Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "1993"

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    An investigation on trends in marriage patterns: a case study of Zanzibar
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Lufyagila, Nicolina F
    This is a study of trends in marriage patterns and their associated factors in Zanzibar. Measures of Marriage Patterns considered are age at marriage, proportion married and stability of marriages. The associated factors which influence marriage patterns include education, occupation, stability of family of origin and place of residence. The study was initiated by lack of adequate data on the subject; given that marriage patterns have some implications on fertility. The study is organised in four chapters. Chapter one deals with the background to the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, literature review and research questions (Hypothesis) to be answered. Chapter two gives the description of the study area and methodological part of the study. Data presentation, analysis and findings are given in chapter three. while chapter four presents summary of findings, conclusions and commendations. In summary, the study found the following: Current overall median age at marriage in Zanzibar is 16.0; the same median for rural, but 17.6 years for urban. The singulate mean age at marriage for Zanzibar general is 19.2, while it is 18.6 for rural and 20.6 for urban. Basing on education, the study found that women with low or no education in rural and urban areas married at a median age of 15.0 while those with higher education had a median of 18.0 {rural} and 20.0 {urban}. Men had a median of 20.0 and 24.0 {rural}, 27.0 and 25.0 (urban} far those with low/no education and higher levels respectively. Occupation seemed to have a weak positive relationship with age at marriage. Women in out of home occupation such as administration and technical jobs married at a median of 18.0 while those in low status jobs like agriculture have a median of 15.0. As for men those in domestic chores married at a median of 18.0 while those in administration married at a median of 24 . 0 years. Findings on divorce ratios and remarriage rates show that divorce ratios are high among women with low education and those who married at age group 15-19, while high remarriage rates are observed among those aged 25 and 44 years with a peak at age group 35-39. Despite all the disturbances caused by divorces and remarriages, fertility in Zanzibar is still high. Ever divorced and ever remarried (between age 35 and 49) have a median CEB of 7.0. The short waiting period ("kukaaeda" as they call it in Zanzibar) of 1 to 3 months only which women stay after divorcing or death of the husband and before getting married to another man accounts for this observation.
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    The changing social and economic relations in Uganda's local fishing economy: the case of fisher communities of Kalangala district
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Babikwa, Daniel J
    The study critically investigates the changes that have taken place in the character and organisation of the fishing economy of Kalangala District in Uganda. It also seeks valid explanations for the changes. The key focus is put on changes in: a) forms of labour; characteristics of the key participants in the fishing economy, in terms of: social and ethnic backgrounds; gender, age class and education; b) forms of ownership of the maj or means of production and the socio-economic characteristics of the owners and the labourers; c) forms of distribution and control of proceeds; d) relationships between: fisheries resources, fishing technology, patterns of work and social relations of production and reproduction. The analysis explores the relations of gender and class and their interaction in the fishing economy. It highlights the multidimensionality of the interactions between men and women and shows how the traditional gender roles have been redefined. It also examine the relationships between fishing and other local economic sectors such as farming and petty trade. The study focuses on six fish landings in two sub counties of Mazinga and Bujumba in Kalangala District. The target landing sites and key respondents were selected by simple random sampling. The key categories of respondents included: owners of means of production, labourers, fisheries officers, traders and transporters, and elderly citizens. Data were collected using six instruments: - Three different indepth interview schedules for fisheries, labourers and the Fisheries development officer in Kalangala. - Two questionnaires for the fisheries officer in charge of projects at the Headquarters in Entebbe and the official at the Uganda Commercial Bank Rural Farmers Scheme at Kalangala, respectively. - An observation schedule was used to cross-check the data acquired through interviews. - Other techniques included guided group discussions and oral histories. The analysis brings forward the dialectical relationship between productive forces and relations of production. This is clearly illuminated in the positive interaction between changes in the fisheries resources and fishing technology and the corresponding changes in the labour process, ownership patterns, and distribution of proceeds. The analysis also illuminates the inter-relationship between different sectors of the economy, indicating how they have both supported and undermined each other at different times. For instance, the deterioration of confidence in cash crop agriculture, petty trade and the scarcity of free land in the neighbouring farm districts have combined to make fishing in Kalangala a key outlet for poor people from other economic sectors. In contrast, the indigenous people are losing confidence in fishing due to the escalation of investment costs and persistent decline in fish catches, coupled with unstable markets and poor planning. On the whole the study, has succeeded to identify and explain the changes that have taken place in the fishing economy at the technical, economic, social and political levels. It shows the transformation of the fishing economy from a feudal, precolonial subsistence economy, to a highly commercialised and commoditised one and draws possible explanations for the changes.
