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Climates of East Africa
(Fosbrooke, 1071) P. S. Pant; E. M. Rwandusya
In all developing countries, one of the major and earliest problems to be tackled is the assessment and proper planning for utilization of water resources for agriculture, human consumption and their industrial purposes.
Asa and Aramanik: Gushitie hunters in Masai-Land
(Boston University, 1196) Fleming, Harold C.
A few years ago Greenberg (1963b) called attention to the probability that the Mogogodo language, spoken by a broken pastoral people living in the foothills just north of Mt. Kenya, belonged to the Cushitic family of Hamito-Semitic (Afroasiatic) and showed special affinities with the Galla- Konso division of East Cushitic. In so doing he greatly strengthened the evidence linking the main mass of Cushitic languages in Ethiopia-Somalia and the several Cushitic outliers in Tanzania (Iraqw, Mbugu, etc.). Shortly before this, Greenberg (1962, 1963a: 49) and the present writer had inde¬pendently come to the conclusion that the Sanye language of coastal Kenya recorded by Dammann (1950) was in fact South Cushitic, rather than a “Bushman” language as some scholars had imagined.2 With Mogogodo in central highland Kenya and Sanye in the Kenya coastal lowlands, the previous sizable gap between East and South Cushitic has been appreciably bridged
The Zambezi Papers of Richard Thornton
(Fosbrooke, 1858) Zambezi, Livingstone
David Livingstone’s Zambezi Expedition is, with the possible exception of the search for the sources of the White Nile, the most fascinating interlude in the history of African exploration. It ground along for something over five years, a long time as expeditions went, subject to many stresses and strains and labouring under many handicaps; it drew into its orbit many people and influenced their lives for good and evil, and the interplay of human character and emotion exhibited during and after its existence is its most interesting facet. Its results have yet to be completely assessed. At the time it was thought a failure by many, yet much was accomplished in geography and the other natural sciences, and Great Britain and Portugal were alerted to the potential value of the Shire Highlands and the area round Lake Nyasa.The stories of many of those connected in one way or another with the Expedition have been published. With the appearance of the present volumes by and about Richard Thornton, the geologist and mining engineer, only the diaries of Thomas Baines and Charles Livingstone remain as the most important unpublished personal documents. Thornton gives another report, and from s. fresh standpoint, of that fascinating drama that was played on the Zambezi and Shire rivers. The Thornton papers are presented as a contribution to the history of the Zambezi Expedition and to that of South-East Africa, and as an addition to the source material for a book that has long been needed, a critical and definitive biography of David Livingstone.
Planning and preparation
(Fosbrooke, 1861) Fosbrooke, H. A
It seems to have been pure chance that brought Richard Thornton to Zanzibar, where he met with the Baron and joined forces with him on the Kilimanjaro expedition. After a year and eight months of freelance work on the Zambezi in the course of which he penetrated to within one day march of the Zambezi cafue confluence, Thornton decided to widen his horizons* ^Feeling from what he had seen of the structure of the continent that it would be necessary to examine other parts before he would be able to form a correct theory of its geological structure, he resolved to leave the Zambezi for some other part of the Coast, north or south, as opportunity offered* fie also wished to communicate with his friends in England, from whom he had heard nothing for nearly two years (although they had sent letters by Cape mail almost every month) an entire new outfit was also requisite.
Die mittleren hochlander des nordlichen-Deutsch ost Afrika
(Verlag Von Hermann Paetel, 1898) Werther, C. Waldemar
Wassermanged herrschu da die Dornen die Wasserausdunstung der Pflanze einschranken,die Feuchtigkeit also in derselben verbleibu.
