Masters Dissertations

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Browsing Masters Dissertations by Subject "1945-1990"

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    Mobilizing the mass for participation in self-help projects: a study of road construction and maintenance in same district
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1982) Mmbaga, Richard B.
    This study is on mass mobilization towards undertaking self-help projects, where road construction and maintenance in Same District is taken as a case study. Since self-help projects are viewed as a part of the development process in society, the mobilization of the mass towards undertaking S.H.P is also viewed as a process where the success of one stage leads to a higher stage, thus improving the living conditions of the participants. In this particular study, it is clear that road construction in itself does not lead to improved transportation, without the provision of transporters, which in turn will call for the maintenance of the road. It follows that the mass mobilization process has to deal with road construction, after which it is expected that the results of the first stage will lead to a higher stage where unless the participants have attained their expectations, they are unlikely to be motivated to continue with the next phase by the way they had done in the previous one. It is thus the impact of road construction which influences participation in road maintenance. Whereas in this study the importance of people participation in decision making process has been given due weight, at later stage of undertaking the programme it appears that there was less involvement of mass decision making, following by failure to attain the expected objectives, resulting in building roads for the economic exploitation of the participants by truck owners, through businessmen who are final decision makers as far as pricing of commodities sold in the villages shops is concerned. Among other problems in the mobilization process, it is realized that there is declining number of participants in manual work during S.H.P which we feel is a sign of declining morale in the projects, at least as far as rural conditions are involved. Another factor in the changes in socio-economic conditions in the area which have led to some people seeking employment elsewhere. Although some villagers are paying cash interest instead of doing the manual work the failure to have an organized system to ensure that each of the expected participants, do participate fully in the programme and that those who fail to do so are restricted from enjoying the fruits of the labour of others (within the accepted by laws on the project) the mobilization process can generally be regarded as a failure. The revival of the mass mobilization towards undertaking S.H.P will largely depend on the will of the leaders to ensure that all would be participants in the projects are involved fully at all stages of decision making process, so that they are always aware of the problem in hand and the solutions there to, as will have been decided on by the people themselves.
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    Socialist agricultural transformation in Tanzania: a cas study of two villages kyalonsangi and galangalain Iramba Singida region
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1984) Ngai, Peter N
    In the 1960’s the so called wave of the change in Africa almost swept the whole of the continent when colonies under West European capitalism attained what the late Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Nyerere J.K. of Tanzania call flag independence. Following this wave of change on the continent only a little portion of the continent was left still gripped under the naked yoke of colonialism. The portion consist of the colonies of Namibia, South Africa (Azania), the Cannary Islands and Mayotte on the Indian and Atlantic Oceans respectively. However after independence, the colonies retained their social and economic ties with their former masters mean while opening their gates to other capitalist powers to establish military and economic relations. These have been countries which never ruled ex-colonies before but came in to rule through their economic might. Prominent of these include the United States of America, Japan and West German. Others are Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, to mention a few. Socialist countries from what is called Eastern BIOC moved in too. But their presence is least felt because of their little magnitude of economic relations so far registered in Africa, they are for example Russia, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, China etc. Given the nature of capitalist interests and their already complete established economic, and military hegemony in Africa, the countries continue to reign in Africa in the the form of hard currency, expertise, and consultancy. The infiltration of these countries in African economic and social life has had adverse effect in development that the African countries have continued to foster the same colonial objectives under international division of labour. Therefore the countries have remained sources of raw materials, agricultural and mineral products for the capitalist metropolitan industries. As well they (African Countries) have remained markets for capitalist industrial goods. As a result this has greatly impoverished the independent state and particularly the rural sectors. Naked colonial plunder has therefore continued under the ages of neo-colonialism and most African leaders have simply taken the role of supervising this plunder contrary to most people’s expectation on the eve of independence. It is within the context of the above that this study has been carried out in our two villages as representative sample of rural life. The study conducted in Kyalensangi and Galangala Villages (Iramba District) in Singida region aimed at finding out obstacles standing against Tanzania’s struggles to emancipate the rural population from poverty ignorance and disease particularly after the Arusha declaration. From 1967, Tanzania has been making attempts to free Tanzanians from capitalist exploitation by trying to adopt a socialist development strategy. To effect this declaration of intent Tanzania has been issuing a number of policies showing a way to socialist construction. Apart from the Arusha declaration itself, there was a policy of socialism and Rural Development which was issued as an aftermath of the Arusha Declaration emphasis being promotion of ujamaa and self-reliance. In the process of implementation came Education for Self-reliance a sister policy preparing youths in schools for socialist construction. Socialism and Rural Development focused on development of Ujamaa villages hence villagization (BagumaR., 1984:96). Connected to this is the Iringa-Resolution- SIASA NI KILIMO (Political is Agriculture) emphasis being in modernization of agricultural production, Kilimo cha Kufa na Kupona (Agriculture as a matter of death and life) etc. Implementation of socialist construction and transformation of Agricuture along these lines under the proclaimed policies according to then study has had disastrous effects in promoting socialism in the rural areas. First because there have been too many of these policies and sometimes too frequent, the performance of the policies has been gloomy and this has failed transformation of agricultural life along socialist lines. The study has revealed several factors which have led to these shortcomings. The major ones include the discrepancies between policy performances. Policy making implementation covers areas such as policy prescription arising normally from observed imbalances in the state of affairs obtaining in the environment at a given point in time. In our case capitalism was not the right way to rural development. Second follows the articulation of the problem or in other words the policy analysis identification of the causes to the problem and alternative solutions sought, the choice, which makes the course of action likely to lead to the achievement of the anticipated ideal situation hence the policy outcome .Next is the implement programming, supplementation and finally evaluation (Baguma, 1984:96) Policy objective refer to the nature of change sought for example whether change sought is clearly state to enable implementers to translate the policy in implantable programs and also identifying the intensity of change sought .however it is an accepted fact that policies which do not seek fundamental changes in an already established order of things are more easily accepted while changes seeking fundamental transformation are resisted in the in the first stages outright. In the framework of the above study was set to establish what hinders implementation of socialist agricultural transformation were effected have been hampered first by the fact that the policy of socialism and rural development or construction of socialism in our villages is not clearly defined. This has therefore led to accepting the position that socialism can be constructed with capitalist aid whatever the latter’s vested interest. Further, socialism can be built with in traditional basis as it gives a lee way acceptance of what is best and suitable for Tanzania form both the capitalist and socialist camp when it is maintained that in a socialist society it is the socialist attitude of mind and not the rigid adherence to a standard political pattern which is needed to ensure that people care for each other (Nyerere, 1968:1). This has contributed to discrepancies between the policy of socialism and its implementation. The study henceforth has revealed that implementation problems re being brought by lack of non-adherence to socialist universal principles governing both economic and social life. This lack of adherence to social principles has thus created loopholes for capitalist infiltration in social and economic life of Rural areas of Tanzania in general. Owing to such infiltration that is adoption of policies such as Rural Intergration Programs (RIDEPS) and the infiltration of capitalist agencies in the economic life of the country and particularly in the agricultural sector it has jeopardized transformation of Agriculture along socialist lines hence failure of our villages to establish socialist agricultural base. Therefore this situation has brought effects such as failure of visualization in realizing its intended objective of making villages socialist units of production after communal production was unfavoured by the World bank hence the adoption of Development Villages Program. While the villages were collected, agricultural practice remained patriarchal and communal agriculture under collective farming was given least attention. Establishment of village government in the villages led to further improvement because funds generated collective forms are used for operational purposes. The study objectively, focuses on socialist agricultural transformation in the rural areas and detailed information on problems involving its transformation for the past twenty (20) years from the inception of the Arusha Declaration are pinpointed. The study therefore is divided into six parts. Chapter one deals with what is conceived as the problem to be investigated, objective of the study, its social significance and methodology. Chapter two has attempted to give an historical background to the problem of transforming agriculture in our villages along socialist lines since the inception of Arusha Declaration about 20 year ago. It deals with the colonial situation and how agriculture in the colonial period was oriented to serve capitalist interests in the country and how independent Tanzania has been trying to solve the problem which is a colonial heritage in the agricultural economy in the country in general and in villages in particular. It comes out with an analysis of why socialism was declared in 1967. Chapter three constitutes our literature survey. In this chapter major issues such as the Marxist outlook of the Agrarian question, Arusha declaration and view from several Rural Development students are presented. The problem, of socialist agricultural transformation and construction of socialism in our villages under a neo-colonial situation and the role of Finance capital in socialist construction in Tanzania are also discussed. This includes also rural development strategies which have been in force in Tanzania. The question of planning, technology etc, as a compliments to struggles on socialist agricultural transformation in Tanzania villages are also covered. This chapter in summary form establishes the basis hindrances to socialist construction and transformation of agriculture along these lines. Chapter four presents an over-view of the agricultural development and problems involved in establishing a socialist agricultural economy in Singida region. Connected to thus is chapter five which takes us to the District (Iramba), including the two villages. The two chapters combined constitute our research findings and discussion as related to the problem defined in chapter one. The last chapter, chapter six summarizes the major findings and draws some recommendations/suggestions aimed at solving the problem of transforming agriculture along socialist lines in Tanzania villages and in singida region in particular. Recommendations and suggestion are brought up fewer than two categories. One recommends on what should be done in promoting socialist agricultural economy and therefore socialism in Tanzania following our declaration (Arusha).