University of Dar es Salaam Business School

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The applicability of financial planning and control functions to manufacturing cooperative societies in Tanzania: the case of garment manufacturing and leather products societies in Dar es Salaam and Moshi
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Mwingira, Mary J.
1.1 Definition of the problem and its significance: There is an apparent contradiction between the role cooperative societies in Tanzania are expected to play and what is actually happening. While the major objective of establishing the societies is “to promote the economic wellbeing of the members - an objective which can only be achieved through efficient operation and implementation of stipulated functions, — the societies have proved to be a burden to the members and the society. Instead of increasing productivity and advancing the country against capita ism most of the societies have been sustaining heavy losses and have turned out to be exploitative instruments in the eyes of tile members in particular and the society in general 0 Furthermore although historically there has been an increasing trend in the quantity of the societies, it has been shown that "this quantitative increase has not been accompanied qualitative improvement" Marketing cooperatives which were established so as to get rid of the Asian middlemen and thus 1. Goran Hyden "Cooperatives in Tanzania Problems of Organization page 12 paragraph 3. enable the farmers (members) to get more returns from the sale of produce were more burdensome to the members because marketing charges rose. In the case of consumer cooperatives and especially cooperative shops, incidences of shortages of capital thefts, losses and final winding up of the societies have been common. Production cooperative societies have also been characterized by inefficient operations and in their case too many stop operating because of proving to be economically unviable. In summary therefore it can be concluded that acts of thefts, fraud, general mismanagement and as well as incidences of poor record keeping and accounting systems seem prevalent in all types of cooperative societies. Most reports of auditors and inspectors of the societies stress the need for the societies to exercise greater internal control and to ensure proper administration of societies! funds. The contradictions mentioned above were noted as far back as 1966 when the Presidential Commission of Enquiry was set to probe into the activities of the cooperatives and marketing boards. The commission revealed that the principal deffects of the societies were: 1. Uninformed Membership- which reflects among other things, that books were not being kept in order and the societies were not preparing financial statements and thug enabling the members to know how the societies were running. 2. Lack of both sufficient and qualified personnel to manage the societies. This reveals the societies could not be efficiently managed by people with ability and knowhow in operating business under takings 3. Lack of democracy - which reflected that members in the societies did not have equal voice in decision making. This situation further lead to the members not enjoying equal benefits from the societies. 4. Political interference in the establishment of the societies and their registrations. This meant that societies were formed as a result of political mobilization and during this time no consideration was taken in respect of the economic viability of the societies 0 Consequently many societies were after short duration, proven to be uneconomically viable and had to wind up or continued to operate at losses. Despite some attempts to solve the problems that were the causes of the above mentioned deffects, there has so far not been any great and noticeable change in the cooperative societies today. Contradiction between the intended objectives and the activities of the societies still prevails; Recently local newspapers have reported of great problems which seem to face newly established consumer cooperative shops which were the product of “Operation Maduka” It is alleged that most of the shops which were established were inefficiently run. Most of them are characterised by working capital shortages, maintaining poor records and lacking the required pe personnel who can run the shops efficiently. In respect of production cooperative societies, it is common to find that financial institutions the banks hesitating to finance the societies because the societies fail to provide the required data which are useful in deciding on financing projects. The institution finds out that most of the societies are economically unviable and even when they are pressurized to finance them they record such funds under bad debt because they entertain very little hope of getting the funds back. Significance: Being one of the underdeveloped countries of the world, Tanzania is struggling hard to achieve economic development as rapidly as possible. Cooperative undertakings in the country are considered as one of the basic instruments in achieving this object, 170. Therefore, in order to contribute towards the achievement of the national objectives it is necessary that the prevailing contradictions have to be eliminated. Once they are established, cooperative societies must not only continue to survive, but they must also grow and improve in quality. And if the societies are to survive r grow and improve in quality then, the acts of fraud? thefts and the losses sustained as a result of inefficient operation must be avoided. The avoidance or elimination of the above basically requires proper financial planning and control. Statement of objective: As of late it has also been realised that in order to ho effective in promoting the economic wellbeing of their members and the society in general, cooperative societies have to change their structure. They have to multipurpose and production oriented societies. In an attempt to eliminate capitalism, cooperative societies have to control some of the major means of production in the country. The objective of the dissertation was to find out and to analyse the financial planning methods and control techniques are applicable in some of the already existing production cooperative societies. The main intention was to assess the extent to which the planning methods and techniques propounded by financial management theorists are being applied