Amendments to article on social security
(Fosbrooke, 1901) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
This is the third article of a series appearing in this Bulletin dealing with various aspects of Migrant Labour. The first by Mitchell (1958) dealt with the reasons, which motivated Africans in their movements in search of work: the second by Watson (1959) dealt with the effect on the rural economy of the departure of the menfolk. This latter article describes a situation amongst the Mambwe of Northern Rhodesia which is perhaps not general throughout East and Central Africa, a situation which permits a proportion of the menfolk to be absent without undue disturbance to the tribal economy and one which allows the industrial wage earner to return to the tribal area when the period of his industrial employment is over. ’As long as Africans,’ Watson concludes, ’have secure rights to the use of tribal land they will cling to the land, to the subsistence it provides, and to their tribalism, for -this offers a security they understand. ’ Mitchell (1958) summarizes his analysis by isolating three situations:- The first where the economic opportunities of the home area are such that the pull of home prevails over the necessity to go out and earn the peasant producer, such as the Ghagga coffee grower on the slopes of Kilimanjaro is typical of this situation: The second where the economic needs cannot be satisfied locally, nor can social needs be satisfied in the area of employment
Zur ethnographie des abflusslosogebietes Deutsch - Ostafrikas, auf grund der sammlung der Ostafrika-expedition (Dr. E. Obst) der Geographischen gesellschaft in Hamburg
(L. Friederichsen and Company, 1914) Reche, Otto
In the matter of the origin and the age of the kondoa erosion problems intersting data are available from the records of the German Georgrapher Dr.Erich Obst,who recored his observation concerning the condition of the country as he saw it in 1911/12 on the map which accompanied his articles.
Extract from Eastern Africa today
(East Africa, 1929) Joelson, F. S
No description of the Arusha district would be complete without reference to the famous Ngorongoro crater, which lies about 75 Miles west of Mount Meru, and is probably the most remarkable natural game reserve in the world.
Femine in Tanganyika, 1930-1955
(Mirian Pearson & Nick Westcott, 1930) Nicholas, Westcott
Food shortage and famine have been an age-old problem in the area now known as Tanzania. Early records indicate periodic famines during the 19th century, especially widespread and severe during the 1880s and late 1890s.
Prehistoric wells, rainponds and associated burials in Northern Tanganyika
(Fosbrooke, 1931) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
The Masai steppe in Northern Tanganyika is remarkable for the existence of water works unexplained by history and indicating that their cone tractors had a consideration knowledge of hydrology and capacity for organization.
The pierced spearhead in ceremonial use
(Fosbrooke, 1933) Fosbrooke, H. A
A pierced spearhead found In Uganda gave rise some correspondence In MAN of the 1933 and the ceremonial use of a similar type amongst the Zinza tribe or Tanganyika Territory, living some 200 miles South of the Uganda border, seems relevant.
Tsetse Clearing in Mbulu District, 1936-1952, Arusha Integrated Regional Development Plant
(Fosbrooke, 1936) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
This paper is designed to show how a large group of people whose livelihood is threatened can respond to save themselves. But they must know what the threat is, what the remedy is, and be given adequate leadership and technical guidance to apply the remedy. In brief, the people of the Hbulu District (now Mbulu and Hanang) were increasing beyond the capacity of their country to carry them. This was early appreciated Tjy the Government, as when in 1930 the Bagshawe land Commission recommended that the Oldeani-Karatu- Mbulumbulu area be reserved for the expansion of the overcrowded and rapidly increasing Iraqw. The constraints against expansion were the usual lack of infrastructure in the expansion areas - roads, water supply and social services - but the greatest constraint was the tsetse fly. For all the people of the area are cattle people, Iraqw, Gorowa, Hbugwe and Barabaig (Tatog):the first three are settled cultivators with strongly cattle oriented culture whilst the last named are basically Pastoralists wherry circumstances have forced to practice a limited amount of arable agriculture.
Clans: name, meaning original ancestor gender names concerned extract from "the Waluguru" manners and customs
(Fosbrooke, 1937) Kimminade, Father
There are several hundred clans and sub-clans of which the main eleven are shown below, the area in which each clan is predominant is also shown but in every case, to a greater or lesser extent
Tanganyika notes and records
(Fosbrooke, 1938) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
There exists a striking similarity between the ruins at Engaruka, and the stone works to be found in the Sonjo villages some fifty miles to the north-west of this site. To illustrate this resemblance I propose to examine the report on Engaruka, by Dr L. S. B. Leakey, published in the first number of this journal, quoting relevant sections for ease of reference, and then adding comments from my observations in Sonjo country. As this method of presentation will tend to obscure the differences, it should be stated at the outset that these are manifold. The population of Sonjo is about two thousand five hundred souls; probably no village has more than eight hundred inhabitants; this contrasts strangely with the thirty thousand at Engaruka. The Sonjo’s actual dwellings are beehive huts; they erect no burial cairns, but inter their dead in the large heaps of goat manure that accumulate outside the houses; their dwelling's are confined to the scree slopes, and nothing corresponding to the valley ruins of Engaruka is to be found. Having made these differences clear, it is now possible to turn to the similarities, working systematically through the article under reference. The Geographical Position.—“The Engaruka ruins are situated along the scree slopes of the Rift valley wall on either side of theism all stream.” Every Sonjo village, and there are five, is situated on the screen slopes of an upper scarp of the Rift valley, fifteen to twenty miles west of Lake Natron. In every case, a stream runs past the village.
