College of Information and Communication Technology

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Language and history on Kilimanjaro, the pare mountains, and the Taita hills.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1977) Nurse, Derek
This study attempts to trace the linguistic history of three communities in N.E. Tanzania and S.E. Kenya, the Chaga, the Pare, and the ‘Taita’. Chapter I introduces the languages concerned, describes the general background, and outlines aims and methods. Chapter II uses lexicostatistics methods to establish a classification for all the Bantu-speaking peoples of E. Africa, After discussing the methodology and some of its limitations, it sketches the results, which largely correspond to those achieved by the author and a former colleague at the University of Dar es Salaam. Having thus set the framework, it then looks in more detail at the positions of Chaga, Pare, and ‘Taita’ within that framework. Whereas the isolated position of Changa emerges relatively clearly from these statistical methods, Pare and ‘Taita are less easily dealt with. Taking Guthrie’s framework of Proto-Bantu consonants and vowels, Chapter III examines the phonological changes that have taken place between the hypothetical proto-language and the present. It tries to see generalities affecting many languages and language groups, and it also mentions minor development peculiar to individual languages. Changa and the main ‘Taita’ dialect, Saghala, and Pare, are felt to be outliers of a large linguistic grouping which covers E. Kenya and much of Tanzania. Chapter IV compares the structural elements involved in the verb systems of the three ‘languages’ and their neighbours. While recognizing that there are certain difficulties inherent in the us of these elements for historical purposes, the chapter comes to conclusion similar to those reached in Chapter III. Chapter V deals with the evidence afforded by loanwords for historical contact. ‘Loanword’ is defined, and the methodology described. It is likely that the Bantu-speaking inhabitants of Central and Eastern Kenya, and N.E. Tanzania have long interacted, and were preceded by, and perhaps until recently lived alongside, considerable numbers of non-Bantu speaking peoples. In Chapter VI the conclusions from the foregoing four chapters are assembled, and compared with the results of other linguists, and with the evidence from nonlinguistic sources.
Exports of manufactures from African countries: a study in economic development and the structure of industrial exports from selected African countries
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1986) Mbogoro, Damas
This study is about the relationship between the level of economic development and the structure of industrial exports from African countries. In the course of our study we test three sets of hypotheses on trade in manufactured goods. The first set of hypotheses refers to the heckscher-ohlin or the factor proportions theory of international trade. The second set of hypotheses refers to the Linder thesis which postulates that that domestic representative demand is the basis for trade in manufactured goods; and the third set of hypotheses deals with hirach’s postulates of trade between developing and industrial a countries. By way of background the study also addresses the issue of the level of industrial development in Africa in the 1970s. While import substitution industrialization was the dominant strategy, African countries also adopted export oriented and indigenous industrialization strategies. Within the industrial sector, the food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, clothing and leather products industries were the dominant industries. Their contribution towards the number of establishments, employment, gross output and domestic value added was more than fifty per cent in many countries. On average, industries in Africa in the 1970s were characterized by low domestic value added mainly because of a high level of imported raw material input content for the import substituting industries and a low level of local processing for the export oriented industries. The export oriented industrialization strategy which was based on the processing of the abundant natural resources (mainly minerals) was characterized by the use of physical capital intensive techniques, and therefore offered very limited prospects for solving the urban-centered unemployment problem. About 80 per cent of industrial exports from Africa in both 1975 and 1980 were agriculture and mineral related (Ricardo) goods mostly mineral related and physical capital intensive. We have argued that most industrial exports from Africa were physical capital intensive largely because the export oriented industrialization strategy was based on the exploitation of natural resources. Partly because of the presence of a large share of natural resources intensive industrial exports we have found a very weak relationship between the level of economic development and the structure of industrial exports from Africa in both 1975 and 1980.