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    Studies on the biology and ecology of chrysopid predators (Neuroptera; Chrysopidae) of Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and Aphis Gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera:Aphididae) on cotton, Gossypium Hirsutum (L) in Eastern Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Kabissa, Joe Cheguevara Barry
    Studies on the biology and ecology of chrysopid predators of Nelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Aphis gossypsi (Glover) were conducted at Ilonga between 1988 and 1990. Surveys conducted on cotton revealed that only rlallada and Chrysoperla sp. indet. showed temporal coincidence with both H. armigera and A.gossypii. H. armigera and chrysopids colonized cotton at the start of flowering. Densities of chrysopids on cotton were 0.8 - 3.0 eggs and 0 - 0.4 larvae per plant. Densities of H. armigera were 0 - 1.1 eggs and 0 - 0.7 larvae per plant. Three parasitoids attacking adults, pupae and larvae of M. were recorded. Total larval, pupal and total developmental periods of reared on eggs of H.armigera were 14.04 ± 0.16, 14.44 ± 0.25 and 28.38 ± 0.26 days, respectively. When reared on first to second instars of A. gossypi, its total larval, pupal and total developmental periods were 14.98±0.19, 14.75 ± 0.25 and 30.50 ± 0.27, days respectively. When Chrysoperla sp. inlet. was reared on eggs of H. armigera, total larval, papal and total developmental periods were 14.75 ± 0.14, 13.80 ± 0.39 and 29.40 ± 0.43 days respectively. When reared on first to second instars of A. gossypii, its total larval, papal and total developmental periods were 13.47 ± 0.23, 12.59 ± 0.29 and 26.35 ± 0.17, days respectively. During its first, second and third stadia and during the total larval period, M. boninensis consumed 23.58 ± 1.07, 40.15 ± 2.20, 127.21 ± 4.57 and 189.00 ± 4.24 aphids respectively. Eggs of H. armigera consumed during the same periods were 14.31 ± 0.74, 29.92 ±1.55, 90.32 ± 2.68 and 135.28 ± 2.66, eggs respectively. During its first, second and third stadia and durign the entire larval period, Chrysoperla sp. indet. consumed 11.25 ± 1.35, 27.57 ± 2.30, 130.70 ± 4.68 and 169.75 ± 4.18 eggs of H. armigera respectively. The numbers of aphids consumed during the same periods were 19.94 ± 1.47, 36.88 ± 2.85, 115.69 ± 4.70 and 171.81 ± 6.04 respectively. Functional response parameters of M. boninensis and Chrysooperla sp.indet. preying on eggs of H. armigera and nymphs of A. gossypii were also estimated. The values on H. armigera for M. boninensis and Chrysoperla sp. indet. wete 0.017 and 0.021 hours respectively. Their attack coefficients were estimated to be 2.245 and 2.600 hrs-1 respectively. The values of M. boninensis and Chrysoperla sp. indet. preying on first to second instars of A. gossypii were 0.0287 and 0.054 hours respectively. Their attack coefficients were estimated to be 1.253 and 3.280 hrs-1 respectively.
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    Hydrologic study of rivers Kikuletwa, Nduruma and Themi in Arusha region
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Shayo, Paschal J. L.
