Fosbrooke

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Activity studies at the Galana game farm research project
(Fosbrooke, 1983) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
In June 1972 funding was obtained from AWLF for project to study the activity of animals at the Galana Game Farm Research Project.
An Administrative Survey of the Masai Social Systems
(Fosbrooke, 1948) Fosbrooke, Henry A
This issue of Notes and Records constitutes a departure from the usual form in that almost the whole of it is devoted to one area and one tribe of the Territory. It is to be hoped however that the intrinsic appeal of Masailand and the Masai will justify the experiment in the eyes of the reader, especially as the subject has, curiously enough, only very occasionally and incidentally been touched upon in past issues of this journal. It was originally intended to combine in this issue surveys of the two main groups of people inhabiting Masailand, that of the Masai by H. A. Fosbrooke, which appears here, and that of the Dorobo by R. A. J. Maguire. But considerations of space and the desire to maintain the tradition of wide variety in style and content of the papers in each issue, prompted the printing of ‘ II Torobo ’ in a separate issue, and readers who have not seen it are recommended to invest; in a copy (No. 25) in order to supplement their knowledge of one of the most interesting regions of Tanganyika.
Africa's energy crisis
(Fosbrooke, 1976) Fosbrooke, Henry A
Most people in the development world have never driven a car or used fuel oil. But all of them have heard of the world oil crisis. But silently, a fat more telling fie shortage has crept up on them, caused not by OPEC, bur by themselves.
African agricultural adaptability: proceedings of the first federal science congress
(Fosbrooke, 1960) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
Workers in the agricultural field are often driven to despair by the slowness with which the African peasant responds to suggested changes in his agricultural techniques. It is wondered, however, whether this is any more than the innate conservatism of peasantry which is to be found throughout the world, for a study of African agriculture techniques reveals that when circumstances have necessitated change this has come about and enabled the group to “survive. Numerous cases could be cited from Central Africa as for instance, the chitemcne system as practised by the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia, and described by numerous; authors, particularly Richards (1939). or again the Barotse system which was described in a study by Gluckman (1941) and in further detail by the late Mr. Peters, (1960). The author wishes, however, to draw particularly on his Tanganyika experience, using Tanganyika Notes and Records as the main source book. The author (1957) at the third Pan African Congress in Livingstone described taking agriculture in its broadest sense that is inclusive of pastoralism an early example in Tanganyika of man adapting his environment to pastoralism in 1955. Briefly, on the arid plains of Central Tanganyika an unidentified race of pastoralists developed a system of transhumance to a fine art. They discovered and improved permanent water supplies as for instance in the deep wells of Naberera and at the same time ensured that the best use was made of the pasture which lay beyond the grazing radius of such permanent waters. Cattle keepers throughout the world practise the technique by taking their stock to drink from temporary streams or impermanent water holes, but these early pastoralists built artificial rain-ponds some of which are still in use today. The principles involved, of improved water supplies, both temporary and permanent, and rotational grazing are those now being actively applied in pastoral areas throughout the world, with the aid of bulldozers, mechanical pumps and pasture research scientists.
African social research
(Fosbrooke, 1977) Fosbrooke, Henry A
The history of the five years from my take-over in March 1956 can be understood only against the social, economic and political background prevailing throughout the three component elements of the then existing Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, all of who supported the Institute and expected a share of its services. At that time ’ northern Rhodesia had a booming economy based on copper, a politically active white unofficial group seeking more and more say in the Colonial Office-controlled government and a social system based on a strict white-black dichotomy. This last manifested itself in such features as small serving hatches for African customers in the main shops in Cairo Road; menus with marked-up prices presented to African or mixed parties seeking to be served in restaurants to discourage their patronage; the Lusaka City Library ‘reserved for ratepayers’ when a Munali student sought to borrow a book, but no questions asked of a visiting European student; and miles of tarmac cycle paths to ensure the safety and comfort of European pupils cycling to their centrally heated schools whilst the Africans of Matero and Kalingalinga wallowed in muddy roads in the rains and inhaled clouds of dust in the dry season. In Southern Rhodesia, entrenched in its quasi-Dominion status since 1923, the dichotomy was even more marked, with hotels, park benches "and dwelling areas reserved for whites. This attitude was reflected more severely in the rural sphere, with half the land and the better half, at that reserved for European occupation. Nyasaland was a political and economic backwater, governed on typical paternalistic ‘colonial’ lines, the Governor being supported by an executive council overwhelmingly official with two unofficial Europeans and, needless to say, no Africans.
