Assessing contract management risks of major capital projects in public sector the case study of ministry of infrastructure development (Tanzania building agency)

This study focused on teaching and learning chemistry with insufficient laboratory equipment in ordinary level secondary schools. The objective of the study was to examine the quantity and conditions of different kinds of laboratory equipment in the schools, problem teachers and students face in teaching and learning chemistry with insufficient laboratory equipment and alternative measures teachers use in chemistry teaching without laboratory equipment. The study used descriptive research design within the qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Tanga region was randomly selected as the study site to find out whether or not the increase in secondary schools is proportional to the availability of laboratories and equipment for teaching chemistry subject in secondary schools. There were ninety (90) respondents, which encompasses (6) chemistry teachers and (84) students (form II and IV).The study employed purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques to select sample schools and respondents. Interview, checklist and laboratory observation instruments were used to collect data of the study. Quantitative responses from checklist were tabulated and analyzed using excel program while qualitative analysis categorized according to themes. The findings indicated that essential equipment for basic experiment were available in Government owned (Galanos, Usagara and Korogwe) and Private owned (Rosmini) secondary schools but not available in Community owned (Semkiwa, Macechu and Mkwakwani) secondary schools. The findings further indicates that teachers get problem in making students understand practical experience using abstract concepts and students face great difficulties in comprehending chemistry concepts when teaching and learning process is done theoretically. It also indicate that both teachers and learners consume much time to cover the lesson when teaching and learning take place with insufficient laboratory equipment. The findings further showed that teachers did not abandon to teach the topics; rather they continued teaching chemistry using various alternatives means such as improvisations, teaching theoretically and use of diagrams and charts. The study concluded that due to the importance of chemistry in the real life, improvisation as a strategy for providing laboratory teaching resources should be given emphasis to overcome teaching and learning chemistry with insufficient laboratory equipment in secondary schools. It • recommended that expansion of secondary schools and enrolment should correspond with increase in teaching resources including laboratory space and equipment recommended that chemistry teachers pment for chemistry experiments. Also it was exposed to seminars and in-service training toe emphasize on the importance of improvisation using inexpensive local teaching resources for experiments.