The marketing of woodware products in Tanzania: the case of Tanzania's handicrafts marketing cooperation
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Mwabuki, Joseph
This study is a description of a survey of the growth and development of marketing of Tanzania handcrafts with a special reference to art wood ware products. The main theme in this undertaking is directed towards the marketing activities of Tanzania Handicrafts Marketing Corporation Limited (the off spring of the defunct National Arts of Tanzania limited) both at domestic and international level. Added to this is the study of the process involved in producing the products in question, the problems of the industry faces, the conclusions and recommendations based on their significance in the cultural and economic life of the people and the country as a whole. For the purpose of this study the survey method was used involving desk research (library and official documents) and field research (interviews, questionnaires and participant observation techniques. The study was carried out in six regions. They catered for both internal and international (export) marketing. From each researched region two groups of producers were randomly selected for interviews. The testing of hypotheses was conducted and where applicable the statistical analysis tools were utilized. The thesis gives a historical development of the art wood wares industry ranging from the attempts to market traditional products to the marketing activities of modern wood wares. It includes the establishment of a government enterprise aiming at the socialization of the trade. It also deals with the findings pertaining to the inauguration and organization of the Tanzania Handicrafts Marketing Corporation. Essentially, it looks into the product development and the marketing activities domestically and internationally, that ie it explains how the company gets its goals produced and market. Thus it is hypothesized that the width and consistency of the product mix has worked positively to the corporations revenues. The aim of any business is to attract the market. It is assumed that the art wood wares account more for the export market than the art wood ware articles tend to be more consumer oriented than the other types of handicraft items channels of distribution, promotion financing and pricing aspects are also dealt with by the thesis. Last but not least, conclusions are made, some implications based on the conclusions are pointed out and some line of action recommended.
“The financial performance of public corporations: a case of district development corporations (DDCs)”
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Moshi, Humphrey P.B
There is widespread interest in Tanzania on the subject of public corporations. Politicians, academicians, managers and the enlightened public have all questioned the performance of public corporations. That is understandable. For within an ungrecedentedly brief historical period, about eleven years after the Arusha Declaration in 1967, 80 per cent of the economy has been under the ownership and “control” of the state. Parastatals, public corporations or enterprises have been used interchangeably in this study to mean, “Production and commercial organizations owned by the government or with majority government participation, run on profit basis, and whose accounts are not directly integrated into the budgets. In Tanzania they have penetrated each and every sector of the economy – agriculture, industry, banking, insurance, commerce, and so on. The extent and scope of public corporations in Tanzania show the important place they occupy in the economic development of the country. The urgency and necessity of economic development in the Third World countries in general, and Tanzania in particular, not only demand that the corporations need to fulfill their roles and objectives, but minimize costa with the aim of creating and increasing surplus. It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the performance of District Development Corporations (DDCs) in their efforts to realize the above. Chapter one is devoted to a general overview of public corporations with references to other Third World countries. Analysis of Accounts of parastatals: 1966-1974, Dar es Salaam, Government Printers, 1976, p. 3. Their roles, extent and scope of, and reasons behind their formation are discussed in this chapter. Management problems have been cited as the major problem faced by the public corporations. To this effect, chapter Two attempts to look at the management process in planning, organizing, directing, motivating and contributing; emphasizing the concepts which are necessary tools for managers. I though management could have been a pressing problem. Chapter three tries to develop that the problem is that of financial management in particular, rather than management in general. For this reason, the hypothesis that. The poor performance of DDCs is due to lack of adherence to sound financial principles, “ is advanced. Firstly, by developing the principles – a task of Chapter Three – and secondly, by providing it white assessing the performance of DDCs with a case study of Kilimanjaro ( now Moshi ) Development Corporation (KIDCCO), in Chapter Four. Lastly, while bearing in mind the factors behind the performance, Chapter Five summarizes the study and advances some recommendations.