The aftermath and the future
(Lusaka, 1959) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
The following paper was roughed out with a view to its submission to the press- As, however, there is reason to believe the constructive criticisms which it contains are of interest to Government, it is submitted in the first place to the Chief Secretary. Its present form is naturally less discreet and more technical than that proposed for publication„ The writer is not only involved in the situation as a member of the Munali School Council, but can claim some educational experience in the African setting, having as a District Commissioner been chairman of a District Education Committee, and having at other times served on the Tanganyika European Education Authority, a local School Council, and as chairman of a parents association, As the matters discussed are of some urgency, this paper is submitted without the full study and consultation which the subject deserve so The Kenya and Tanganyika legislation to which I refer is not yet available to me, though copies are on orders but the material is doubtless available in the Secretariate Further, I would have liked to refer the draft to the Institute of Education in Salisbury, particularly to Professor Fletcher and to Dr. Cyril Rogers, whose suggestion of a Federal Education Commission is referred to later. I hope that the Northern Rhodesia Government will see its way to permitting me to do so. Whilst the only object of this paper is to suggest certain developments in the present system of African Education from the organisational angle, it is necessary to undertake a diagnostic exercise before remedies can be suggested- As some of the troubles may not only lie within the body of the patient but equally in his environment, a broad approach is necessary covering the boys, the parents, the African public, the European public, the staff and the School Council™ They are dealt with in that order hereunder.The questions which present themselves ares- How did the incidents affect these groups; what are their attitudes one to the other\ and how can these attitudes be improved in the interests of African education in particular, and more generally in the interest of the development of the country? In this connection it must be constantly born in mind that it is not what any particular group should think, but what it actually does think that matters„ A belief may be demonstrably false, but if it is believed it will motivate human conduct just as surely as if it were true.
The age and meaning of the paintings
(Fosbrooke, 1950) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
When describing Rock Paintings one is invariably asked two questions: what is their age and what is their meaning? No satisfactory answer can be given to either question. Regarding age, battle royal was recently joined in the South Africa Archaeological Bulletin between J. F. Schofield (31) and the Abbe Henri Breuil (8). The writer is not competent to comment on this clash of the giants, suffice it to say that the former will only admit to an age for the South African paintings in terms of centuries, whilst the latter thinks in terms of millennia. The issue will probably not be decided before a great deal more excavation has been done and perhaps Tanganyika, a late-comer in the Prehistoric Painting field, may be able to provide evidence vital to a decision in this matter. For as Dr. Leakey points out in Section 4 there is a possibility that the occurrence of painting on a small piece of rock in a particular horizon may give an association with a particular Stone Age culture, which in turn would bring as a step nearer to assigning an accurate date to the particular style of painting so found. But on the admittedly dangerous ground of stylistic comparison with some examples of North African art, e.g. as recorded by Frobenius (14) and as recorded and dated by Myers (25) and considering the arguments put forward by the Abbe Breuil (8) for an early dating of South African paintings, it seems safe to say that some of our Tanganyika paintings probably date back for thousands rather than hundreds of years. To the question “ What is the meaning of the paintings ” there is probably not one but many answers; a consideration of what does not, } as well as what does, appear in primitive art is necessary in attempting to answer this question. In the whole of the series, from the earliest to the latest, there is no single representation of a domestic animal; there is a paucity of carnivora though the occasional feline appears, as at Tlawi X (D.22) and hyaena at Tura (D.6). The dominant motiff is the type of animal commonly used for food in primitive hunting communities, buck, buffalo, elephant, rhino and ostrich.
Agreement by the Masai to vacate the Western Serengeti
(University of Dar es Salaam, 1958) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
Agreement by the Masai to vacate the Western Serengeti
Agricultural aspects of shifting cultivation
(Fosbrooke, 1973) Ruthenberg, H.
Shifting cultivation is the name we use for agricultural systems which involve an alternation between cropping for a few years on selected and cleared plots and a lengthy period when the soil is rested. Cultivation consequently shifts within an area that is otherwise covered by natural vegetation. The intensity of shifting cultivation varies widely. A relatively simple and appropriate criterion of land use intensity is the relation between the period of cultivation and the period of fallow. Joosten (1962) proposes, and we follow his example, to measure land use intensity through the value R. The letter R tells us the percentage of the land that is cultivated annually.
