Browsing by Author "Kombe, Godlisten Gladstone"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Inventory of aur pollution from the Tanzania transport sector
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2008) Kombe, Godlisten Gladstone
    The inventory of air pollutants from the transport sector in Tanzania from the year 1995 through 2005 was done to show the connection between transportation and air pollutants. Used on IPCC methodology and SEI manual, the air pollutants estimation was done. The amount of CO2, CO, NOR, N20, CH4, particulate matter (PM10) and SO2 emitted showed an average increase of 7.42%, 7.86%, 7.42%, 6.68%, 7.15%, 7.80% and 6.87% respectively per year. Rapid urbanization, poor town planning leading to unnecessary long routes and traffic congestion, the rising rate of motorization, increased trip rates, and use of old and unmaintained transport vehicles were among the factors that cause such increases in amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere from transportation sector. In the year 2005, the ammonia emission was 0.009 Gg that is 1 1.1 1% higher than that in 2004. The emissions of NMVOC increased steadily from 2000 to 2004 with an average increase of 5.80% per year. From the year 2004 through 2005, there had been a tremendous increase in NMVOC produced to about 12.50% per year. This could be due to the reasons, which include start-up in mornings, inefficient, old, poorly maintained vehicles, and slow driving during the peak hours. Lastly, the study revealed that activity data in Tanzania is poorly kept and data on transportation is hard to get. Sources of information and data are dispersed and the information lacks details and therefore the exercise of compiling inventory is difficult. This study may have uncertainty due to adoption of emission factor estimates from other countries. There is therefore a need of developing a database, which will be a source of information (emission factors and activity data) when compiling inventories, conducting regular surveys and emission monitoring by vehicles and fuel type.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Investigation of the effect of the extent ofrefining jatropha and castor oils on the quality of biodiese
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2013) Kombe, Godlisten Gladstone
    The influence of refining and pre-treating crude jatropha and castor Oil on biodiesel quality has been studied. Crude jatropha and castor oil were extracted and characterized before being refined and pre-treated into the following oil categories: degummed oil, neutralized oil, deodorized oil, full refined oil, acid esterified oil and re-esterified oil. Thereafter, all samples were subjected to homogeneous base catalyst transesterification. A central composite design using response surface methodology in design expert v7 software was employed in modelling and optimizing refining, pre-treatment and biodiesel production processes. The qualities of biodiesel produced from crude, refined, and pre-treated oil were analysed and compared with ASTM D6751, EN 14214 and drafted TBS CDC15 biodiesel standards. The study shows that the chemical characteristics and fuel properties of crude jatropha oil and castor oil present a superior quality and present them as a good feedstock for biodiesel production. The effect of refining and pre-treatment of crude jatropha and castor oil has been discussed in details. Neutralised oil, deodorized oil, full refined oil, acid-pre-treated oil and chemical re-esterified oil have good potential in producing biodiesel which meets most of the ASTM D6751, EN 14214 and TBS CDC15 standards quality requirements. The studies on the chemical kinetics of the newly developed low temperature glycerolysis, economic comparison of different pre-treatment and refining methods were recommended for a better decision making on economic biodiesel production route.