Availability and effectiveness of non-formal secondary education learning opportunities in Tanzania: the case of Tanga region

This study examined the available non-formal secondary education learning opportunities (NFSELOs) and their effectiveness in providing quality secondary education to adult learners in Tanzania. Three research questions guided the study in focusing on the identification and categorization of the NFSELOs, the characteristics of learners enrolled in such opportunities as well as the effectiveness of the non-formal secondary education (NFSE) providers in providing such opportunities. The study was conducted in the Tanga region in Tanga, Korogwe and Pangani districts. Total respondents were 100 including teachers, adult learners, Regional and District Education Officers, Zonal Secondary School Inspector, Resident Tutor and centre coordinators. Data were gathered through interviews, focus group discussion, documentary reviews as well as observation checklists and were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings revealed that adults enrolled in the NFSELOs due to lack of access to formal secondary schools and due to the need to upgrade themselves, to maintain employment position and status and be promoted. Contrary to their expectations, the identified categories were found to be less effective in providing such opportunities as they were constrained with a number of problems including lack of instructional and learning materials, lack of adequate and qualified teachers, inappropriate methods employed by teachers, unfavourable learning environment, financial constraints as well as teachers' attendance irregularity. These problems rendered the NFSELOs ineffective as was reflected in the learners' poor academic performance. The study recommends that the government should have a clear policy on NFE by recognizing and supporting the NFSELOs including intervening and harmonizing affordable school fees for the majority of beneficiaries. Within this context, the Institute of Adult Education should be made the main coordinator of such opportunities registering all other NFSE providers for easy monitoring and quality assurance of the programme implementation.