Agricultural decline in Tanzania: the case of the Uluguru mountains
(Fosbrooke, 1992) Van Donge, Jan Kees
This article describes social and economic change over the last thirty years in the Mgeta division of Morogoro rural district in Tanzania’s Uluguru mountains. In common with many areas, Mgeta has, over this period, become more and more involved in wider networks of economic exchange. The area faces an increasing food deficit; there is an increasing reliance on vegetable cultivation for the urban markets; and the area is increasingly dependent upon migration to the cities. These economic changes are reflected in changes in the social structure of the area. Earlier descriptions of the area give paramount importance to the matrilineal lineage which regulated access to land and patterned residence.1 Nowadays, this locally- based structure has given way to small kinship groups which mostly depend upon links otitside the area for access to cash. The study of regional social change may elucidate broader processes of social change. For example, Berry used a detailed study of the way econ-omic surplus was spent in Yorubaland as an apt illustration of the use of the surplus generated by the oil boom in the Nigerian economy.2 Such a study of the way in which regions are enmeshed in national economies is useful, but developments in one region do not necessarily reflect changes in the economy as a whole. Wider patterns of social change set parameters within which social change takes place, but this does not necessarily lead to one particular pattern of development. Regional studies may illustrate the possibility of a diversity of responses shaped by the local actors. Social change in Mgeta is seen, in this article, as one of various possible outcomes of development shaped by actors.3 Secondly, focusing on the increasing involvement of regions in wider networks may pay undue attention to
Agricultural development in drought-prone Africa conference
(Fosbrooke, 1985) Jones, M J
We are dealing with the marginal areas of sub-Saharan Africa, with mean annual rainfalls of around 400-700 ram. These are natural grasslands and savannas, where pastoralism has often dominated in the past and where, even today, the most rational form of land use would probably be extensive ranching. That these areas are now experiencing a rapid expansion of crop farming can be attributed to demographic pressures from the increasing populations of the traditionally arable farmers and to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle on the part of many former pastoralists.
Agricultural development in drought-prone Africa conference: In Overseas Development Adrministration: paper 5
(Fosbrooke, 1985) Davies, J. C.
Drought prone Africa can be largely equated with the Semi-Arid Tropics of Troll's Classification. It is the home of some 6-700 million people and is characterised by a climate in which there are 2-7 humid months and a rainfall of 500-1,500 mm. (A humid months is one in which rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration). There is an arid season of 5-10 months and this is important in the context of pests and their seasonal carryover. The erratic nature of the rainfall and high arid season temperatures are also important in the context of pests and crop protection since these obviously affect plant growth and hence food and host availability for pests.
Agro-forestry and its relevance to the Arusha Region: a discussion paper prepared for planning consideration
(Fosbrooke, 1980) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
Agroforestry has been defined as "a sustainable land management system which increases the overall yield of the land by combining the production of crops, including tree crops, forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land, and applies management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population (l) A more concise definition written by a Tanzanian is "agroforestry is hero defined as the rational and sustained use of a unit land area for the harmonious production of both agricultural crops and tree forest species, together or in sequence, primarily for the benefit of the local community. It will be noted how both these definitions include reference to the local population, and it is in fact the indigenous people to whom we must look for the original practice of agro-forestry in this part of the world. One of the most notable manifestations of indigenous agro-forestry is the practice of "shifting cultivation much misunderstood by early expatriate agriculturists who unfortunately passed their bias on to the local staff who came under their influence. The value of shifting cultivation, and the application of the lessons to be learnt therefrom in relation to the Region agricultural problems, are dealt with later,
Agroclimatological enquiries
(Fosbrooke, 1976) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
1. Rainfall figures for the year 1974 and 1975 for Dodoma are as follows:- 1974 - 448 mm 1975 - 326 mm I also enclose a copy of graphical representation of the annual rainfall collected at Dodoma Meteorological station up to 1973/4 season. The dashed lines represent five year running means. 2. While we agree that soil, degradation is a major cause of low crop production and hence feminine in some semi-arid areas of Africa, this however is not the inherent cause of low crop production in areas of Central Tanzania. We are of the opinion that since all over the years these areas have been pastoral lands to the extent that very meager proportion of the land was put under cultivation, this has resulted in lack of experience on t part of the inhabitants there to adapt agricultural practices so to grow enough food to feed themselves. As meteorologists, we think that when these inhabitants of the semi-arid areas of Tanzania resorted to cultivation the following agrometeorological phenomena should naturally come into play. (a) The timing of sowing period is of vital importance in these areas due to the short rainfall season and the small amounts received annually. (b) Due to the short cropping period, selection of crops suitable to this particular type of enrironment is essential. For example, it is of little use, if any, to encourage farmers to grow a crop of a variety that will take more than four months to mature and whose water requirements is high. (c) Coupled with the low rainfall figures is the uneven distribution of the amounts during the growing period. On the average, the growing period in areas of Central Tanzania is from December to April. Experience has shown that about 50$ of the total annual figure of rainfall is collected by the end of January. However there have been seasons when well above 75% is collected during the first two months of the* cropping season, leaving the period (when water is most required) barely dry. With the high rate of evaporation, the situation becomes even worse. / (d) Soil moisture require also plays an important role. Soil moist studies have shown that at time of onset of the rains, soil moisture present is so low that most of the first rains (which are quite vital agriculturally) go to replenish the lower layers and is hardly available to the plants. This being the case crops which have been sown in anticipation of the first rains take time emerge and hence develop to the size and state that would have been reached mu earlier had there been enough moisture at time of onset of the rains. The situation gets more alarming when rains set in late thus reducing the cropping period considerably. Hence, the effectiveness of rains (rather than the amounts), the right planting time and the right kind of crop to suit the environment both meteorologically and agronomical are some of the most important factors to be looked into whenever an agricultural project is being planned especially in are where cultivation has not been the order of the day. 3. With regard to publications on the meteorological aspects of the Central Plateau I would advice you to write to EAAFRO in Nairobi for copy of work done by Dr. Daag.