    The flood areas of Mbuguni, Majengo, Msitu wa Mbogo were visited. The area together is flooded by the three rivers i.e Kikuletwa, Nduruma, and Themi. The following are the cause of flooding established from this study; a} River Kikuletwa is the major river among the three river studied. The river disgorges from its deep cut in to flat plains. The river cross section area get reduced tremendously and therefore the river is unable to carry the whole water during rainy season and hence cause flooding. b) For river Nduruma when the river reaches flood prone areas it does not have a defined course and therefore during rainy season flooding is inevitable. c) Similar to river Nduruma Themi river has no defined course at the tail end which is the area been flooded. Most of catchment in Tanzania are ungauged and therefore when a planner or a designer of water resource want to plan a project at a s to they are faced with the problem of data not being available or not being enough. As such this was the problem chich was faced in this study. In order to be able to proceed with the study regional analysis was performed. A model to find out the mean max discharge in ungauged catchment was established using physical catchment characteristic. Then by using flood frequency curve the flood of different return period for the ungauged catchments of river Nduruma Kikuletwa and Themi were obtained. The multiple regression models obtained and regional flood frequency curve obtained from 15 selected catchment from Pangani river basin can also be used in any ungauged catchment in this basin. To minimise the effect of flood of river Nduruma and Themi it is proposed to construct/excavate a channel to connect this river with Kikuletwa River. Capacity of this channel will depend on the selected design floods which have already be computed in this study and made available for design purposes. River Kikuletwa should be able to carry its own water and to carry water which is diverted from Nduruma and Themi . River training works should be performed on this river Kikuletwa to a design capacity which will enable it to carry the water of the selected return period. Different design flood of selected return period for river Kikuletwa after joining this river with Themi and Nduruma are also presented in this study. It is also proposed to do sediment transport study in the river Kikuletwa Nduruma and Themi. It is observed that one of the reason of reduction of the river cross section is due to sedimentation which has resulted that even during rain season water cannot flow to the downstream area of the study area in Kikuletwa river. According to the people in the area ten years ago that was not the case. The benefit of following the above suggested points to alleviate the flood will be: i) People in the study area will be highly relieved from losses which is a result of floods which occur every rain season. ii) Water for irrigation will be available to the downstream people who have been missing it since ten years ago. iii) Training of the Kikuletwa river will also help in adding water to Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir which it used to get ten years ago because it have been observed that even during rainy season no flow passes downstream of study area.
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    Phonological aspects of foregrounding in Kiswahili poetry
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Mutembei, Aldin K
    This study addresses itself to phonological aspects of foregrounding in Kiswahili poetry. To speak of phonology is to speak about sound and how it is perceived in a particular language. We have selected few phonological aspects to be covered by this study. These aspects are vowels, consonants stress, rhythm and pitch. The pattern of distribution of vowels and consonants in a literary work gives them linguistic labels of assonance and consonance respectively. Phonological aspects of foregrounding, is taken as a stylistic approach towards the analysis of Kiswahili poetry. It is the approach which observes the distribution and frequency of occurrence of phonological elements and how in turn such frequency has something to do with the meaning of the poem. It is the approach which takes into consideration two sides: the background and the foreground sides of a literary work but gives more emphasis to the latter side. The major argument being that, the foregrounded elements in a literary work play a mojor role in relating meaning to form. The study is organised in five chapters. Chapter one, as an introductory part, presents certain relevant preliminaries including the problem discussed, hypotheses, significance and objective of the study and the theoretical framework followed by this study. Chapter two is a review of literature. It takes into consideration the relevant literature that deals with a similar problem, the theoretical part of the problem and the practical part which casts light on the analysis of poetry. Chapter three is devoted to research findings and analysis of the data. It is in this chapter where questions asked throughout the research are analysed, with the aim of understanding the attitudes and knowledge of respondents on Kiswahili poetry. Chapter four forms the main body of the study. In this chapter four Kiswahili poems are analysed. This chapter attempts to see if there is any correlation between the foregrounded sound segments and the meaning the poems gives. Chapter five summarises what has been explored in the previous chapters. It concludes by observing the fact that in Kiswahili there are some phonological aspects which have a relationship with meaning. It is however pointed out that the concept of meaning is very controversial and sometimes subjective. The chapter ends with a recommendation for further research.