A study of financial aspects in the development of small-scale industries in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1978) Kilewo, A.A
The main objective of this study is primarily to verify the relative inefficiencies inherent in the small scale industries and then, examine in detail the financial aspects and other operative conditions that have been postulated to be the major causes of failures. The study is mainly designed to find out the operative conditions and problems, hence, it has covered all aspects of their day-to-day operations including capital, ownership, income, employment, production, marketing, personnel, credit facilities, accounting records etc. Therefore although the objective of the study is to examine an integrated approach and treatment of the total conditions and problems was necessary. The data from the field study, although very limited, is an attempt to ascertain the specify financial problems encountered by the small scale units and to suggest ways and means of improving the financial function and the activities so as to attain maximum productivity and efficiency. The interview was used as the main method of data collection. The second chapter is devoted to a general background of small scale industries in the country. The present characteristics found in the operation of small scale units and the role played by these units in the industrial development of Tanzania. The Third Chapter is the centre of the discussion as it gives the finding of the study and all the operative problems faced by the small-scale units. The findings on the production function have revealed that there is basically the lack of production planning and control. The marketing section discusses the methods used in marketing and the problems these units face in this respect. There is a lack of market information system as no prior market research is done to determine the needs of the customs. The organization and personnel section gives some insight into the personnel and organizational aspects of the small scale units. It was observed that workers or members join the small scale units so as to fulfil their basic physiological needs. The financial aspects have been presented in section four. To sum up therefore, the inefficiencies found in the small scale industries are caused by several factors, of which the financial problems have been viewed by the author to be the major one.
Underdevelopment and industialization in Fiji
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1982) Prakash, Jayant
When I first wrote to the Director, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Dar-es-Salaam, seeking enrolment in the M.A. Development Studies programme, I had expressed my disillusionment "... with the simplistic, market economic models and related theories which are used to analyze the banking, financial, and socio-economic problems of my country". As I stated further "It is because of all this that I began searching for an alternative and more meaningful theoretical perspective". In explaining why I did not wish to pursue postgraduate studies in metropolitan universities or at the university of the South Pacific (USP), where I had done my undergraduate studies, I stated that "the course structures at USP remain deeply embedded within the bourgeois tradition of social science which seeks to glorify and perpetuate capitalism. The basic modes of thought and the theoretical tools generated at the USP do not help us in Fiji to analyze and explain the historical, socio-economic and political processes and problems in Fiji, and the world generally". I had further expressed the feeling that "the opportunity to stay in Dar-es-Salaam would help open up a whole new area of experience which we in the South Pacific part of the world have tended to ignore”. This dissertation is a culmination of the above expressed feelings and desires my one year’s stay at Dar-es-Salaam did provide me a very broad perspective not only academically but also at looking at the practical realities of under development. This dissertation is a beginning at looking at the Fijian economy with a new perspective. It is not as theoretically rigorous or empirically detailed as the author would have desired given more time, opportunity and an appropriate intellectual environment. It is an initial expression of the author’s experiences at Dar-es-Salaam and the intellectual turmoil that he went through. The major problematic we shall confront in this dissertation is under development in Fiji and within that industrialization for industrialization has been seen by many underdeveloped countries as their salvation from their underdeveloped state. This desire is not misplaced for industrialization could provide the structural changes and diversification that can be used to increase the flexibility of an economy and reduce dependence on external forces. However, in most cases the desired objectives are not achieved. Industrialization in most third world countries has led to further underdevelopment. The case of Fiji, as we shall analyze is not far from the general pattern. The pattern of industrialization in Fiji reflects her underdeveloped state and the policy of industrialization that she has followed leads her to further underdevelopment. The first chapter looks broadly at the theoretical implications of underdevelopment. This, one might realize, is an immense topic raising very wide polemical issues. Our treatment within a short space and time can, therefore, be only superficial. The second chapter is an attempt to bring together and present a critique of development theory as it has emerged in Fiji especially, and to a general extent in the South Pacific. It will be seen that there has not as yet evolved a theory of underdevelopment in Fiji but a theory of development. This it reflects a particular lacuna in the intellectual-ideological struggles in the Fiji situation. Consequently, the third chapter begins an historical analysis of the Fijian social formation, and its role within the International capitalist division of labour. The role of the colonial state and its policy on industrialization is also analyzed. The fourth and fifth chapters will analyze the industrial policy of the post-colonial state. The fourth chapter looks at the early post-independence industrial policy based largely on import-substitution. The