Agronomic aspects of soil conservation
(Fosbrooke, 1973) Pierson, C.L
The global approach by the traditional farmer towards the phenomenon of agricultural production, which is one of the direct consequences of considering farming as a social state instead of as a profession, though conferring on him an astonishing capability to assess the level of fertility of a soil, is paradoxically hampering him in detecting what is the relative importance of each factor involved in the process of the decrease or the increase of soil fertility. As an example, it is generally very difficult for a traditionally farmer to realize that sheet erosion can be a form of soil alienation; as for him erosion exists only in its most spectacular forms, (.gullies and landslides).
Aims, methods and practical application of social research in East Africa
(Fosbrooke, 1950) Fosbrooke, Henry A
The need for sociological research has been fully recognized by the establishment of the Colonial Office Social Science Research Council, and by the proposal to establish a Social Research Institute attached to Makerere College, the East African university to be. Such need is further emphasized in the proceedings of the Colonial Office African Summer Conference, 1949, and by the provision made by Tanganyika Government in its 1949 estimates to employ three anthropologists. As the senior of these, with a background of 18 years administrative experience, I hope to obtain guidance from the Conference on the method of approach and functions of Government social anthropology
Amboseli new perspectives
(University of Nairobi, 1985) Western, David
Kenya's famous Amboseli Game Reserve is still widely regarded amongst conservationists as the one great wildlife refuge that eluded National Park status and gradually under the hooves of thousands of Masai cattle.
Amendments to article on social security
(Fosbrooke, 1901) Fosbrooke, Henry A.
This is the third article of a series appearing in this Bulletin dealing with various aspects of Migrant Labour. The first by Mitchell (1958) dealt with the reasons, which motivated Africans in their movements in search of work: the second by Watson (1959) dealt with the effect on the rural economy of the departure of the menfolk. This latter article describes a situation amongst the Mambwe of Northern Rhodesia which is perhaps not general throughout East and Central Africa, a situation which permits a proportion of the menfolk to be absent without undue disturbance to the tribal economy and one which allows the industrial wage earner to return to the tribal area when the period of his industrial employment is over. ’As long as Africans,’ Watson concludes, ’have secure rights to the use of tribal land they will cling to the land, to the subsistence it provides, and to their tribalism, for -this offers a security they understand. ’ Mitchell (1958) summarizes his analysis by isolating three situations:- The first where the economic opportunities of the home area are such that the pull of home prevails over the necessity to go out and earn the peasant producer, such as the Ghagga coffee grower on the slopes of Kilimanjaro is typical of this situation: The second where the economic needs cannot be satisfied locally, nor can social needs be satisfied in the area of employment
Amendments to the Ngorongoro Conservation area ordinance
(Fosbrooke, Henry a (1975) Amendments to the Ngorongoro Conservation area ordinance, 1975) Fosbrooke, Henry A
6. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, "the Ordinance-" means the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance 7. Section 2 of the Ordinance is amended in subsection (l)— TP (a) by adding the following new definitions in their appropriate alphabetical positions: "the Authority” means the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority established by section 4; "the Board” means the Board of Directors of the Authority,nj (b) by deleting the definition '’Conservator'1 and substituting therefor the following definition: "Conservator" noans the Conservator of the Conservation Area appointed in accordance with the provisions of section 5B;"
Animal draught power
(Fosbrooke, 1975) Fosbrooke, A Henry
The encouragement of animal draught power is a matter of high priority in Government planning. After the post-independence euphoria with its expectations of limitless tractor power had receded, it has been national policy to encourage the development of draught power - a matter made even more urgent by the oil crisis. But in the second five-year national development plan, twenty-three training schemes were envisaged, but it is reported that by the end of the period not one was functional. There are of course certain areas in Tanzania where ox ploughing has been adopted extensively, for example in the Arusha Region around Mount Meru.

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