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    Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from cashew nut shell liquid and shells
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Sadala, Demmy Victor
    Tanzania is among the leading countries in the World for production of cashew nuts. The country has twelve processing factories. The principal products of these factories are cashew nut kernels. However, technical cashew nut shell liquid and cashew shells are also obtained as by - products. Technical cashew nut shell liquid, cardanol and cashew nut shells from a cashew nut processing factory in Dar es Salaam (TANITA) have been used in this work, for the production of activated carbons. Those carbons were later characterized by both gravimetric and volumetric adsorption methods; using benzene and nitrogen respectively, as adsorbates. Cardanol, which is the principal component of technical cashew nut shell. Liquid was recovered by a high vacuum distillation method, and hydrogenated. Cashew nut shells, hydrogenated cardanol and the polymers which were prepared from cashew nut shell liquid and cardanol, were separately carbonized and activated at 900°C using carbon dioxide. Carbon from the shells was also activated chemically at 800°C using potassium hydroxide. Thermogravimetry results showed that for all the starting materials which were involved, the amount of carbon obtained was about 18% of the weight prior to carbonization. Hydrogenated cardanol simply decomposed and left very little product. Various methods have been used to analyze and present the adsorption results, as well as to calculate cardinal characteristic parameters like surface area and pore volume. Irrespective of the method of preparation or the percentage burn-off attained, the carbons prepared were found to be very micro porous; with the average pore radius of about 1 nm. They had surface areas between 200 and 1900 m2/g, and pore volumes between 0.12 and 0.68 ml/g. The surface areas and pore volumes were found to increase with the increase in the percentage burn-off of the carbon. Chemically activated carbon was found to have the highest values for both the surface area and the pore volume.
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    Measles vaccine effectiveness under field conditions in a remote area and some associated factors: a matched case-control study in Tabora region
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Simba, Daudi Omari
    A matched case-control study was carried out in Tabora region between July 1991 and September 1991, with the aim of determining measles vaccine effectiveness under field conditions and some of the factors which influence this outcome. About 225 cases and 450 controls below the age of 5 years were recruited. Children were obtained from six selected health facilities in four of the five districts in Tabora region Cases of measles were diagnosed using a criteria given by Centers for Disease Control and measles vaccination was base on records from the Road to Health Charts and clinic registers. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was found to be 84% (95% Confident Interval (C.I.) 61%, 93%) among children vaccinated between 9 and 59 months, and 73% (95% C.I. 11%, 92%) in children vaccinated at the age of 6 to 8 months. Loosening the diagnostic criteria and/or establishing vaccination status from vaccine registers rather than Road to Health cards, lowered vaccine effectiveness results. Whether children were vaccinated from 6 months and above or from 9 months and above, the protective efficacy were similar, 79% (95% C. I. 55%, 90%) and 84% (95% C. I. 61%, 93% respectively. VE was lower in children vaccinated in government facilities, 50% (95% C.I. -35%, 81%) compared with missionary facilities, 95% (95% C.I. 78%, 99%). On the contrary a high VE was found in children vaccinated at rural health centres and hospitals, 89% (95% C.I. 56%, 97%). It is therefore recommended that, the 9 months optimum age of vaccination should be reviewed with a possibility of lowering it to 6 months and above. Cold chain system in the peripheral units, especially government dispensaries need to be improved. Finally, future studies should put emphasis on strictness of diagnostic criteria and use RTH cards to establish vaccination status.
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    Determination of the best statistical distribution for low flow analysis
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Aynalem, Siltanu Ferede
    Planning of a water resources scheme, the application of the best operational and managerial practices depends on the knowledge of the magnitudes and the quality of the resources. The future events can be traced by using the appropriate methodology. Among the different methods of prediction of an event the statistical distribution methods are some. The objective of this dissertation is to test and sort out the theoretical distributions that best fit the empirical distribution of the observed data of a hydrometric station. Five candidate distributions were used during the fitness test over 42 hydrometric stations of Tanzania. The candidate distributions used for the test are: (i) Pearson type III distribution (ii) Two parameter lognormal distribution (iii) Three parameter lognormal " (iv) Extreme value type one " (v) Extreme value type three (Weibull) " The method of moments and maximum likelihood procedures were used simultaneously in the parameter estimation. The goodness of fit test was done using the kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test statistics. Three criteria were set in the determination of the best fit of the theoretical and the observed distributions. These criterion are:- (i) Predictive power of the distribution to give a realistic values at a higher return period. (ii) The performance of a theoretical distribution in minimizing standard error of estimates at higher return periods. (iii) Deserving of an acceptance by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test.