Microbiology and associated factors of rampant caries a Tanzanian child population
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Matee, Mecky
This study was prompted by the observations of rampant caries resembling nursing caries in Tanzanian infants aged between 12 – 30 months in the absence of nursing bottles, sweetened pacifiers and feeding abuse during weaning. In an attempt to elucidate factors responsible for rampant caries among these infants, microbiological and epidemiological studies were undertaken. Dental plaque and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from infants with and without rampant caries. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were isolated from dental plaque of all infants with rampant caries and from most caries free infants. The quantitative bacteriological differences were not explicit in explaining the occurrence of rampant caries because many of caries free infants had as much mutans streptococcus mutans was the only mutans streptococcus species found to occur among the investigated caries actives and caries free infants. Consequently the caries status of the infants could not be associated with a specific mutans streptococcus species. The heavy oral loads of mutans streptococci in breast fed infants and in weaned children on starch diets found in this study have not been reported previously. For this reason, fed the establishment of S. mutans was investigated in dental plaque of specific pathogen free (SPF) rats fed starch and lactose diets which approximated those consumed by the infants. S. mutans established in high numbers in rats on the investigated diets, fitting well with the bacteriological findings in the infants. The ability of S.mutans to ferment carbohydrates in flours commonly consumed by the invesS.mutans stigated infants was investigated in vitro using forty four S.mutans strains isolated from Tanzanian infants. The amounts of acid produced cannot result into caries formation, but suggested a possible ecological role of the tested flour in the occurrence of S.mutans in dental plaque. A part from microbiological studies, the occurrence of rampant caries was investigated in relation to enamel hypoplasia, nursing and weaning habits. The overall prevalence of rampat caries was found to be 6.8%. the occurrence of rampant caries was significantly associated with linear hypoplasia and the breast feeding habit of allowing infants to sleep with the breast nipple inside their mouths. It is concluded that prevention of rampant caries with have to involve abolishing of the night breast feeding practice. Further studies are suggested to investigate factors which influence the occurrence of linear hypoplasia among the Tanzanian infants.
A computerized electronic system for temperature prediction
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1998) Mbalase, Gideon Robert Frank
A plug-in interface board has been designed and this together with the software for controlling the board and processing the data graphically have been developed and successfully tested. The board is used to interface the weather prediction machine (WPM) developed earlier by Njau (1) Software packages for implementing Njau’s temperatures prediction model (2) has been developed accordingly. This software is used to compute temperature data based on the model and finally display the predicted result onto computer screen. Both the hardware and software packages mentioned above are IBM PC compatible and have been successfully used by the author store data in hard memory and later on redisplay it graphically.
Development of a programmable computer interface circuit: a four diskette drive adapter
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2002) Kabadi, Mathias Jayunga
The function of a floppy disk controller (FDC) is to interface the microprocessor of a system to the disk drive. This FDC adapter is designed for double-density, MFM-coded four diskette drives and uses a write precompensation with an analog Phase-locked loop and data recovery. The adapter is a general-purpose device, using the NEC VL6765- 08PC compatible controller chip, which is programmable. The diskette drive write protect feature is also supported. The FDC is buffered on the I/O bus and uses DMA for record data transfers.
Design and implementation of a real-time computer-based monitoring system for TBL fermentation plant
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2004) Mtalam, Kassim Ismail
The fermentation process at Tanzania Breweries Ltd is a type of batch (stirred) tank reactors. In general, there is no steady state in a batch cycle, and therefore no “normal” conditions at which controllers could be tuned. Dynamics of the batch process vary with time; thus, the process variables, the process gains, and the time constants also vary during the batch circle. In addition, there are the problems of runway reactions and batch-to-batch product uniformity. Runaway reactions occur in exothermic reactions like the fementation process, in which an increase in temperature speeds to the reaction, which in turn releases more heat and raises the temperature further. In order to counter this positive feedback cycle, highly self-regulating coolong systems are required. The present control system, based on a PLC, is not good enough as far as temperature control is concerned and the manual operations involved. A computer- based Software (S/W) has been developed to improve the performance of the control system, in which a computer is linked to the PLC via a serial cable, such that the PLC becomes the master controller and the computer the secondary controller. The software solution enables accurate temperature control and renders the manual operations redundant. It also facilitates addition of useful functions like data logging, report production, remote process monitoring and visualization to the integrated into the control system. The software, developed in Visual C++ for Windows, was successfully tested in a real-time emulated environment, whereby the computer was used to emulate the PLC and the fermentation process. Tests and implementation on the real plant awaits availability of a PLC for further experimentation.
