Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2015"
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Item Metadata only An assessment of domestic liquid waste management in informal settlements of Dar es Salaam: case of Tandale ward, Kinondoni municipality(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Msambichaka, Sixbert JoachimManagement of domestic liquid wastes continues to be a burden in the informal settlements of developing countries in the world such as Tanzania. In Tanzania especially in informal settlements of Tandale ward liquid wastes are poorly managed as a result it leads to negative impacts on the environment and health. This study assessed the domestic liquid waste management in informal settlements of Dar es Salaam: case of Tandale Ward in Kinondoni Municipality. The study was guided by three objectives: to examine the liquid waste management in Tandale ward; to examine the threats caused by poor liquid waste management in Tandale ward; and to evaluate the intervention measures of liquid wastes in Tandale ward. Tandale informal settlements are challenged with the outbreak of water borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and skin diseases as a result of unmanaged liquid wastes especially during the rainy season since the contents of pit latrines are allowed to flow unmanaged. The study was conducted in six streets of Tandale ward with a total of 115 households which were obtained through simple random sampling technique. The data were generated through household questionnaires, in-depth interviews, participatory field observation, and focus group discussion. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approach. Various data types such as demographic characteristics data, Liquid waste management data, threats caused by poor liquid wastes management data and liquid waste reduction strategies data were collected. The data collected were both qualitatively and quantitatively analysed, whereby quantitative data were analysed by the use of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences IBM (SPSS version 20) and qualitative data were coded, described, summarized and presented in the form of pictures and text. The study findings revealed that, most of the areas in Tandale ward were occupied by informal settlements (78%) whereby the management of liquid wastes was poor because there were no roads to allow vehicles which collect liquid wastes to pass. The problem of liquid wastes in Tandale ward especially Kwatumbo, Mkunduge and Mtogole streets was critical since people disposed their domestic liquid wastes on open grounds. The study concluded that, the situation of domestic liquid wastes in Tandale ward was worse since the production of domestic liquid waste was very high while the collection services were poor. Most types of these domestic wastes were liquid wastes from toilets, bathrooms, kitchens and from washing clothes which cause outbreak of waterborne diseases such as Malaria, Typhoid, Cholera, Diarrhoea and Skin diseases. The people tried to control this situation by digging small local streams around their houses so as to prevent the spread of domestic liquid wastes to the open ground. It was recommended that, the government should make sure that houses are built in planned areas so as to have space to construct infrastructures such as septic tanks, liquid waste streams and roads to allow vehicles for liquid waste collection. The government should make sure Tandale ward is connected to the municipal liquid waste system, as it was revealed that Tandale ward was not connected to the Municipal liquid waste system. Also, the people of Tandale ward should make sure that they have built initial liquid waste collection points so as to avoid the spread of liquid waste on the ground.Item Open Access Effective use of logistics management information system for evidence based forecasting of family planning commodities needs a case of Medical Stores Department(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kapinga, DeusThe main objective of this study was to assess the challenges facing existing Logistics Management Information System for effective use in evidence based forecasting of Family Planning commodities needs and propose strategies for improvement. The study was carried out in the Medical Stores Department (MSD) Headquarters in Dar es Salaam and Kibaha Urban in Coastal region in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative research approach in a case study design where informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect primary information. Review of documents and the analysis of existing data from MSD were used as the means of collecting secondary information. Findings from the study showed that existing LMIS was not effectively used for evidence based forecasting of FP commodities needs. Lack of accurate and reliable consumption and dispensing data, shortage of trained health personnel and fragmented and uncoordinated LMIS were found to be the most common factors that hinder the use of it. In order to have effective use of LMIS, the study recommends improving FP data collection, management and use at health facility level and integrating LMIS to improve data quality and reduce the burden to health workers. Also improving availability of health care workers at health facilities and establishing a culture of conducting a needs assessment before conducting any LMIS trainings.Item Open Access The effect of sales promotion on the sales performance of small enterprises in Tanzania: a case of Kariakoo Market in Dar es Salaam(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Issa, AminaIn this study the effect of sales promotion in the sales performance of small enterprises in Tanzania was examined. The sales promotion strategies that include premiums, free samples, price off and coupon and or rebates were examined. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study made use of structured and open- ended questionnaires. Stratified sampling technique was used to form representative sample of 100 respondents. Both primary and secondary data were obtained through interviews and documentary review. Data collected were processed and analyzed using the software package in which descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used. The results from the study provided mixed findings. On one hand the study revealed that there is significant difference between the use of premiums, price off and free sample and sales performance. On the other hand the study revealed that there is insignificant relationship between coupon and/or rebates and sales performance. The study recommends a need for educating Small Enterprises using seminars and workshops to address the benefit that can be gained when appropriate sales promotion tools can be used as a competitive advantage to attract more customers for their products.Item Metadata only Rural household energy consumption choices in Tanzania will rural electrification change the pattern?(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Richard, LowemaIn Tanzania, energy consumption by rural households is based much on traditional sources of energy (kerosene, charcoal and firewood) both for cooking and lighting purposes which has got environment and health problems. The recent Household Budget Survey (HBS 2012) data has been used to analyze factors influencing household energy choices in rural Tanzania with presence of rural electrification program (REA). This study also established and analyzed the electricity affordability among those rural household and the possibility of shift in choices from the use of traditional fuels to the use of modern fuels both for cooking and lighting. A multinomial logit regression model was used for data analysis. Finding from the study shows that education level of household head, ownership of dwelling unit, gender of the head of the household, age of the household head, household size, household income and rural electrification program (REA) are important factors influencing households’ choices for energy in rural Tanzania. It is found that kerosene is more affordable energy source used for lighting while firewood is more affordable for cooking in rural areas. The implication from the study findings is that there is low prospect for households in rural areas to shift from using traditional energy sources to modern energy sources in very near future. In addition to REA initiatives, more efforts are required to up lift the shift from the use of traditional to modern energy sources in rural areas. This could be achieved through education and income enhancement programsItem Metadata only Challenges facing students and their teachers in inclusive school setting(Unversity of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kinyero, JosephineThis study aimed at investigating the challenges which students with and without disabilities and their teachers face in inclusive school settings. A case study was used for intensive investigation. Simple random and purposive sampling procedures were employed in selecting a sample of 90 respondents. Data collection methods used was questionnaire, interviews, observation schedules and documentary review. In this study it was found that, the major challenges which face students with and without disabilities as well as their teachers is mostly, lack of trained teachers who can comfortably handle the inclusive classes and manage to meet the needs of every student in the class. Another is lack of proper teaching and learning materials especially those needed by students with disabilities for example most of the schools do not have Braille machine, books written in large prints and even hearing aids for those with hearing impairments. The environments in inclusive schools are not conducive to students with disabilities for example the toilets are not friendly to them. The study also found out that, inclusive education help those students with disabilities mostly socially and very little academically as compared to those students without disabilities. SWDs can cope with school environment and gain a number of friends as well as interacting with teachers and other staff around the school but their academic performance is low as compared to their fellow students without disabilities. This study has found out that, there are a lot of challenges which both students and teachers face in inclusive schools. But those challenges affect mostly students with disabilities. The study proposes several recommendations to overcome the challenges facing mostly students with disabilities and teachers in inclusive school. Among all a well trained teachers should be available in those inclusive schools as to take care of those SWDs, there is a need of engaging more sociologists and psychologist in inclusive schools as to help SWDs in building confidence and self-esteem as a way of addressing the problem of inferiority complex among SWDs.Item Open Access Effect of utilization of ICT to the effectiveness of internal control in public institutions in Tanzania: a case of Institute of Social Work (ISW)(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Anselim, JoachimInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an important part of most organizations these days. Its use has brought remarkable contribution to the efficiency of operation in various areas to most of the organizations. The full transformation of the culture of the Institute of Social Work (ISW) from traditional manual system into paperless trading environment means changes of the internal control techniques are required, so as to ensure consistency with the ICT environment and ultimately the efficiency of internal controls. Therefore, the adaptations of internal control techniques are critical issue in order to ensure the efficacy of internal controls and the achievement of Institutions objectives. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of utilization of ICT to the effectiveness of internal control in public institutions in Tanzania. The study mainly focused into three specific research objectives: to determine the extent of utilization of ICT in Public institutions, to determine the factors that influences the Public institution to use ICT and to establish the effectiveness of ICT in the internal control system of Public institutions. This study also explains the methodology used; in collecting data, it focused on both primary and secondary data. The study gathered secondary data through reviewing current literature and opinions on effect of ICT in Internal Control while primary data were collected through structured questionnaire and observation was drawn from two different groups; the academic staff and supporting staff. The sample was drawn from these two groups and the responses were analyzed using percentage frequency tables, bar charts and pie chart. The key findings revealed that demographic factors including age, job level, education level and gender have a relationship with the utilization of ICT. It also identifies factors that influence the use of ICT in public institutions such as the policy of the organization, organization culture and structure, professional development, availability of technical support, need for innovation, accessibility of ICT resources and leisure. The findings revealed that the Institute failed to apply ICT in various areas such as on decision making, periodic reporting, security of assets, reviewing institutional performance which ultimately negatively impact the effectiveness of internal control. But it has managed to enhance the effectiveness of internal control by giving room for employees to use ICT, planning and providing conducing environment for its employees to use ICT.Item Metadata only An investigation of information seeking behaviour among medical students in Tanzania: a comparative analysis of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) and Hubert Kairuki Memorial University (HKMU)(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Mwalubungo, Christina CharlesThis study investigated information-seeking behaviour among medical students in Tanzania, particularly at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) and Hubert Kairuki Memorial University (HKMU) in Dar es Salaam. The study was a descriptive case study and combined qualitative and quantitative methodologies where self- administered questionnaire and observation methods were employed to collect data for the study. A sample of 87 medical students in their first to fifth year and 5 librarians was involved in the study. Mapping of the available information resources at the two Universities showed that they have in place text books and journals in print newspaper, research reports and have subscribed to electronic databases. Despite the availability, the respondents were less aware of presence of electronic resources and used them less compared to printed resources. It was also established that students at MUHAS have adequate access to hard copy text books, research reports, newspapers and some online databases (such as HINARI, WHO and MEDLINE) as compared to students at HKMU. The study also revealed that the students had inadequate information searching skills thus relied on internet search engines, recommended reading lists, browsing the library shelves and to a lesser extent the librarians to locate information materials relevant to their academic fields. Majority of the students could use simple searching techniques to search for online information. The students confirmed to be satisfied with the services provided in University libraries especially the library’s environment, access to online information, and the conduct of the library staff. Based on the findings, the study concluded that there is adequate access to printed information resources and low access to electronic resources. Students have inadequate information searching skill but are quite satisfied with information services provided with the libraries. The study recommends comprehensive Information Literacy training programs to address information skills’ deficiencies noted. It is also necessary to institute mechanisms that improve both physical and intellectual access to library resources.Item Metadata only Assessment of sustainability of community owned water supply and sanitation project the case study of Barafu-Kisiwani water scheme, Dar es Salaam Region(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kahurananga, JeremiaIn rural and urban Tanzania water supply and sanitation systems are not sustainably operational due to breakdown and are eventually abandoned. This is largely due to the traditional approach of Governments to water supply and sanitation project. The focus has been on designing and constructing systems based on prescribed needs rather than sustainable development and sustainability of water and sanitation services. The main objective of the study was to assess the sustainability of community owned water supply and sanitation project in Mburahati ward Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam. The study methodology involve key informant interviews, focus group discussions with water committees, interviews of 200 household and inspections of the water and sanitation facilities. The study shows that, 78% of the respondents use water from taps and it’s accessible within an average of 10 minutes time due to annually functionality of all 17 domestic water points available. The project is sustainably operated due to effectively and efficiently managed by Barafu-Kisiwani Water user association which formulates the cost recovery mechanism of user fees to cover the cost of operational and maintenance. However the reliability of the system due to functionality of the system but the scheme experience water shortage during peak hours resulted from small size of storage tank available. Sanitation is very low since 65% of respondents used an improved pit latrines suggested that good sanitation practices are difficult to follow due to over use by more than one household.Item Metadata only Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus in selected areas of Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Makoroma, Pauline RaphaePeste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious disease of major economic importance affecting small ruminants mainly sheep, goats as well as wild small ungulates. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of PPR Virus antibodies and establish the phylogenetic relation of PPRV isolates obtained from sheep and goats from 17 districts. Furthermore, vaccinated population of sheep and goats were sampled to assess the potency of PPR vaccine. A total of 1055 samples were collected, 969 were tested serologically using c-ELISA and 86 samples were analysed using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Out of 969 sera samples from 17 districts screened using, c-ELISA came from southern districts of Tanzania and Pugu livestock auction market from which samples from six districts were found to have animals positive for PPRV antibodies. An overall seroprevalence of 31.16% (n= 77) sheep and 21.63 % (n= 892) goats was obtained. Variation among the most and least affected districts with PPRV from southern Tanzania was significant, the p value was <0.0001, 95 CI (49.425 – 87.330) (p=0.05). Out of 17 districts sampled, five districts had samples which were positive to RT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis of these samples clusters the isolate obtained in this study to lineage II. In more than 90% of vaccinated sheep and goat in Masasi and Tunduru districts had no antibodies for PPR one year post vaccination. Normally the vaccine protects animal for three years. This calls for post vaccination sero- monitoring. This study confirms that PPRV had spread into five districts of Mtwara, Nanyumbu, Singida, Mpwapwa and Meatu not reported earlier. There is a need to carry out an extensive study to establish and map the actual spread of PPRV in Tanzania in order to design and implement comprehensive PPRV control strategies.Item Metadata only Effectiveness of procedures used by educational managers in handling teachers’ grievances in public secondary schools in tanga city, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Ndumbo, Kassim SeifThis study sought to assess effectiveness of procedures used by education managers in handling teachers’ grievances in public secondary schools in the city of Tanga, Tanzania. In that regard, the study, first, identified common teachers’ grievances; second, explored strategies used by education managers in addressing teachers’ grievances; finally the study assessed effectiveness of strategies used by education managers in handling teachers’ grievances in public secondary schools. The study utilized qualitative approach under case study design. The area of the study was Tanga city involving six public secondary schools in Tanga city. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review. Respondents were selected using both snowball and purposive sampling in order to collect data which were analyzed qualitatively. The major findings showed that, the following are challenges that bring about teachers’ grievances and they include delayed promotions, unpaid arrears; heavy teaching workload, inadequate resources and payment of low salaries in the context of public secondary schools and have several detrimental effects on teachers’ work performance. These effects include reducing teaching morale, belittlement of teachers’ status, and indiscipline. Likewise, teachers subscribe to low teaching efficiency which brings about awful instructional quality. The major causes of grievances are grouped in three categories namely; financial related factors, management policies and work conditions. The findings also revealed that, grievance handling procedure used in public secondary schools are moderately effective as evidenced by a number of teachers’ grievances which go unresolved or partially addressed in public secondary schools. Recommendations for action arising from the study are that; education managers should make quick discovery of teachers’ grievances and ensure prompt and effective handling. It is also advised that Ministry officials, education planners and policy makers should raise teachers’ motivation using appropriate policy changes and implementation including reviewing and revising procedures for handling grievances to make sure that immediate efforts are available. Further, the study recommends that both pre and in-service training pertaining to human resource management at workplace should be provided to all aspire to become school managers including district education officers, heads of schools and teachers so as to remind equip them with necessary knowledge and skills on proper handling of employee’s grievance at workplace. The study also advises education mangers to ensure availability of standing orders to teachers for them to read and understand. This will create more awareness of teachers’ rights and entitled welfares and thus will help them to know what to claim, how to claim, where to claim and even when to claim. It is also recommended that similar studies can be conducted in other regions and in other private schools so as to draw the relationship between grievance management in public and private schools and in other regions.Item Open Access Subject generalisation as barrier of teaching competence acquisition in grade “a” teacher training in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Dadi, Kassim SeifThe study investigated subject generalisation as barrier of teaching competence acquisition in grade. A teacher training in Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused on examining entry qualifications to teacher colleges and their implications on subject generalisation in grade A teacher training; exploring challenges encountered in the use of subject generalisation in grade A teacher training; and exploring stakeholders’ attitudes about the use of subject generalisation in grade A teacher training. The study employed qualitative research approach applying a multiple-case study research design. Two public teacher colleges situated in Mtwara region were involved with a sample of 92 respondents comprising principals (n=2), heads of academic departments (n=2), heads of subject departments (n=8), teacher educators (n=20), and teacher trainees (n=60). The data were collected using interviews, questionnaires, documentary review, and observation and they were analysed using thematic analysis procedure. The study showed that most grade A teacher trainees (92%), in the researched teacher colleges, were enrolled below the minimum entry qualification of division III as stipulated in the 1995 Education and Training Policy. These were selected from mostly academically weak candidates who were unable to cope with subject generalisation. The study showed also that the use of subject generalisation in grade A teacher training posed several challenges; it caused more insufficient and ineffective use of college resources, leading to superficiality and incompetence in training, associated with too many subjects, insufficient time for field experience, large class size, heavy teaching workload for tutors, congested college classroom timetables, and unwillingness of most trainees to become generalists. Finally, the study revealed that most stakeholders (96.74%) were not supportive of the subject generalization in primary teacher training. The study concluded that the use of subject generalisation in grade A teacher training was ineffective because it was difficult for trainees to master all the subjects in the primary school curriculum. Therefore, the study recommended the use of subject specialisation mode of primary teacher training for effective acquisition of the expected teaching skills. Besides, there should be a high standard set of entry qualifications, enough college resources, and ample duration for field experience.Item Metadata only The role of export processing zone (EPZ) programme in influencing export in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) James, Moses AlphonceThe aim of this study was to assess the role of Export Processing Zone (EPZ) programme in influencing export trade in Tanzania. It specifically examined the export performance of firms under EPZ programme for the years 2007 – 2012 and determined the contribution of EPZ firms to the economic performance and the challenges facing the implementation of EPZ programmes in the country. A questionnaire survey of 70 owner/managers of firms under EPZ programme was carried out at EPZ firms and descriptive statistic analysis using frequencies, percentages, tables and figures was employed in the data analysis. The finding of the study revealed that export from EPZ firms has been progressively increasing annually, from 15.7% in year 2007 to 17% in year 2012. The study also found that EPZ firms contribute to employment creation, foreign exchange earnings, development of economic infrastructures, transfer of technology, diversification of country’s exports and provide backward linkages in the economy. The study further revealed that budget constraints, inconsistent power and utility supply, inadequate physical infrastructure, limited capacity of skilled labour and delays of imports at Dar esSalaam port, delay of clearance of EPZ goods, issuing of work permits and issuing of entitled incentives and tax refunds constrain the effective implementation of EPZ programmes in the country. The study recommends that the government should improve the state of physical infrastructure and logistics at Dar essalaam port, and expand and diversify power generation capacity for reliable energy.Item Metadata only Impacts of population increase on water resource utilization a case of Milola and Kinyope villages in Lindi district, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Mtafya, SamwelAn assessment of impacts of population increase on water resource utilization was carried out at Milola and Kinyope villages. A cross-sectional research design involving purposive and random sampling techniques when selecting villages and households respectively. Secondary data review and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) including Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), field observations, household interviews and participatory mapping were used for data collection. It was found that water shortage increases because of rapid population growth, climate change and increased environmental degradation. Whilst, the amount of available water resources decreases markedly from year to year, there is a growing competition for the use of water resources among the various socio- economic activities. The amount of water in the study area is inadequate and is under great pressure due to the increase in population. It was also revealed that population increase have caused water competition and conflicts, water scarcity, decreased river flow, water catchment destruction and environmental degradation. The study recommends reforestation along the river banks and water catchment areas need to be protected. Planting and replacing trees along the riverbanks/water catchments.Also that the government needs to improve policy integration particularly of agriculture, water, energy, livestock, industry and environment. More integrated and coherent policy approaches are very important for sustainable water resource management and utilization for different sectors. The growing demand for water resources calls for effective allocation of the resource among the competing uses to ensure sustainable availability of adequate water of good quality for all socio-economic development activities for now and for the future.Item Open Access Modelling hepatitis b virus (HBV) vertical transmission: implication of treatment strategy(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Manoza, DorothIn this study, the mathematical model of HBV is formulated and analyzed with the aim of understanding the vertical transmission dynamics of HBV. Two groups are considered, the female adults population and the juvenile’s population, whereby a basic HBV model with vertical transmission is considered, followed by the modified HBV model with vertical transmission in the presence of treatment. The models exhibit two equilibrium points, namely, the disease free equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point, both are