poor economic wellbeing of peasant in the Usangu plans is connected to the history of commercial rice farming in the area.
The impact of Human Migrations on the Intangible Cultural Heritage Assets at the Area of Destination: a case study of Rwandan Refugees in Ngara, Tanzania .
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Talemwa, Gaudence Nkobelerwa
Cultural heritage studies carried out in Tanzania have contributed towards our understanding of the existence , management, conservation and protection of various cultural heritage assets in the country. However, these studies have placed more emphasis on the tangible cultural heritage, while intangible cultural heritage has attracted relatively less attention, moreover, of the little that has been done on intangible heritage none has focused on how intangible cultural heritage can be impacted by mass migration, particularly refugees in the destination location. Using Rwandan refugees in Ngara District, Tanzania as a care study, this research aimed at examining the impact of human migrations on intangible cultural heritage assets at destination. It sought, first of all, to understand the geographical and cultural background of the study area and secondly to examine the refugee settlement and interactions with the host community. Based on the available information obtained through the qualitative approach which employed in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, documentary sources and non- participant observation methods, this study has come up with a number of the area are perpetuated through day-to-day undertakings of social situations and institutions. This exposes it to the influences of human migration. Secondly, ethnic conflicts in Rwanda were the source of a large number of Rwandans taking refugees in Ngara, Tanzania were with the assistance of relief agencies, the refugees were accommodated in temporary settlements and campas. The hardships experienced by refugees in the settlement and camp, together with various activities of refugees and the mere large number of their population, acted as catalysts towards the interactions between them and the host community of Ngara. These interactions paved way to the impact on the local host’s intangible cultural heritage. Thirdly, the presence of refugees in Ngara district in the 1960s and 1990s led to some notable positive and negative and effects. The positive effects manifested themselves in various domains such as the cultural values, skills connected to materials culture and religious beliefs and practices of the area. Although negative effects on the same domain have also been identified, according to this study, these do not compare with the positive effects. The study also proposes a range of ways of managing and protecting the positive effects, as proposed by the local people. In conclusion, we note that rapid movement and settlement of a large number of migrants in one locality accompanied by interactions between these migrants and the host community fan the flames of change on the intangible cultural heritage of the host community. The change can be both positive and negative. Against this background, the study then recommends various means for managing and protecting the positive changes.
An investigation of Approaches and Stratrategies in Learning English Phonemes in Tanzania Primary Schools
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2017) Lema, Benedictor Phanuel
Learning approaches and strategies are important determinants of knowledge acquisition. This study investigated approaches and strategies that pupils in Tanzania primary schools use to learn English phonemes. Two primary schools in Temeke Municipality were studied; one Kiswahili medium and the other English medium. Data was collected through classroom observation, interviews, documentary review and an achievement test administered to 60 standard two pupils. Quantitative data analysis was aided by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) , Version 18 and Microsoft Excel ; while qualitative data were analyzed thematically after transcription, sorting and organization. The study was collectively informed by the Krashe’s. theory of second language learning and acquisition, the Gudschinsky method and the Multi-Strategy method advanced by Fraclas and Stringer (1987). The findings reveal that pupils in the Kiswahili medium primary school mostly use holistic approaches and strategies to learn English phonemes while those in the English medium primary school use both holistic and analytical approaches and strategies. The overall pupils performance indicates that between 56.0% and 67.0% of the pupils demonstrated mastery of the tested abilities, on the one hand. On the other hand, a comparative analysis faavours a combination of the two approaches as the most effective approach to learn English phonemes in Tanzania primary schools. Based on the performance indicators, 67.0% of the pupils 29.3% for Kiswahili and 37.7% for English medium) could correctly recognize and articulate familiar English phonemes , but the Kiswahili medium school pupils did relatively better on the ability to recognize and articulate ‘o’ as /or/ / (32.8% against 32.2%. likewise, 62.0% of the pupils (30.0%) for Kiswahili and 32.0% for English medium) could predict English monophthongs and diphthongs using morphology as a clue. Moreover, 62.6% (28.9% for Kiswahili and 33.7% for English medium) of the pupils and 66.6% (31.7% for Kiswahili and 33.7% for English medium) of the pupils and 66.6% (31.7% for Kiswahili and 34.9% for English medium) could distinguish English phonemes in monography and digraphs. Similarly, some 56.0 % of the pupils (24.7% for Kiswahili and 31.3% for English medium) could recognize and articulate English phonemes consistently . the findings call for the need for Kiswahili and English media primary schools in Tanzania to share experiences with a view to determining the approaches and strategies that would enable pupils learn English phonemes more effectively. Likewise, pupils oral English vocabulary needs to be improved to create a more favourable environment for holistic and analytical approaches.
Holocene Archaeology of Southern Coast Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2009) Kwekason, Amandus Peter
This thesis deals with the cultural processes that took place on the southern coast of Tanzania between the Holocene times and the first millennium AD. The work focuses on the problems of peopling of the coast and their early cultures, its temporal change and spread over the littoral and its immediate hinterlands. Based on interpretive approaches, extensive archaeological survey, and excavations on thirteen sites in Lindi and Mtwara regions, the study indicates that the southern woodlands and coastal Tanzania were widely populated long before the Holocene epoch. Two phases of human activities were identified for the last millennium BC in relation to the coastal settlements. The first is the pre-pottery stone-using phase with people widely spaced in small groups, likely the continuation of Pleistocene Middle Stone Age communities. The second phase is the pottery-making phase with settled village life from about 3,000 years ago. The earliest settled tradition on the East African coast, which had already been established at Kilwa in the 8th century BC, has been identified through its Pre Ironworking Wares (PIW). This tradition which is described as Mnaida tradition is attested to have spread to a wider area of the coast before the Early Ironworking (EIW) agricultural revolution of the first centuries AD. EIW tradition of the southern coast is described for the first time. It seems to have flourished during the 4th century AD, the time corresponding to a similar development in the interior of southern Africa. Its resemblance to the Nkope-Gokomere EIW variants of Malawi-Zambia and Zimbabwe suggests an established axis of contact and high frequencies of interaction between the coast and the interior. The study also establish another settled coastal tradition described as "Proto-Swahili Ware" (PSW), which seems to have been confined to the southern coast of Tanzania and perhaps northern Mozambique. It flourished widely on the coast, especially between I1 and 13th century AD. The "Swahili Ware" tradition of the coast seems to have been derived from the former, rather than a new type spreading from the northern coast. The new data that includes pottery, lithic artefacts and charcoal for radiometric dating have been analysed and show the spatial and temporal organization of sites on the previously unexplored coast of southern Tanzania. The region seems to have been occupied for millennia by a local population, which had occasionally been moving around in response to the changing environment since Stone Ages. Finally, the Southern Coast of Tanzania is placed in its inter-regional context of early cultural development of eastern to southern Africa, an insight for further archaeological investigations on this previously ignored region.

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