Land tenure, ukutu
(Fosbrooke, 1939) Armstrong, A. S.
The Wakutu appear to be an offspring of the Zaramu tribe and, like the rest of Morogoro district, their country is divided up amongst various clans of which the head is the Ndewa.
The stone Bowl people: this story of Ngorongoro commences the stone Bowl people who were the first inhabitants of the area
(Fosbrooke, 1941) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
This story of Sererengeti and Ngorongoro commence with the stone bowl people, as they are the first inhabitants of the area to have left any visible structures as records of their presence. It is of course common knowledge that Olduvai and adjacent sites have contributed more than any other place in the world to our knowledge of man's development from erect walking pre-human hominids- the initial foorprints 3,500,000 years old- through the hand-axe stage of development to the late stone age hunters and gathers who made delicately shaped arrow-heads and barbs out of obsidian. But the stone bowl people who left visible structures appear to have formed a bridge both between the hunting and the postural stage of development and between the stone users and those who had developed techniques both pottery and iron working
Demography and census in the colonies
(Fosbrooke, 1946) Kuczynski, R.R
The object of this memorandum is to describe briefly and in fairly general terms the nature, scope and importance of demographic data, and to furnish some observations on the planning and conduct of colonial censuses. the memorandum is intended to be no more than the briefest sketch of some of the salient facts regarding the functions of demography and census in relation to the colonies a subject on which there is a large specialized literature. it is intended mainly to set out for the layman some indication of the general interest and value of this wok for general administrative and developmental purposes, and of the processes involved. efforts are being made in all these fields but, valuable though each is by itself, the value of all three taken together is necessarily vastly greater.
An Administrative Survey of the Masai Social Systems
(Fosbrooke, 1948) Fosbrooke, Henry A
This issue of Notes and Records constitutes a departure from the usual form in that almost the whole of it is devoted to one area and one tribe of the Territory. It is to be hoped however that the intrinsic appeal of Masailand and the Masai will justify the experiment in the eyes of the reader, especially as the subject has, curiously enough, only very occasionally and incidentally been touched upon in past issues of this journal. It was originally intended to combine in this issue surveys of the two main groups of people inhabiting Masailand, that of the Masai by H. A. Fosbrooke, which appears here, and that of the Dorobo by R. A. J. Maguire. But considerations of space and the desire to maintain the tradition of wide variety in style and content of the papers in each issue, prompted the printing of ‘ II Torobo ’ in a separate issue, and readers who have not seen it are recommended to invest; in a copy (No. 25) in order to supplement their knowledge of one of the most interesting regions of Tanganyika.
Sonjo tribe: medicine
(Fosbrooke, 1948) Fosbrooke, H. A
In studying and analyzing the medical ideas of a primitive tribe one IX makes certain assumptions, implicitly or explicitly, about the mentality of the people, early ethnologists who wrote notes on primitive medicine tended to assume that the mental processes of primitive man were different from those of modern man. The theory proposed by the French anthropologist Levy-Bruhl that the reasoning of primitive people was prelogical or mystical was widely accepted. A large part of primitive medical customs were described as "magical" with the implication that they were illogical and irrational. Medical historians often made similar assumptions in analyzing archaic documents. The late Professor J.H. Breasted in his classic translation and analysis of the Edwin Smith Surgical pyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical treatise, was delighted to find an ancient Egyptian doctor who las beginning to think logically in terms of cause and effect. The fullest account of the medicine of an Arfican tribe to date is to be found in a book written Dr. Harley, a missionary doctor, on the Mano Tribe of Liberia. Dr. Harley listed a number of Mano medical procedures as magical and irrational. He then on to explain that from the native viewpoint these procedures are rational. This leads to the question of what we mean by "rational".
Union of South Africa, department of agriculture: the division of veterinary services
(Fosbrooke, 1949) Fosbrooke, H. A
Although the activities of the Division of Veterinary Services are intimately associated one with the other they may for purpose of convenience be divided into two groups, viz. that of The Veterinary Research Institute at Onderstepoort and The Field Services.

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