fifth chapter will look at the more recent policy emphasing export orientation and its implications. In the above two chapters it will be suggested that industrialization has been seen as a solution to certain crisis facing the newly emergent state e.g. unemployment. It was also secondary to tourism. There has been no attempt to articulate a basic industrial strategy to make structural transformation and reduce dependence. The policies that have evolved are basically reactive policies based on private sector initiatives and foreign capital penetration. The sixth chapter will attempt to present a synthesis of the arguments raised throughout the earlier chapters. It will attempt to do a rudimentary class analysis to show that the pattern of industrialization that has evolved since independence is not inimical to the evolving class structure in Fiji. Basically, the methodology throughout the dissertation will be more analytical rather than empirical and based on a political economy approach which suggests an examination of economic processes and the political institutions that support them,
Market segmentation as a strategy of corporate performance
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1987) Mpaka, Prospher M
The marketing concept is a philosophy which is founded on the belief that profitable sales and satisfactory returns on investment can only be achieved by identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer needs and desires. It is an attitude of mind which places the customer at the centre of business activity and automatically orients a company towards its markets rather than towards its production. In line with the marketing concepts we have a new notion of market segmentation which is a relatively recent and revolutionary concept in business circles. Market segmentation has become a widely discussed concept among practitioners and academicians. Conceptually, a strategy of market segmentation involves the development and implementation of different products and/or marketing programmes for different components of the overall market. In other words it is based on the fact that markets and customers who comprise them are heterogeneous. However, the recognition for heterogeneity of markets, followed by development and implementation of different marketing programs for different market segments seems to be more pronounced in the more developed countries like the U.S.A. and Britain. A perusal over the available material on business operations in the less developed countries, Tanzania in particular, seem to reveal that very little effort, if any, has been devoted on this issue. This might be one of the major reasons for overstocking of some products (Mainly slow-moving goods) and shortages of fast-moving goods. Understandably, overstocking and shortages could be caused by numerous factors; for example:(1) Limited foreign exchange required for the needed imports.(2) Limited local production (Limited supply) for products which are solely manufactured locally.3) Poor distribution system by some of the NTCs and RTCs(4) Lack of research by the NTCs to identify the exact types and sizes (quality and quantity)needed by the different groups of customers for every product. Of the above mentioned factors, the fourth one seems to be more central to the problems facing the NTCs. This study, therefore, surveys the selected NTCs in Tanzania to find out if they use market segmentation and what segmentation variables they use to group their customers. The underlying point of this study is that the inherent market problems (Including shortages and overstocking of some products) are mainly due to lack of scientific market analysis (market research}. However, a point can be noted here that this study was limited only to the NTCs which are primarily concerned with the distribution function. Due to several problems like limited time and financial resources, the study could not address itself to the other aspects the producers' side and consumer preferences, which might have shed more light on these points.This paper starts by giving a summary of the historical background of the Distribution sector in Tanzania, followed by an introductory chapter in which the development of the marketing concept is traced and related to the concept of market segmentation. Also in this chapter the research objectives are discussed together with the research hypotheses and the methodology. The third chapter dwells on the various, findings in the area of market segmentation. The fourth is devoted to data presentation while the fifth chapter discusses the results. And the final section contains the conclusion and recommendations.
The applicability of the Western financial reporting systems to Tanzania (A British influence).
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1989) Mbekomize, Christian John
Because of historical background some countries have copied, with minor modifications, the financial accounting approaches that are practised in the countries with which they had colonial ties. This has been done at the expense of political, economic, social and cultural environments which should be the determinants of accounting rules in respective countries. Now these countries, Tanzania included (a former Trusteeship territory under British Administration), find themselves at a cross-roads of current environmental demands and historical ties. Which way to proceed? It is the objective of this dissertation to suggest what would be considered a suitable future direction in accounting practices for the young Tanzanian accountancy profession. The dissertation examines the development of financial reporting in Tanzania and relates it to the same in the United Kingdom. It reports on the extent to which financial reporting in Tanzania is influenced by the UK accounting system, discusses the problems encountered in financial reporting development in Tanzania, suggests some solutions to resolving these problems, and recommends what the Tanzanian accountancy profession should strive to achieve in the process of production and communication of accounting information in accordance to Tanzanian legal, political, social and economic structures. The Tanzanian accountancy profession may borrow the good elements from the British accounting system which are relevant to its own environment and avoid wholesale copying.