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    The impact of education on marital fertility: a case study of Zanzibar rural and urban
    (1993) Sabuni, Geoffrey Guardiel
    This study examines the effect of education of parents on marital fertility (measured in children ever born) through some of the proximate determinants of fertility which are regarded as most important in Africa. These include age at marriage, postpartum variables and modern contraceptives. The objective (s) is to ascertain the correlations and degrees of associations between the variables used in the study and the magnitude and impact of the proximate determinants on fertility. The data for the study were taken from house hold survey by way of administering a questionnaire. Married women in the childbearing ages (15-49 years) with at least one live birth and married men of age 18 and above were interviewed. 398 and 869 households were covered in the urban and rural areas respectively. Both univariate and multivariate techniques were employed during data analysis. The results of the study revealed a negative but weak association between education level of both mother and father with fertility in both urban and rural areas. Father's association was relatively weaker than mother's. Fertility was slightly higher in the urban areas than rural areas because of shorter amenorrheic periods coupled with generally law levels of contraception. It was also revealed that age at marriage increased with increased level of education and hence having a negative impact on fertility. There was no significant evidence to show that education has erosive effect on the postpartum variables though, as mentioned earlier, women in the no education category in the urban and rural areas had larger duration of amenorrhea than the rest. Use of modern contraceptives did not show any consistent pattern but women with secondary education and above consisted of the greater proportion of the few users whose impact and fertility was statistically insignificant. Policy recommendations given in line with the findings include strict government follow up to ensure that bath girls and bays attend school up to secondary level as it is provided freely, introduction of family-life education in the school curriculum, improving family planning services in MCH centers, and expansion of employment opportunities for women.
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    Winding up of companies in Tanzania: an analysis of law and practice
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Mhoja, Monica Elias
    This work attempts to analyse the law and practice relating to winding up of companies in Tanzania. The main purpose of this work is to examine social interest, legal, economic or political factors which lead to liquidation of companies being cumbersome and procrastinated be they private companies, public owned companies, subsidiary companies or branches of foreign companies. Procedures applicable to these different forms of companies have been examined to get insight into the various problems attendant on winding up and the consequences thereof. The study investigates two hypotheses. The first being that liquidation is procrastinated by the inadequacy of relevant provisions and/or inefficiency of liquidators. Secondly, winding up practice is deficient and cumbersome because of government intervention and/or economic factors, social interest and bureaucracy. The work is divided into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter provides a brief historical background of winding up, its scope and legal regime. Chapter two gives a chronological summary of the manner and procedures governing compulsory and voluntary winding up. Chapter three reviews four selected case studies, it addresses the winding up practice including the appointment of liquidators, their role, and problems encountered during liquidation. The conclusion sets out several recommendations. The main argument advanced in the study is that, some provisions in the relevant legislation are insufficient and inadequate. There are also other factors which add to the difficulties of the situation and make the liquidation processes procrastinated. Such factors include inefficiency of liquidators, government intervention and bureaucracy. Further, that it is employees who are affected most during the whole winding up procedure. Therefore, there is a need to reform inadequate legal provisions and redress other material shortcomings.
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    Ngorongoro Conservation area: tourist development, the for-circuits project, 1993
    (Fosbrooke, 1993) Fosbrooke, Henry A
    It is Government policy to develop tourism as much as possible; hence it follows that the Authority must adopt this policy. But with Conservation as the Authority's basic legal obligation, it follows that it must ensure that increased tourism has a minimum impact on the environment. This raises many issues, particularly the over use of the Crater Floor, and the impact of cultivation on the Landscape, Ngorongoro's greatest attraction. To relieve the pressure on the Crater floor it is suggested that the tourists attention is also directed to the many other attractions that N C A has to offer, landscape throughout (and beyond) the Area, from Empakaai to Natron, archaeology. from the Laetoli footprints to the Stone Bowl people, and of course the World famous Olduwai Gorge, history including the Seitendopf ruins in the Crater, environmental change and stability (1 am working on a paper on this subject) foot treking the bamboo forest, Munge Waterfall, Empakaai lake etc. The four-circuits project is designed to utilize these attractions in a systematic manner, which ensures maintaining the stability of the environment.