locally and globally asymptotically stable. The modified model shows that if the effective reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium remains locally and asymptotically stable, otherwise a unique endemic equilibrium exists and is locally asymptotically stable. Sensitivity analysis and numerical simulation are carried out to illustrate the analytical results and to test the influence of some parameters. The results show that in the presence of treatment the number of infected juveniles is smaller than the number of infected juveniles, in the absence of interventions. Also, it is shown that treatment strategy targeting female adults can effectively eliminate the HBV vertical transmission in the population.Item Metadata only Assessment of greywater management in unplanned settlements in Kinondoni municipality(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Ndunguru, Teresia WendeliniGreywater management is an important aspect in protection of public health, environment and as well as resource conservation. In Tanzania Studies have been done on GYW but this study went further to analyse the institutional arrangement for GYW management. The aim of this study was to assess the greywater management practices in unplanned settlement of Kinondoni municipality. Data were collected through field survey by using semi-structured questionnaires, observation and interview. Sampling and laboratory analysis was done to determine the quality of the GYW in accordance with the standard methods. The survey covered a total of 110 households; also 8 staffs from the municipality were involved. Results revealed that there was poor GYW management practice in the study area and 51.4% of the households had a perception that GYW is dirty water that has no use. Also the idea of treated GYW reuse was massively rejected and majority of the households had a limited awareness and knowledge on the best GYW management practices. It was found that GYW generated accounts for about 70% of the total water consumption at households contributed by bathing 46%, laundry 14% and 10% by kitchen. The GYW quality data showed that treatment is necessary prior to discharge or reuse. Moreover it was found that the existing situation of poor GYW management is rooted at the inadequacy existing in the institutional structure. This study recommends on awareness rising, source separation of GYW from black water, treatment and reuse as the best GYW management practice.Item Metadata only Epizootiology of microbial diseases of wild and cultured fish in the Mtera dam catchment area, Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Shayo, Salome DanielBacterial diseases are responsible for heavy mortalities of fish in wild environment and cultured systems worldwide, thus causing significant economic losses threatening livelihood of people. In the present study, causes of outbreak of ulcerative infections and mortalities in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Mtera dam and in fish farms around the Mtera catchment were investigated. Collections of fish samples for examination and measurement of environmental parameters were done for a period of eighteen months to cover seasonal variation in epizootic occurrence. Conventional and molecular techniques were employed in the confirmation of the causative agents. Furthermore, virulence of the recovered bacteria was studied in vitro using similar fish species to confirm the causative agent of ulcerative infections in Nile tilapia at the Mtera dam. 50 bacterial isolates belonging to 13 genera were obtained. Virulence experiment confirmed that the causative agents of ulcerative infections in the dam were Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas species. Temperature, DO, Turbidity, and conductivity showed significant effects on the observed infections pattern in the dam. Occurrence of fish mortality and clinical symptoms were profound during the dry period. The presence of infectious bacteria in the fish samples indicate a potential health risks for consumers as bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila are associated with human infections. Fishers/consumers are advised to avoid ulcerative fish from the dam particularly during the dry season. The high number of the isolated opportunistic bacteria from the dam is an alert for proper fish health management to evade great losses in case of stress oriented disease outbreaks.Item Metadata only Assessment of impacts of climate change on crop water requirements in Kikafu sub catchment(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Rotich, Stella ChebetThe effects of climate change on crop water requirements in Kikafu sub catchment is assessed using CROPWAT which is a crop simulation model. Climate scenarios were developed from A2 emission scenario using three GCMs. However, since the GCMs are of coarse spatial resolution, their outputs were downscaled using LARS-WG model whose downscaling is site specific. The crop considered is maize. The study involved the determination of crop water requirements under both the baseline period and the future climate scenarios. The baseline climatic data of 1971-2000 was used in the study. The projection showed that temperature will increase by 1.16oC in 2020s and 2.7oC in 2050s. The months of May, June and July are expected to have higher temperatures. Precipitation projection showed variability with the months of February, March and April showing increases of 35% in 2020s and 56% in 2050s while decreases of 19% and 25% will be experienced in the months of June, July and August respectively. The crop water requirements are projected to increase in by 3.8% in 2020s and 7.1% in 2050s in Moshi and 19.9% and 22.4% in Lyamungu respectively. More impact is projected to be during the last days of the development stage and the entire mid- season where the temperature will be high and precipitation is low. With the increasing crop water requirements, better adaptation measures can be by increasing in crop diversification, restoration of soil organic matter and changing on cropping systems.Item Open Access Factors