Master dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2004) Severine, Theresia Gwamaka
The libraries all over the world, in universities, faculties, departments, schools etc. are automating their services so as to meet general and professional requirement using modern technologies. The faculty of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering (ECSE) library like any other library is a source of information. The library should provide a standard and extensive overview on all kinds of publication materials available in its stock. It should provide means to secure interlibrary loans and should contribute to public education and information arrays. So far the library has been used as a store of publications whose records upkeep and utilization is a dream and even the question of sharing resources does not exist. In this research work a thorough study and analysis of the situation in the faculty of ECSE library was done. It was established that an automated system in the solution for the established problem. The research work focused on a design of a database system that automates library services to overcome the shortcomings found in the library. The database gives a provision to store records in standards manner, for all publications, patrons, visitors and also staff members.
Performance analysis of communication protocals for powerline communication channel
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2005) Iddi, Hashimu Uledi
The thesis explores the use of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for the power line networks. MAC protocol plays a vital role in making the effective use of the shared medium of the power line communications networks. The use of MAC protocol removes conflict between different users trying to access the PLC channel at the same time a proper power line MAC protocol will increase performance of the system and produce a reliable communication link for the whole power line network. In this thesis, firstly the MAC protocols for both wireless and wire line networks have been discussed and analyzed. The analysis includes MAC protocols designed for different network types and their performance limitations. Secondly, the CSMA/CA protocol has been proposed as MAC protocol for automatic energy meter reading using power line networks. The analysis has taken into account the power line environment, metering data traffic of 1Okbps and Poisson data distribution with different number of users. Simulation results show that the CSMA/CA protocol gives throughput of 0.32 which is better compared to 0.053 of 1-persistent CSMA/CD and other analyzed protocols which gives low throughput for metering traffic with data rate of 10 kbps
Analysis, design and implementation of a web-based information system for management of population and meteorological data in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Simon, Olipa
The web-technology is going through major changes these years, both with respect to types of systems based on web-technology, organization of the development work, required approaches and competencies, etc. With the experience of the software industry and evolution, Web application development methodologies are much improved from which existed decades ago. Hence, we must rethink the organization of the development work. This requires a deeper and coherent understanding of the nature of web-development. This dissertation is devoted to the analysis, design and implementing a web based information system. It first reviews the various Web application development models and tools in existence. The study has employed the Entity Relationship - Relationship Management model that is one of the data oriented methodology for web applications. ER-RMM is an improvement of RMM methodology. It uses scenario analysis to involve dynamic features in the application. This methodology contains the following activities: E-R analysis, scenario analysis, architecture design and attribute definition. A web-based Information system for management of population and meteorological data in Tanzania has been implemented after a thorough analysis and design. New modem tools have been employed, and consists of dynamic fetarures, which enables the information to be displayed on the web as well as update can be performed at any location the administrator resides.
Agricultural research online system: an approach to promote collaboration and sharing of agricultural research knowledge in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Lwoga, Edda
The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype of an agricultural research online system in order to promote collaboration and sharing of knowledge among researchers in Tanzania. Major focus was on the application of the open access (OA) and community of practices (CoP) concepts in order to improve the process of capturing and sharing of the agricultural technologies and knowledge to researchers, subsistence and commercial farmers and other stakeholders for the sustainable development of agriculture in Tanzania. An exploratory survey, system analysis and ICT-based design were the used methodologies to convey the current state and challenges of knowledge sharing activities among agricultural researchers, as well as to assess the user requirements and develop the Agrinet-Tz prototype. Survey results revealed that the current state of knowledge sharing activities in agricultural research institutes is still not satisfactory within the country. This is mainly due to poor knowledge sharing culture, poor ICT infrastructure, inadequate funds, lack of awareness about the OA issues and inadequate knowledge management support by the research institute management. Major features to be included in the proposed system were also identified in the survey with a greater emphasis on both intrinsic and interpersonal motivational factors in order to stimulate researchers to share their knowledge online. Prototype (i.e. Agrinet-Tz) of the agricultural research online system in Tanzania was therefore developed with the application features geared at both intrinsic and interpersonal motivational factors. This was done in order to resolve some of the revealed challenges such as poor knowledge sharing culture among agricultural researchers. The selected open source software (i.e. Dspace, SMF forum and Joomla portal software) were re-designed to develop the Agrinet-Tz prototype. Additionally, the system was also tested in order to assess the system usability, where the positive feedback was received from the respondents. User roles for the developed prototype were also defined in various categories in order to ensure the system sustainability.