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    Fine needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic tool at the Institute of Anatomical Pathology, Catholic University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, from 1973 to 1987
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Chande, Hassan Mwinchande
    Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is part of the diagnostic workup for patients with lesions from various body sites at the Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Catholic University of Nijmegen. The sites subjected to FNAC included masses in the head and neck, thorax and mediastinum, the breast, intra-abdominal organs, bones and soft tissues. The study material collected consisted of FNA from 1973 to 1987 which were analysed by the author from 1987 through 1989. The staining technique used was mainly that of Papanicolaou and May Grunwald Giemsa, and in special cases Giemsa (Diff-Quick) staining or immunocytochemistry or electron microscopical examination were performed to aid in the diagnosis. The reviewed cases comprised all body sites except breast, body effusions e.g. ascites, pleural and pericardial effusions: Of the 1654 cases selected, 1221 (73.8%) had good quality cytological smears for diagnosis and 433 (33%) were not suitable for diagnosis. Of the 1221 cases, 464 (28%) were cytologically diagnosed as malignant and 757 (45.8%) were benign. Histological examination revealed 855 (54.7%) malignant lesions, 425 (25.7%) benign and in 374 (22.6%) the slides or information were not available (Table I). Of the 1221 cytology cases 557 (45.6%) were from the head and neck region, 129 (10.5%) from the thorax, 334 (27.3%) from the abdomen, 56 (4.6%) were bone lesions, and a miscellaneous group of 145 (11.8%) cases. There were a total of 522 lymph node aspirates from various anatomic sites. Of these 227 (43.4%) were diagnosed as malignant and 295 (56.5%) were benign. When cytological examination was compared with histological diagnosis, the general accuracy rate for inflammatory conditions was 48.2%. The accuracy rate for metastatic lesions, when FNA was compared with histological diagnosis, was 87.4%. Of the metastatic conditions, squamous cell carcinoma had an accuracy of 88.9% when cytological examination was compared with histological diagnosis, while that for adenocarcinoma was 66.6%. The overall sensitivity of the test was 65.2% with a specificity of 96.7% and positive predictive value of 97.4%.
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    The treatment of victims of crime and the administration of criminal justice system in Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Nassary, Tuwati Alfred Reuben
    In the field of criminal law and procedure much research has been done and a considerable amount of literature has been written on the causes of criminal behaviour, various ways of preventing crime and the treatment of criminal offenders. However, hitherto little attempt has been made to study the plight of the persons who are afflicted by crime i.e. victims of crime. The primary aim of this dissertation is to examine the problem of the treatment of victims of crime in relation to the administration of criminal justice system in Tanzania. This study has been prompted by the fact that, although much effort has been made to combat crime, crime rate has shown no sign of abating and more people are suffering from crime effects day after day. It is argued, therefore, that while it is important to intensify the war against crime, serious efforts should also be made to find the ways to ameliorate the impact of crime on the victim. To tackle the topical problem a historical approach has been followed. Chapter one examines the treatment of victims of crime under the pre-colonial tribal systems of administration of justice. It is argued that under the traditional systems of dispute settlement which were basically communal, the interests and needs of the injured victim or his relatives and those of the offender and his kindred were given equal value. This is evident from the fact that compensation or restitution and reconciliation dominated the idea of most dispute settlements. By and large the traditional sanctions were intended to maintain social equilibrium of the society. The establishment of colonial rule in Tanganyika saw the importation of adversarial system of administration of criminal justice. The new system based mainly on individualistic principles of justice rather than communal principles which prevailed in the customary systems of dispute settlement. Although in theory the colonial administration did not intend to interfere with the customary systems of administration of justice, in practice the contrary was true. The study shows that the imperialistic interests of the colonial masters could not have been fulfilled by the application of customary communal systems of dispute settlement. The establishment of the capitalist socio-economic conditions made the customary systems of administration of criminal justice to succumb to the individualistic system of administration of justice which was interested in punishing the individual offender rather than making good the injury or loss caused by crime. Chapter two shows how some principles and doctrines of criminal law and procedure have evolved all along to protect the rights of criminal offenders at the complete disregard of the innocent injured victims. This situation owes its history to the bourgeois revolution when it was argued that the state which is the complainant in almost all criminal cases has the tendency to be oppressive. The lack of interest to the victims of crime and the harsh treatment they experience when dealing with law enforcement agencies is examined in chapter three. It is asserted that, although crime victims have been playing an integral part in bringing to justice the criminal, the personnel in the criminal justice system have for long remained insensitive to the plight of the victims of crime. To police and court officials, victims of crime are seen merely as crime reporters and prosecution witnesses, and not like aggrieved persons who need sympathy and courtesy. It is argued that the war against crime would be in serious jeopardy if the victims of crime are to refuse to cooperate with the law enforcement agencies. Efforts have to be made, therefore, to change the attitude of the police and court officials towards the victims of crime. Chapter four gives some recommendeations on the measures which have to be taken to ameliorate the impact of crime on the victim. It is argued that Tanzania being a welfare state which has the responsibility to rehabilitate her people who are afflicted by such disasters like floods, hunger and drought, has more responsibility to rehabilitate victims of crime. The victims of crime suffer from body and , or mind injuries or loss of property or damage due to the failure of state mechanisms to protect the property, life and liberty of the citizens.
