The articulation of Ismani social economic structure and its implication for Ujamaa vijijini policy

This paper is the result of the field research conducted in Iringa District Ismani Division between the months of April and May through participant observation method, formal and informal interviews, going through documents and files and then surveyed literatures relevant to the study. The data was collected in Mkungugu, Igingilanyi Kisinga and Image Ujamaa villages. Part one section A examines the formation of Hehe land under the feudal Chief Mukwawa nyika in the 1880s. Secondly the section looks at German in version of this part of Tanganyika and the establishment of the German colonialism. Section B is devoted to consideration of colonial exploitation of Tanganyika by the German and then British colonialists. Section C looks at the question of Ismani settlement in the 1950s to 1960s and class differentiation before the Arusha Declaration. The aim of this part in section A is first to review the past experience gained from the previous rural development policies in very few words in order to understand the present rural development strategy. Secondly the section looks at the concept of Ujamaa in Tanzania socialism within the perspectives of socialism in Africa. Section B describes the aims of operation Ismani; followed by a critical analysis about the operation. Attention is made on the uses of tractors and fertilizers, an the contradiction between Ujamaa vs individuals Shambas. This section also looks at the role of Iringa Farms cooperative union. Section C views problems of leadership within a Marxist problematic. It looks at the way some countries constructing socialism managed to solve their problems of leadership.