Identity management for ICT services at the University of Dar es salaam
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2006) Lwanda, Peter Herbert
ICT service is faced by several security problems. The major problem is identity theft which causes unauthorized access to resources, difficulties in resources sharing, between users. Identity management is the concept of centralizing user identities, controlling resource provisioning and managing system access by using technology combined with effective business process. This dissertation presents the findings on the current identity Management system of the University of Dar es salaam. The research was done using questionnaires, laboratory experiment and practical experience. The study showed that the University of Dar es salaam has sufficient technology to implement identity management system but it is lacking proper business process. Since the University of Dar es salaam network is a heterogeneous, comprising of window servers, Linux servers and Windows workstations. The best way of improving identity management system under this condition is creation of Enterprise directory (University wide Directory), using Fedora Directory server for Authentication purpose and Departmental directories using either active directory or OpenLDAP for resource authorization. The University should also develop ICT policy and procedures to support that technology
Software system for management of complete blood count (CBC) data for malaria study: a case study of Morogoro Regional Hospital
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Mbowe, Joseph E
In this dissertation, we explored the ability to extract laboratory results from Hematology analyzer machine for easy management and storage. Also, the management of complete blood count from Micros 60 OS/OT and patient records for Malaria Study in Morogoro Regional Hospital using relational database has been solved. The methodology used for the development of complete blood count management system includes; use-case techniques, site survey and hands-on practice, and evolutionary software development model. The study has presented four stages for implementation of serial port programs (1) the automatic Composition of bits into byte array data type for serial port transmission (2) the Transmission of the bits as a variant data type through the serial port buffer memories (3) the Convention of the received bits into its subsequently characters for human readability (4) the Composition of Character Array to build a character array basement for specific data block extraction for each individual components which make the complete blood count values. The study demonstrated that the method presented is general and may present a new paradigm for establishing the robust serial port communication systems for any digital device.
Modelling of mobile access point (map) for information and communication technology (ICT) connectivity in the rural areas of Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Greyson, Kenedy Aliila
The impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in rural areas of Tanzania is very limited despite its penetration into every corner modern life. The rural areas of Tanzania are characterized by the low income per household, difficult geographical conditions, lack of ICT infrastructure, and low population density. For these reasons ICT services are often out of reach of the rural inhabitants. This thesis expresses how ICT can be made available in order to alleviate poverty and enhance other social activities. It presents a model suitable for ICT provision in the rural areas of Tanzania. This model is based on footstep technology; asynchronous link for ICT penetration in the rural areas. Mwanga district in Kilimanjaro region is taken as a pilot area due to its common environment that describes the rural area of Tanzania. The framework model using mobile access point (MAP) is presented to implement sustainable broadband Internet Protocol (IP) services to complement voice services in Mwanga district. Clinics, dispensaries, schools and other centers are considered. This research shows that, when the proposed MAP model is used to provide basic ICT services in the rural areas of Tanzania. The service charge will be affordable in the common life of rural inhabitants. In Mwanga district for instance, if all 29 schools and 24 dispensaries will be provided with ICT services, in order to break- even in two years, students in the rural schools will have to pay only USD. 24 per year and dispensaries will be charged only USD 10 per month.