The effectiveness of government agencies in consumer protection
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1992) Masinga, Peter Samuel
This study investigates the performance of Tanzania Bureau of Standards [TBS] as one of the government agencies in consumer protection in Tanzania. The statement of the problem is that consumers are facing low and poor quality goods/products from local industries and Imports in the market. The research aimed at establishing the extent of effectiveness of TBS in consumer protection, also at identifying the possible causes of any Ineffectiveness of TBS in consumer protection,and so be able to suggest ways through which TBS can perform satisfactorily to protect consumers. The fundamental objectives and aims of TBS appear not to have been achieved in the aspect of consumer protection, regardless of its 15 years of age. The research was done through secondary data from TBS annual reports, record files, brochures, Acts and reading materials from TBS library. Other sources included previous research works reserved at the University of Dar-es-Salaam and relevant records from the Ministry of Industries and Trade.
The impact of externalities on the efficiency of a database management system in the National Bank of Commerce
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1994) Mtengule, Yonoh H. N
The National Bank of Commerce is the leading commercial bank in Tanzania. For the last two decades, this bank has been enjoying monopoly in the business and due to that it operated under a closed system. It has been observed that complaints from various customers receiving bank services has been an order of the day. Having liberalised the economy including the financial sector, private banks both local and international have been allowed to operate in the country. This posed a challenge to the NBC whereby improved customer services was the immediate objective to be accomplished. Therefore, the bank embarked on a computerisation programme of its entire business operations. This study empirically examined the impact of computer literacy, technical know-how (knowledge), and consumption rate of processed information on the Efficiency of Database Management System. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitatively, a theoretical coverage was made on various variables and the their relationship with the Efficiency of Database Management System was established. Then three variables were chosen for analysis purpose. Quantitatively, the log linear ordinary least square method was used to establish the strength of relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable (i.e. Efficiency of Database Management System). The findings have indicated that there is a very strong correlation between computer literacy and Efficiency of Database Management System. Also it has been found that there is a positive relationship between efficiency of Database Management System and technical know-how (knowledge). Furthermore, it has been observed that there is a positive relationship between consumption rate of processed information and the Efficiency of Database Management system. Finally the study winds up by making recommendations that are expected to be a useful input to the NBC Management. First, computer illiteracy has to be wiped out by comprehensive training of computer end-users. Secondly, the technical knowledge has to be imparted to existing technocrats and recruitment of competent ones when the need arises. Lastly, consumption of processed information has to be at a reasonable rate especially top management to facilitate feedback and controls.
The factors affecting profitability in Kibo Match corporation
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Makundi, Samuel Joel
The Kibo Match Corporation Limited (KMC) is one of the manufacturing industries in Tanzania. It is the only manufacturer of match box in the country. This study analyses the main factors that affect profitability in KMC for the period 1984-93. In order to identify the factors that may affect profitability of the company, theory and literature on some selected determinants of profitability (determinant depends on inter-alia the type of business) are reviewed. In many industries, profitability is constrained by falling productivity. However, in KMC there are contradicting trends between that of falling productivity and that of increasing profitability for the period 1984-93. The problem area of this study therefore, is to identify the main factors that affect the increasing trend of profitability in the situation of falling productivity in the company. The study is interesting because profitability in the company is helpful in improving the revenue of the company itself and the government in general. The study uses Econometric (quantitative) methods of analysis using the time series data covering the period 1984-93. A single Log-linear equation (function) model using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique of estimation is used to estimate the functional form. Both Simple Linear and Multiple regression methods of analysis are employed. Four hypotheses were tested quantitatively. The hypotheses were based on the relationship between profitability and its determinants (variables) namely; Liquidity position, Capacity utilization, Equity capital, and Average price of the commodity. The overall regression results indicate that the stated variables are the significant determinants of profitability trend in the company for the period under study. However, it was noted that in Simple Linear regression analysis, Capacity utilization was negatively related to profitability, but in the multiple regression analysis it was positive as per hypothesis. A comparison of the results of the study with others done in Tanzania and abroad was done. The results obtained seem to concur with those of the studies cited. Basing on theory and empirical findings, a number of conclusions and policy recommendations toward improving profitability of the company have been drawn. The study also provides suggestions for further research given the limitations that preoccupied the study.
