The stylistic evolution of modern Makonde sculpture in Tanzania

This study examines the evolution of modern Makonde sculpture styles in Tanzania from the 1930s to 2010. The emphasis is to identify new styles and sub-styles that grew out of the eight established styles, factors that influenced their creations as well as to determine guiding principles that lead to its production. The study is significant in that it acts as a reference to stylistic evolution that may help modern Makonde sculpture’s admirers, dealers, galley owners, and scholars to further their appreciation of this particular art in Tanzania. Both purposive and snowball sampling were used to select a sample of twenty one (21) respondents. Data collection methods included interview, participant observation and a documentary review. The study found out that, fifteen styles and twenty-one sub-styles evolved, evidence which shows that modern Makonde sculpture styles are not as staric as some scholars used to think. This evolution is a complex phenomenon that was influenced by the need for artistic identity and decisive patronage. Furthermore, the study found out that the production of modern Makonde sculpture is not confined to one ethnic group, but many ethnic groups are currently involved in creation of this art. The study recommends that more publicity on the evolved styles is needed and the Tanzania Sculptors Association (TSA), National Arts Council (NAC) and other relevant institutions should work together to promote original styles among local sculptors through annual competitions and exhibitions. Furthermore, more research is needed to find out the impact of Mozambican sculpture’s styles on current modern Makonde sculpture styles made in Tanzania so as to clarify the motion that sculptures made in Tanzania are copies of what is being produced in Mozambique.