Challenges of adaptive eLearning in adaptive computing: a case study of Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Ndume, Vitalis A
This research was conducted with the purpose of establishing the acceptance of ELeaming. Identifying the implementation challenges of eLearning as proposing and designing a solution for eLearning for people with disabilities. The results of the analysis show that eLearning is accepted as a method of training by 75 of respondents. However people still have doubts about the certificates obtained from online programs. The challenges facing eLearning implementation at higher learning institutions are mans and interrelated, including intellectual investment. Accessibility normal and disabled people, management support design technology educational culture. Deliver method as well as the global employment market. The author has designed a tool to assist people with disabilities with for people with low vision. From the results it was concluded that eLearning is accepted and therefore it should be used in Tanzania to increase enrolment and give more Opportunities for lifelong learning in the country.
An appraisal of physical education curriculum implementation: a Comparative Study of Public and Private Secondary Schools in Dar es Salaam Region
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Peter, Josephat
The present study sought to compare implementation of Physical Education (PE) curriculum between public and private secondary schools in Dar es Salaam Region. Six secondary schools (three public and three private) were surveyed for the study. The sample included 361 students and 18 teachers. Employed data collection methods included questionnaires, interviews, checklist documentary review and observation. Research findings revealed that • PE is taught optional, optional-compulsory, compulsory-optional or not taught at all in both public and private secondary schools; • In both public and private secondary schools, there is inadequate provision of qualified PE teachers, equipment, facilities and PE books; • The allotted PE time in public schools was 40 minutes per period taught twice a week, while in private schools it was 35 minutes per period taught once in a week; and • The teaching of other subjects and remedial classes were found in conflict with the allotted PE periods in both public and private schools, something that led to moderate use of the allotted PE time for PE classes. In conclusion, the present study deduced that PE is a statutory requirement in secondary schools but its implementation varied between public and private schools and within them. In light of the findings from the study, it was recommended that the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training should emphasize and insist on the teaching of PE as a compulsory and examinable academic subject in all secondary schools. Moreover the Tanzania public, particularly policy makers, parents, and children, must be sensitized and made aware on the importance of PE programs.
Development of a web based immigration information management system in Tanzania
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Ernest, Bernada
Tanzania like other Least Developed Countries (LDCs), uncontrolled immigration is a major problem resulting from unreliable immigration information management system that can deliver services and sharing of information about migrants in timely manner at different entry-exit points. This has led to increase of major crises in political, social and economic instabilities in these countries. So, the objective of this research was to develop a web-based Immigration Information Management System (IIMS) to facilitate timely processing and sharing of immigration information in the Immigration Department in Tanzania. Methodology; in this study structured questionnaires were used to interview the immigration officers in three entry-exit points and immigration headquarter in Tanzania to acquire information regarding the existing immigration information management system. Also MySQL, apache and PhD applications were used to design and develop a web-based IIMS. According to this research, it was found that, the existing system was manually done and unable to manage migrants' information in Tanzania in timely manner and accurately. So, the designed IIMS system was found to be capable of delivering information about migrants electronically more accurate and in a time manner. The proposed IIMS system enhances communication among particular entry-exit point to headquarter in timely manner and cost effectively as compared to existing manual immigration system since only investment costs will be incurred. In the future however, it will be important to improve the developed IIMS system so that it will be able to automatically notifies the headquarter about any immigrant overstayed in the country and be able to track movements of immigrants in the implementing the system to each known hotels and guest houses.
Performance analysis of internet protocol (ip) networks for the ministry of foreign affairs and international cooperation
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Thomas, Raphael Abok
The 21St Century has seen the convergence of different sectors through modern digital technology into Internet Protocol (IP) networks with multimedia capabilities for voice, data, images and video. The requirement differences for these services in terms of bandwidth, delay and loss have posed a challenge on the Quality of Service (QoS) and performance that IP networks need to integrally operate at. Through research and modern technology; communications and tele-traffic engineering fields have come up with various techniques to evaluate, analyse and find sources of performance degradation in IP networks. In this dissertation, performance analysis for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation's (MFAIC's) IP based networks was carried out. It was observed that the networks experienced performance related problems such as signal loss, poor connection response and slow access to network resources. Since there was no any study made before to identify causes of the problems, available performance analysis techniques were explored and a designed direct measurement scheme used to analyse performance in one of the MFAIC IP networks. The source of observed performance degradation was found to be interrelated to the link speed. Network security management and associated issues was found to be another cause of degradation. Cost effective performance optimization remedies which can resolve the discerned performance bottlenecks have been recommended at the end.