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    The impact of policy changes on the cooperative movement in Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Dimoso, Anania Simon
    In agricultural third world countries like Tanzania. Agricultural produce is the only major source of a limited surplus for the country's development. There are no other institution better placed than cooperatives for the realization of the above objective. Cooperatives on the one hand are supposed to be initiated. controlled and managed by the members (Peasants) themselves. They are, therefore, a means through which the people could develop themselves. On the other hand they are a means through which the state could mobilize the agricultural surplus. Primarily because of the latter. the Tanzanian state has heavily involved itself in the cooperative movement. It has been from time to time experimenting various contradictory cooperative policies as it was grappling with a transition to socialism. Hardly did cooperatives begin to implement a certain policy than they are told to abandon it and implement a new one quite different from the former. So frequent were those changes that they led to implementation by crisis. It is against this background that the study has been carried out. It aimed at showing how the cooperative societies were negatively impacted upon by those frequent changes of policies. Chapter one discusses the problem and significance of the study. In Chapter Two we gave a critical examination of the factors that have been pointed out by various analysts as causes of poor performance of the cooperative movement in the country. We argued that the problems identified though real are proximate causes. The root cause lies somewhere ease in the policies. The Chapter also presents the methodology employed in the study, Chapter Three presents the case studies: The findings from them revealed that cooperative societies were negatively impacted upon by the frequent policy chances. Chapter Four discusses the wider issues to be taken into account in the whole philosophy. principles and practice of cooperation through cooperatives. Chapter Five concludes the study by making relevant suggestions and recommendations which if implemented by the po licy makers may help to do away with the problems we have identified. In the light of our case studies, we were able to conclude that in absence of a stable cooperative policy, an exercise of promoting cooperatives in the country will end up in vain.
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    Ten common surgical conditions
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Mcharo, Cuthbert Nathan
    This work consists of three sections, namely General Surgery, Urology and Orthopaedics and Trauma. General Surgery is comprised of five common conditions as seen at Muhimbili Medical Centre, Urology of three such conditions and Orthopedics and Trauma two. A typical case is presented for each condition, and literature is reviewed. A conclusion is drawn after discussion in each condition.
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    The role of decision making with respect to primary education budget request, approval and resource allocation
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Mchomvu, Andrew Shaban Tumain
    The purpose of this study was to examine the role of decision making bodies with respect to primary education budget request, approval and resource allocation. The major task of the study were: Firstly, to identify the main bodies which are involved in the process of decision making for primary education budget and resource allocation. Secondly, to investigate and analyse the roles of decision making bodies in formulating primary education budget. Thirdly, to identify how decision making bodies influence the budget for primary education. Fourthly, the study aimed at examining empirically, the relationship between budget requests, approval and allocation of resources for the utilizing units. The instruments of research were: documentary reviews, interviews and questionaires. Content analysis and regression analysis techniques were used to analyse the findings. The major findings of the study were the following:-(1) The main bodies of decision making included school committee, village council, Ward Development Committee; District management Team, District Development Committee and Full District Council; Regional Development Committee, Regional Management Team, Regional Political Executive Committee; Prime Minister's Office, Ministry of Local Government, Zonal Budget Team, Inter Ministerial Technical Committee, Planning Commission, Treasury, Cabinet, and Parliament. (ii) The major roles of decision making bodies consisted of technical and advisory roles. The technical roles are conducted by technical bodies such as; DMT, RMT, ZBT, IMTC and PC. The advisory roles which includes approving and allocation of resources is done by DDC, FDC, Treasury, Cabinet and Parliament. The roles of these bodies are of complementary nature and they overlap in their advisory function. (iii) There were no explicit criteria which were used by decision making bodies to determine the size of primary budget. (iv) The size of budget was determined by national budget ceilings and not by priority accorded to by decision making bodies at different levels. (v) There was no relationship between budget requested, approved and allocated to the primary education sector. However, the study showed that of the two regress ants used i.e. approved and requested funds, they are statistically significant at the 5 per cent level of test; while the allocated funds variable was only significant at the P-0.315 which cannot be accepted. The overall fit as indicated by coefficient of multiple determination was high (R2 = 0.93). This showed that the two independent variables explain 0.93 of the variation in the dependent variable. Therefore approved funds variable is an important variable used by decision making bodies in determining allocation to spending units.