Capital and labour productivity in the sisal industry: a case study in the Tanzania sisal authority.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Mvungi, Maulid Omari
This study investigates the contribution of utilization of labour and capital equipment to the cost of fibre production in the sisal industry in Tanzania. It is concerned with investigating some of the factors contributing to the poor performance of labour, the tools of production and the subsequent underutilization of the resources and rising unit cost of production. The scope of the study is between 1978 and 1992. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. The primary data was obtained through discussions and personal interviews. The secondary data were obtained from the Tanzania Sisal Authority (TSA) departments of statistics and Accounts in Tanga. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. Tables, graphs and regression and correlation analysis are supplements to the analysis. Presented findings in chapter four reveals that the labour productivity had declined from 3.23 tons/man/year in 1978 to 1.06 tons/man/year in 1992. The estimated industry average was 4.39 tons/man year. The deteriorating productivity was mainly due to underutilization of labour and production machinery and equipment. There was an estimated average utilization of resources of 73.6% in 1978 and 24.1 % in 1992, in TSA. Regression results showed a strong negative correlation (r = -0.627) between the unit cost of production and labour productivity. Underutilization of resources contributed to the rising unit cost of production. It was recommended in chapter five that proper allocation and efficient utilisation of labour, and machinery and equipment coupled with other policy measures can help to revive the sisal industry.
Factors leading to unavailability of credits to small scale industries in Tanzania: a case of Dar es Salaam region.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Werema, Samwel Marwa
The objective of this study was to find out the factors which contribute to the unavailability of credits to Small-Scale Industries (SSIs) in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania. Specifically, the study sought to: firstly, find out evidence on the types of collateral security demanded by banks or credit lenders which lead to the unavailability of credits to SSIs; secondly, assess the SSIs' accounting records to see if they can contribute to the SSIs' inability to secure credits; thirdly, find out whether the management of SSIs have information on the sources of credits; fourthly, investigate whether the high interest rates lead to the failure of SSIs to get credits; lastly, find out whether the government policies contribute to the SSIs inability to secure credits from commercial banks. The study found that the absence of proper accounting records and high interest rates are the factors which contribute to the unavailability of credits to the SSIs in Tanzania. The study also found that insufficient information on the sources of credits is not one of the factors which contribute to the unavailability of credits to SSIs in Tanzania.
The Strategic Usefulness of MIS as Perceived by Top Managers in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Galilava, Richard Baptista
The study sought to investigate the MIS strategic usefulness as perceived by top management in Tanzania. An MIS was expressed in terms of the set of applications across the functional areas of an organization. Strategic usefulness was expressed in term of the information attributes of timeliness, scope, aggregation and accuracy. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations. The items included were developed from the literature. Data analysis used simple quantitative techniques such as coding, computation of mean and percentage. A qualitative approach was used in discussing the results of the research. The study proposed a strategic planning framework for MIS and a three-stage model to provide practical guidance for strategic MIS planning. Recommendations made include: development of a national information policy, collaboration between private corporations and government in ensuring access to communication and information services, application of participative methodologies for strategic MIS planning and improved MIS training for senior management.
The determinants of choice of compact cars in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Byamungu, Edwardina
The issue of transport and transportation plays an important role in social and econor development of any community. However, the investment in the sector need to balm with other sectors of the economy so as to bring the desired objectives. Tanzania, being a less developed country with lack of technology and other expert to dwell on the production of motor vehicles have turned out to be an importer various types of saloon cars. Needless to say, lack of proper national policy on slu importation make the market so heterogeneous that leaves one wondering what rea people consider before making final choice to purchase saloon cars. Three hypotheses have been advanced so as to study the situation. They are basica dwelling on three subjects. The first subject concerns financial or econor. consideration. The second subject covers the technical aspects of the products. The third subject covers non-functional aspects. In the final analysis it was found that alm all the three types/category of factors were important in saloon car purchase decision. The results confirm other studies done elsewhere which shows that functional and nc functional attributes are important in such decision but with varying degrees importance.