Assessment of ICT status in Tanzania.
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Paul, Silayo Eladius
Assessment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) status aims to build support for the development of a comprehensive African capability to collect and manage key information needed to the support of the growing investment in ICTs as well as the transition' Africa to an information society. The study looks into the penetration, impact and effectiveness of ICT application in Tanzania. It is essential for the country to track developments in ICT so as to confront under the best possible conditions the range of challenges with which Tanzania is faced. The increasing importance •of ICT is creating pressure to update the data and information in many areas of ICT. This would involve gathering suitable monitoring data in order to develop the capacity to make and implement informed choices about ICTs on an on going basis. This capacity is a necessary basis of any effort by the country to muster timely information about recognised problems, which hinder transition to the information society. Overall, in Tanzania, many of the necessary data have probably not yet been obtained and practical information on ICT trends is hard to come by. This trend presents a major challenge for Tanzania as it moves to an information society. Despite efforts that were undertaken, a number of issues remain outstanding such as lack of concrete data and the problems of gathering them have constituted major obstacles. Hard data on what is actually happening on the ground is lacking. Also empirical work relating to ICT trends analysis in the country is very preliminary. iion on the scope of the available data, the study relied heavily on Given the lmitat available secondary data from various sources. The study concludes by proposing that there should be a continuous process of updating information on ICT trends.
Development of an E- granary digital library for secondary school: A case of Duluti secondary school
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Kristantus, Kahuka Kristantus
Internet usage has become a popular focus in many educational institutions in Tanzania, yet the Internet has financial and technical implications to primary and secondary schools. Even though the Internet has revolutionalize traditional way of learning, it has the technical limitation of not easily accessing locally made teaching- learning materials. The major portion of this study focused on the development of prototype of egranary Digital library system which makes teaching- leaning materials cheaper and easily accessed by students and teachers in Tanzania secondary school education. The study involved several activities including user requirements definition and analysis modeling, system design, and system implementation. This study aimed at using the benefits of the eGranary digital library system to address the problem faced by the secondary school in accessing relevant teaching- learning materials and make them available in a familiar format without prohibitive cost implications and frustrating technical delays.The study found that the use of eGranary digital library system is vital to both teachers and students since it enables teaching – learning materials to be accessed easily and cheaply. Also through egranary digital library system availability of teaching – learning materials is ensured by storing selected educational materials from the internet and other sources at other institutions at the local server on the school LAN. Thus teachers and students do not have to rely only on outdated and scare text and reference books available in school. Basic infrastructure resources, such as computers and source of electrical power, are required to put the system in places
Study on issues that determine attainment of robust and high quality of service on VOIP system
(University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Ngatunga, John Ben
Voice over IP (VoIP) also known as IP Telephony (IPT) has been in existence for many years. It has only recently begun to take off as a viable alternative to Traditional Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN). Interest and acceptance has been driven by the attractive cost efficiencies, innovation support and improved access to communications services that organizations can achieve by leveraging a single IP network to support both data and voice over their Internet or Intranet. However, these new technologies pose challenges for regulators, because they do not fit neatly within the regulatory model of the recent past, which in many countries have traditionally treated voice and data services differently. Nevertheless, there seems to be a growing recognition in national and international bodies that these issues need to be resolved in ways that permit IP technologies to be used for voice communications, this will advance the goal of affordable services, support the deployment of the broadband networks and services that represent the future of communications in the era of digital convergence. This dissertation explores VoIP implementation fundamentals, focusing on VoIP infrastructure considerations for an organization or a company to deploy VoIP: VoIP bandwidth consideration (network capacity), quality of service (QoS) consideration, voice quality consideration, network devices, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and network assessment. The study would challenge the VoIP Service Providers to tackle more complex issues in the Internet protocol in order to deploy a secure, reliable and high performance VoIP network.

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