Browsing by Author "Abdallah, Athuman"

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    Synthesis of a new flavone from clove oil
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Abdallah, Athuman
    Chemical synthesis of bioactive natural products has been an important part of natural product research. This is because natural products have proven to be the most important source of pharmaceutical development worldwide. Much new therapeutics is derived from natural products. Thus, this dissertation reports on the synthesis of a new flavone which is analogous to the natural flavones. Flavones have been proven to be more valuable in biological and pharmacological activities. In the research reported in this dissertation a new flavone, 14, has been synthesized starting from clove oil. Cloves were steam distilled to obtain clove oil which was subsequently separated into eugenol and acetyl eugenol, its major phenolic constituents using dilute NaOH (3%). In route 1, eugenol was treated with cinnamoyl chloride resulting into the ester which, without isolating, was refluxed with aluminium chloride to effect Fries rearrangement into a common intermediate 19 in 72% yields. Upon refluxing with acetic acid in ethanol compound 19 gave the target compound 14 in 88.20% yields. Alternatively (i.e. route 2) acetyl eugenol was refluxed with methane sulfonic acid resulting in acetophenone 17 which on aldol condensation with benzaldehyde formed the common intermediate 19 in 92% yield. Refluxing 19 with acetic acid in ethanol gave product 14 in 95% yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR and HNMR spectroscopic techniques. Of the two synthetic routes for 6-allyl-3-(cyclohexa-2,4-dienyl)-8-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (14) route 2 gave better yield than route 1.
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    Tathimini ya athari ya mgogoro wa ushairi wa Kiswahili watunzi wa sasa nchini Tanzania: mifano kutoka shindano la ushairi la tunzo ya Ebrahim Hussein,2015 na 2016
    (Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, 2018) Abdallah, Athuman
    Utafiti huu umechunguza mgogoro wa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Utafiti umejikita katika kutathimini athari za mgogoro huo watunzi wa sasa kupitia watunzi washindano la Ushairi la Tunzo ya Ebrahim Hussein kwa mwaka 2015 na 2016.Utafiti huu uliongozwa na malengo mahusussi matatu ambayo ya Kubainisha mrengo wa utunzi uliojitokeza zaidi katika shindano la Ushairi la Tunzo ya Ebrahim Hussein kwa mwaka 2015 na 2016, kueleza sababu zilizowafanya watunzi wa mashairi ya shindano la Ushairi la Tunzo ya Ebrahim Hussein kwa mwaka 2015 na 2016 kutunga tungo zao kwa mirengo tofauti, na kujadili dhamira za tungo zilizotungwa kwa mirengo katika shindano la Tunzo la Ebrahim Hussein Ebrahim Hussein kwa mwaka 2015 na 2016.Data za Utafiti huu zilikusanywa maktabani na Uwandani.Maktabani ,zilipatikana kutoka kaitka Diwani mbili za Tunzo ya Mashairi ya Ebrahim Hussein 2015 na 2016.Pia kwa kusoma maandiko mbalimbali yanayohusiana na Ushairi wa Kiswahili.Data za uwandani zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu za uchambuzi wa mashairi pamoja na majadiliano na usaili.Uchambuzi wa data ulifanyika kwa kujiegemeza katika nadharia mbili za Jadi ya Ushairi wa Kiswahili iliyoasisiwa na William Hichens (1941). Nadharia ya pili iliyoongoza utafiti huu ni sosholojia ya Fasihi iliyoasisiwa na Bronislaw Malinowski (1922). Uwasilishaji wadata ulifanywa kwa makabala wa kitaamuli pamoja na mkabala wa kiidadi.Matokeo ya Utafiti huu yameoneshwa kuwa watunzi 57 kati ya 67 walitunga mashairi yao kwa ,mrengo wa kimapokeo na watunzi 10 waliandika mashairi yao kwa mrengo kwa kisasa.katika utafiti huu pia imebainika kuwa watunzi wa m,ashairi yao kwa mrengo wa kisasa wapo waliochanganya utunzi wao kwa kujuimuisha mbinu za kimapokeo.Aidha, Utafiti huu pia umeabinika kuwapo kwa sababu tofauti kwa watunzi wa mirengo hii miwili katik utunzi wao.Baadhi ya sababu za watunzi wa mrengo wa kisasa nikutaka kuyatambulisha zaidi maisha ya kisasa,kuonesha umahiri wa kutunga kwa mirengo miwili tofauti na kutaka kufanya mapinduzi kaitka ushairi wa Kiswahili.sababu za watunzi wa mashairi wa mrengo wa kimapokeo ni pamoja na kutaka Kuenzi Ushairi halisi wa Kiswahili,Kuandika tungo zenye mvuto na ukubalifu na kuatafuta ushindi katika shindano lililotafitiwa.Dhima hizo zimetwanyika kaitka sekta za kijamii,kiuchumi,kisasa ,kiteknolojia na kiutamaduni. Hitimisho, Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonesha kuwa bado upo mgogoro kwa watunzi wa sasa wa mashairi ya Kiswahili nchini Tanzania.Hata hivyo,mgogoro huo sio mpevu sana kama ulivyokuwa mnamo 1970 na 1980. Athari za mgogogro huu bado zinajidhililisha kaitka tungo na kauli za watunzi wa sasa wa mshairi nchini Tanzania na kusababisha tungo zao kufumbata taathira za mgogoro uliyotamalaki miaka iliyotajwa hapo juu. Inapendekezwa kuwa watafiti wengine wachunguze mgogoro wa Ushairi wa Kiswahili ili kubaini iwapo umeudumaza au kuuendeleza ushairi huo.