Conflict management in Tanzania's civil service: an illustrative case from the ministry of education and culture
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Mwaimu, A. S. Mntangi
The study explores Conflict Management in the Tanzania Civil Service in the 1990s. The study investigates factors that hinder smooth Conflict Management in the Civil Service institutions using the Teachers' Crisis of 1993 in the Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) as an illustrative case. The basic assumption of the study is that there has been ineffective conflict management in Tanzania's civil service institutions due to not adhering to the proper and appropriate conflict management procedures. The study identifies four factors and/or procedures which relate to conflict management in the civil service institutions in Tanzania, namely awareness of the existence of conflicts, joint authority-employees identification of sources or issues in the conflict, identification of relevant actors in the environment and substantive discussion of issues and options. The findings basically confirm the mishandling of these procedures. On awareness of existence of conflict, MOEC authority and/or government was not aware of the conflict (ie. the teachers' crisis) for there was no effective communication and information flow. There were no appropriate decisions and pronouncements by the Ministry authorities which could alert the government and employees on the existence of the conflict and the need for sound directives for conflict management and resolution. The findings indicate further that the MOEC did not organize a joint discussion with the teachers in an attempt to identify sources or issues in the teachers ‘crisis. This has contributed to divergent perceptions of sources and issues behind the crisis. The study also discloses that the actors who intervened in the teachers' crisis were identified collectively by the parties concerned, and therefore they lacked authority and legitimacy. The intervention proved ineffective in resolving the teachers' crisis. The research also established that the mismanagement of the teachers' crisis was by and large a consequence of inadequate discussion of issues and options in a frank manner. The government reacted emotionally and harshly to the teachers' demands without giving due consideration to their opinions and views. It is the bureaucratic rather than the participatory approach which dominated the attempt to manage and resolve the teachers' crisis. Finally, it is the contention of the study that ineffective conflict management style abounds in the civil service institutions and therefore recommend adherence to conflict management principles and procedures. This calls for conflict management training in the civil service institutions, which will have to include the democratic principles of openness and transparency.
Operation cost reduction: using operation research techniques as a practical means towards CORECU revival of cashewnuts business in the Coast region
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Kimambo, Aicha
This study has tried to point out to Tanzanian firms that, operation research techniques are effective tools in cost reduction and can be used hand in hand with the well known cost accounting techniques. The study deals with reducing operating costs of Coast Region Co-operative Union (CORECU) by using a linear programming model developed for this purpose. The problem was solved by using a computer package. The package is a professional linear programming system. The results show that the total operating cost is considerably reduced and the bank loan which Coast Region Co-operative Union use in buying the cashew nuts from farmers can be returned on time without penalty. This is a challenge to Tanzanian firms to use operation research techniques in their operations in order to have an optimal operation i.e. an operation that minimizes cost as much as possible and thus it increases profit.
Application of multiple discriminant analysis in developing a commercial Banks loan classification model and assessment of significance of contributing variables: a case of National Bank of Commerce.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Kitua, Gabriel Daudi Yona
The purpose of this study was to develop Commercial Bank's loan classification model and asses the relationship between relevant variables and existing bad loan problem. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied. The analysis was based on March 31st, 1994 overdraft loan accounts data. The classification model developed shows that there exists a linear relation between loan classification and the six variables considered. Three functions below were developed. S1=-4 . 09 +. 0001x1-. 0365x2+: 18x3+.2407x4+.017 8x5+5. 329x6 S2=-4.4335+.0007x1+.0157x2+.233x3+.253x4+1.007x5+.195x6 S3 =-5.255-.0009X1+.018x2+1.4085x3-.149X+.104X5+.556XX6 Where: S;: Loan score as estimated by function i, xl: Number of days the loan is past due, x2: Number of years the Borrower have been in the same business, x3: Borrower's cooperation and management capability, x4: Collateral, x5: Operation of borrower's account and x6: Propriety of use of borrowed funds. Groups' scores cut-off points with respect to the three functions above are shown in the table below: LOSS l DOUBTFUL 1 SUBSTANDARD + ESP.MENTIONED 1 CURRENT -2.4569 -.2846 1.8921 2.13478 -1.607 -.8705 .0658 1.4099 -1.0424 .Oll .7362 1.2606 Thus S3, for example, will signify a substandard classification if it lies between .011 and .7362. Bayesian decision making approach is applied in determining the most likely score out of three scores from the three functions. Propriety of use of funds borrowed; operation of Borrower's overdraft account; cooperation with the Bank and Borrowers management capability are important factors in determination of the quality of loan portfolio. Other less important variables are collateral and number of days the loan is past due. A variable discriminating between old and new borrowers was least important but indicates that borrowers with experience in business financed by the Bank are less risk than inexperienced customers. The model can be used by NBC loan officers in the loan review process and by Bank Examiners in loan classification of existing loan portfolio. Groups' scores cut-off points with respect to the three functions above are shown in the table below: LOSS l DOUBTFUL l SUBSTANDARD ! ESP.MENTIONED j CURRENT Sl : -2.4569 -.2846 1.8921 2.13478 S2 : -1.607 -.8705 .0658 1.4099 S3 : -1.0424 .011 .7362 1.2606 Thus S3, for example, will signify a substandard classification if it lies between .011 and .7362. Bayesian decision making approach is applied in determining the most likely score out of three scores from the three functions. Propriety of use of funds borrowed; operation of Borrower's overdraft account; cooperation with the Bank and Borrowers management capability are important factors in determination of the quality of loan portfolio. Other less important variables are collateral and number of days the loan is past due. A variable discriminating between old and new Borrowers was least important but indicates that Borrowers with experience in business financed by the Bank are less risk than inexperienced customers. The model can be used by NBC loan officers in the loan review process and by Bank Examiners in loan classification of existing loan portfolio.