that cause employees’ dissatisfaction in Tanzanian public hospitals a case of Muhimbili Referral Hospital(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Mkunda, Joachim DavidThis study addresses the factors that cause employees’ dissatisfaction in Tanzanian public hospitals, the case being Muhimbili Referral Hospital. Specifically, the study examined the factors that cause employees’ dissatisfaction at Muhimbili Referral Hospital and the strategies that are used to eliminate job dissatisfaction. It additionally examined the extent to which the managers create the conditions for job satisfaction at Muhimbili Referral Hospital. The study used qualitative and quantitative approaches by involving 23 (46%) female and 27 (54%) male respondents. Data were collected through the use of questionnaire and interview. Data were analysed through the Statistical Programme for Social Sciences. The findings of the study revealed that ineffective supervision, employees bad relationship with their immediate supervisors, recognition and promotion after accomplishing work, poor level of employees involvement and low salaries caused employees’ dissatisfaction. The study also found that constructive policies and supervision, provision of effective, supportive and non-intrusive supervision, competitive salaries and provision of security at the work place help to minimise job dissatisfaction among employees. The study also found that recognition, promotion, rewards, training and development opportunities and conducive working environment increase employees’ satisfaction at the workplace. Employees’ satisfaction makes employees feel happy because they can get the basic and necessary things/needs at the workplace. The study suggests ways which managers can do to facilitate employees’ satisfaction such as strengthening on-going communication, recognition, and promotion of their employees. The study finally recommend# that Muhimbili Referral Hospital should have the Human Resource Management Policy which will recognise employees who undergo training and development processes, and improve their remunerations as per the Scheme of Service and staff Regulations to minimise employees’ dissatisfactionItem Metadata only Impact of foreign direct investment on poverty alleviation a case of job creation to the community of Temeke Municipality in Tanzania(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Nzowa, FatumaThis study was all about the impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) on poverty alleviation through job creation taking community of Temeke Municipality as a case study. This study involved 80 respondents who represented the entire community of Temeke Municipality. This research adopted a longitudinal research design due to the fact that data were collected from one point at a specified time and area. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analysed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The result outputs are presented in different forms which are tables, frequencies, bar charts, pie charts, histograms and percentages. From the study findings it was noted that, communities in Temeke Municipality were aware of what are the impacts of FDI on poverty alleviation. With respect to the policies guiding foreign direct investment, the respondents who represented the entire community managed to mention them including investment policy. The conclusions drawn from research findings included that, foreign direct investment was of great importance on curbing poverty as majority were getting their incomes through direct employment in FDI or sold commodities including cooked food staffs to the FDI workers in different areas within the Municipality. From the research objectives and research conclusions, it was recommended that, the government should allow FDI basing on the country policies and not abiding foreign policies. This study adopted a case study design due to its ability to provide in-depth of the case studied.Item Metadata only The influence of sources of finance on MFIS Sustainability: case of Dar es Salaam(University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) Kamugisha, Gerald WilliamThe general objective of this study was to find out the influence of sources of finance on MFIs sustainability in Dar-es-Salaam region. To attain the above general objective of this study, the specific objective covered two important components which are to identify available sources of finance to Microfinance Institutions and to identify factors affecting financial sustainability of Microfinance Institutions. The study used descriptive research design. Simple random sampling was employed to collect data from 95 microfinance institutions using interviews and questionnaires. The data was analyzed descriptively and presented through figures, tables and percentages. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires which were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Generally, the findings indicate that source of funds have stronger influence to the MFIs sustainability (69.73% on average). The findings also indicate that the available major sources of finance to MFIs in Tanzania are members’ contributions (31.6%) and owners’ capital fund (47.3%) which cumulatively accounted for 78.9% of all sources of funds followed by grants from donors (15.9%). Findings indicate that customers and profits affect the financial sustainability of MFIs, whereas others factors like competitions from Mobile Network operators (36.8%), competition from commercial banks (89.5%), government policies related to MFIs (31.6%) affect the MFIs sustainability to large extent. Out of all 95 MFIs engaged in this study 93% have small capital with the ability to lend between 1,000,000 and 40,000,000 a year. It is recommended that small MFIs especially VICOBA should form the joint ventures to enable them accumulate large capital and customer base instead of the existing situation. There is also, the need for MFIs to get trained in financial management areas which will enhance their understanding and preparations for their business strategies.