Browsing by Author "Mohamed, Mohamed Khalfan"

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    Challenges of rapid urban population growth on domestic water supply and consumption patterns: the case study of urban district – Zanzibar
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2009) Mohamed, Mohamed Khalfan
    With no flicker of doubt, Zanzibar Town currently is having a water scarcity problem. Due to the rapid urban population growth and increase of economic and social activities the resource can no longer keep pace with the growing demands and the current water management strategies. Cases of scarcity of domestic water supply and unhygienic water conditions were reported in all parts of the municipality. The reason for this is the rapid urban population growth and the expansion of the municipality in current years.The main objective of this study was to investigate challenges of rapid urban populationgrowth on domestic water supply and consumption patterns in Zanzibar municipality. The study involved 200 households whereby qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis were employed and comes up with the following major findings.This study has revealed that, there has been very high population growth in the municipality just after the revolution of 1964. The urbanization in Zanzibar town growing at a very fast rate. In August 2002, the population o0f Tanzania Zanzibar reached a total of 984,625 people, with a growth rate over the period 1988-2002 of 3.1 percent per annum. The Zanzibar, urban west region recorded the highest population growth rate of 4.5%. the projection of the urban population of the municipality is estimated to rise up to 483,000 in 2015. Findings revealed 69.0 percent of the respondents were migrants while 31.0 percent were born in the municipality. The fast pace of growth indicates continuous substantial migration from rural areas to Zanzibar municipality.The existing water network system in the study area is also unevenly distributed among the planned and unplanned areas. Most of unplanned areas are partially served with piped water. It is usual case in Zanzibar municipality that, having been connected to water a piped water system does not necessarily means that the residents are supplied with water. The survey investigated that about 97.0 percent of the respondents have water shortages particularly in dry season. With regard to water they get is of poor quality.This study also revealed that water demands for Zanzibar municipality increased from 30,000m3 per day in 1995 to 90,000m3 per day in 2015. The water production capability has been worsening with time, although other sources have been found but most of the old ones are abandoned. The total average daily production in Zanzibar urban areas is about 20,500m3, though the capacity is rated at more than the required 30,00m3.For sustainability of Zanzibar municipality water supply, the study found that two strong immediate actions were taken. First, the Revolution Government of Zanzibar established the autonomous organ of Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) instead of the former. Department of Water Second, a comprehensive rehabilitation of the existing water supply system and establishing new water sources sponsored by the Japanese government both technically and financially, has been put in place.
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    The role of geospatial techniques in assessing mangrove forest chance and restoration conflicts: a case of Menai Bay Mangrove Forest, Unguja Island, Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Mohamed, Mohamed Khalfan
    The aim of this study was to assess the role of geospatial techniques in examining mangrove forest change and restoration conflicts at Menai bay mangrove forest, Unguja Island, Tanzania. To accomplish this, the study was conducted in five villages namely unguja ukuu kaepwani, tindini, ng’ambwa, uzi, and pete. A total of 129 respondents in the study area were selected as sample to represent the entire population. In order to investigate the mangrove forest change, this digitized, processed and analyzed aerial images of 1978, 1985, 2005, 2012 and 2017. The semi-structured interview with participatory mapping technique was also used to examine community perception on factors that contributed to mangrove forest change and in identifying mangrove forest restoration conflicts. Other data collection technique involved were focus group discussion and field observation: Both spatial and nono-spatial techniques such as SPSS and GIS were used to analyses the data while tables, graphs and maps were used to present the findings. The results of this study showed that socio-demographic factors such as household size, income, educational level, marriage and occupation have substantively influenced the deforestation of mangrove forest. In addition to that this study revealed that increasing population, poverty, fewer varieties of livelihood occupations, poor commitments ad low level of literacy contributed to mangrove forest deforestation. Perception of respondents are also supported by scientific analysis of aerial images of 1978, 1985, 2005, 2012 and 2017 using GIS which also supported that mangrove forest have experienced positive and negative changes from 1978 to 2017 due to utilization of mangrove resources. GIS analysis also found that dense mangrove forests in 1978 occupied 323 hectors but in 2017 only 163 hectors remained to be dense mangrove about 154 hectors turned to low dense mangrove and 59 hectors were deforested. Deforestation of mangrove forest have negative socio-economic and cultural implications on the community livelihoods in the study area since it has reduced availability of various forest products upon which local communities solely depended such as wood materials for house construction and cooking fuels. During rehabilitation of mangrove forests, there are various categories of conflicts emerged due to individual interests. Findings also revealed that there are some areas which are very prone to such conflicts and there are other areas of potential conflicts. The study puts the following recommendations; the local government should formulate the strong management’s policy by involving local people who have a stake in conservation and management of mangrove forests in their areas. In the same time small scale community-based fisheries must be encouraged in all five wards as the majority of coastal population is engaged in this activity since the interests and rights of local communities must be also safeguarded.