The problem of cost recovery of public water utilities in Tanzania: the case of National Urban Water Authority.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Mwilawi, Didas Raphael
The objective of this study was to find out the factors which influence revenue collection or cost recovery of National Urban Water Authority (NUWA) on Urban Water Supply utility responsible for the provision of water supply services to the City of Dar es Salaam. Specifically, the study sought to: Firstly, find out whether the tariff rates have influence on revenue collection. Secondly, investigate whether the water disconnections (as a deterrent measure to defaults) can contribute to the changes of revenue collection. The main problem was that despite all revenue collection strategies and efforts by NUWA yet revenue collection has all along remained poor, unable to cover operation and maintenance costs. Financial analysis of NUWA showed a big accumulated deficit of T.Shs.20.86bn/= in 1996 from T.Shs74m/= in 1985. Furthermore, NUWA has a negative ROI which showed the poor operational performance. An econometric method had been used to establish if the tariff rates and water disconnections have had influence on revenue collection. Both simple and multiple regression methods of estimation were carried out. The study found that tariff rates and water disconnections influence revenue collection. The study also found that tariff rates have higher influence on revenue collection than water disconnections. In the light of the above findings, it was recommended that priority could have been given to set price (water tariff) according to the cost of production and also device various means of mobilising customers to pay rather than undertaking unproductive water disconnections.
Factors affecting the performance of women enterpreneurs in Tanzania.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1996) Philemon, Diana Bupe
The purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. This study was thus developed under the assumption that, the performance of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania is very low and not uniform among women groups and individuals. The literature survey led to the hypotheses that: 1. Performance of women in business is directly proportional to the level of education. That is the higher the level of education of the woman in business, the higher the profit of her business and vice versa. 2. Performance of women in business is directly related to the amount of capital injected in business. That is to say, the higher the amount of capital put into business the higher the profit and vice versa. Findings related to the hypotheses have shown that performance of women entrepreneurs is not uniform. It varies from one woman to another. Generally the findings have shown that education and capital have impact on the performance of women entrepreneurs. Apart from these two factors, other factors were explored by this study which among others included competition, high income tax rates, seasonality of demand and instability of prices. The study also found out that, other factors such as the nature and the location of the business should be considered in future research. Also a time series study could be useful to determine the growth of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania.
Pricing strategies for petroleum products in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1997) Muhula, Festo Kwesi
A major input to the economic process is energy, especially petroleum products. Petroleum product prices in Tanzania are determined mainly on the basis of political considerations, with the aim of ensuring sufficient Government revenue in the form of taxation. TPDC pricing strategies do not deliver satisfaction to both the company and petroleum product buyers. The major impact on the petroleum prices is TIPER processing costs associated with production constraints which restrict the market from operating efficiently. Three hypotheses have been advanced to describe the situation. The first hypothesis concerns, the factors affecting pricing objective. The second hypotheses concern the effect of cost-plus pricing strategies. The third hypothesis concerns effect of liberalization of Petroleum Imports on pricing. The results confirm other studies, that the petroleum product prices are affected by taxation policy; monopolistic conditions which lower distributor margin and customer satisfaction and that liberalisation of petroleum imports is likely to create competition and satisfy buyers of petroleum products.

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