Browsing by Author "Kitali, Luzabeth Jackson"

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    The impact of spatial interaction on livelihoods a case of Moshi rural district, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Kitali, Luzabeth Jackson
    This study investigated the impact of the flow of people and commodities in changing the people‟s livelihoods. It also modified Ullman‟s (1980) model in addressing how spatial interaction can change people‟s livelihoods in Moshi Rural District, Kilimanjaro Region. A total of 456 households (10%) from five studied villages were sampled from 4563 households which were obtained from wards executive officers. Various methods which included household‟s questionnaire, interviews, observation and focus group discussions were employed in collecting data in the field. The obtained data were both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package of Social Sciences (S.P.S.S.) version 17. Also, G.I.S was used to analyse the satellite images of 1990 and 2010 in order to depict qualitative land use changes. The study revealed that there were two main modes of spatial interaction in the study area, namely, movements of people in temporary and permanent bases, and flow of commodities which were rural-rural, rural-urban and rural-international. Several drivers including searching for social services, employment, and education, shortage of land, security and marriage facilitates the movements of people. Meanwhile on the flow of commodities the drivers were good infrastructure, high demand, and profitability, low cost of transportation as well as the ability of the farmers to generate more income. The study revealed also that, the flow of commodities had an impact on land use changes. The study noted the gradual increase of the land size used for banana production (1990-2010) due to the growing demand and customer preferences, and a drastic decline of the land used for coffee cultivation. The flow of commodities in the study area influenced the abandonment of unprofitable crops, while the new profitable crops were introduced. Moreover, the study found out that there were several ways which linked the rural households to the migrants mainly through letter writing, visitation and remittances in kind and in cash.It was concluded that spatial flows have got an impact on changing the people‟s livelihoods in the study area, realized through the acquisition of livelihood assets, which were obtained through selling of crops and their use for various purposes and due to social services and construction of infrastructures. It is finally recommended that, there is a need to establish interventions to manage the flow of commodities in order to regulate prices and to ensure that the crops sold were purchased at a reasonable price. Furthermore, for the flow of people, there was a need for the central and local governments, in collaboration with other development agencies, to respond to the challenges of migration by assisting people who had already migrated to other places to fulfil their migration obligation by providing them with financial support so as to enhance their working conditions.
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    Social economic and environment impacts of rural- urban migration in Kilimanjaro Region
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2007) Kitali, Luzabeth Jackson
    This study examined the impacts of rural-urban migration on socio-economic and environmental conditions in Moshi Rural District; Kilimanjaro region Different methods were used in collecting the data including literature survey, structured and in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observation. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Geographical Information System (G.I.S) was used in data analysis. The study found that rural-urban migration in Moshi rural district has been caused by the need to search for better livelihoods and, employment opportunities, land shortage and marriages. Rural-urban migration in Moshi Rural District has a number of socio-economic impacts to the areas of origin, like the supply of remittances and construction of infrastructure. The migrants also invest in construction of infrastructure and provision of social services at the community level. On the other hand, rural-urban migration has adverse effects on the people in the areas of origin such as lack of productive manpower, loneliness and fear, marriage instabilities and destruction of traditions and customs. On the environmental side, the study found that migrants have promoted the planting of plotlets which conserve the environment for they provide firewood which in turn reduce deforestation. The people coped with difficult life through tolerance, borrowing from other people, agricultural diversification and conducting petty trade activities. Finally it was concluded that both push and pull factors encourage rural-urban migration. The study recommends that the government should apply economic measures in order to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration. Voluntary resettlement should be encouraged, political and social aspects in the areas of origin should also be improved to avoid rural-urban migration.