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    Phytochemical studies on some species of family Bignoniaceae and Lapachol as a family characteristic
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Mlungwana, Suleiman M
    The isolation and subsequent identification of naphthoquinones, sterols and hydrocarbons from Bignoniaceae and Verbenanceae species collected in Tanzania is discussed. In the present investigation lapachol has been either isolated or detected in the root wood of nine out of eleven species studied including Tectonagrandis (Verbenaceae). Dehydro-µ-lapachone, squalene, 2-methylquinizarin and a new dihydroxynaphthoquinone (3.8-dihydroxy -2-(3-methyl2'-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone) were isolated from Tectonagrandis. g-Sitosterol and campesterol were isolated from the root and stem woods of Markhamia Zanzibarica respectively. From Markhamia zanzibarica leaves a long chain hydrocarbon, tritriacontane was isolated along with a reddish compound whose identification failed due to lack of dept 135 N. M. R. u. v., i. r. spectra which were found necessary for the structure determination. g-Sitosterol and tritriacontane were also isolated from Kigelia africana root bark. From Millingtonia hortensis, root wood was isolated b-sitosterol. The contribution of lapachol to the chemotaxonomy of family Bignoniacea is discussed. Lapachol and its transformations are being suggested as potential biological markers for the family Bignoniaceae. The possible seasonal dependence of lapachol was observed in Millingtonia hortensis. The investigation noted that lapachol was more abundant at the end of the wet season than at the end of the dry season. Cytotoxicity study on the plant extracts and pur compounds were performed. Kigelia Africana root bark, g- sitosterol, lapachol and 3,8-dihydroxy-2-(3'-methyl-2' butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone were found to be quite active.
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    The evolution of distribution powers in Tanzania: whither parliamentary control of parastatals
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Mbuya, Levinus James
    This Dissertation deals specifically with the evolution of the distribution of powers between the organs of control in Tanzania. The organs of control under discussion are the Party, the Cabinet, the Presidency and the Parliament. It is contended that the Party as an organ of control has reduced the relative powers of the Parliament as an effective organ of control. This means that as the powers of the Party systematically increased, those of the Parliament were getting reduced almost simultaneously. It is being argued that the Tanzania Parliament has undergone an evolutionary process which over time has made it less and less capable of exerting its control capability over a number of societal issues and particulary the operations of public enterprises in Tanzania, the subject matter of this study. This has been caused by the unbalanced distribution of power between the Party, the Presidency, the Cabinet and the Parliament. We have picked public enterprises as an area of specific scrutiny of the powers of Parliament vis-a-vis the Party so as to evaluate the effectiveness of Parliamentary control over the conduct of parastatal management. It would appear that the Party has asserted its supreme authority over the other organs of control and consequently making it more powerful but less effective in controlling the parastatal operations in Tanzania. A background note to this dissertation appears in Chapter one with a review of important literature trying to relate and focus on the Tanzanian Parliament and its relationship to the other organs of control before and up to the current option of multi-party politics. Chapter two looks into a detailed examination of the episodes of power sharing and transfers between the organs of control namely the Party, the Presidency, the Cabinet and the Parliament. The relationship between the Parliament and public enterprises in Tanzania is examined in Chapter Three. The focus here is on the capability of Parliament to control the activities of public enterprises in Tanzania in the light of constant usurpation of its powers by the Party. Lastly, chapter four examines the effectiveness of the POC on parastatal operations. At this juncture, it is worthwhile noting that while the Party has asserted its authority over the other organs of control, it has remained ineffective in controlling the parastatals and consequently leading to very poor performance by the parastatals.
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    Capitalism and the disintergration of precapitalist social formation: the case of cash crop production in the Matengo highlands 1885-1960
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Kapinga, Mandiluli Osmund
    The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of commodity production on a pre-capitalist social formation, in a colonial situation. Specifically, it examines the incorporation of the Matengo people into cash crop production. This study has been prompted by the assumption that, the development of capitalist production retarded the development of local entrepreneurship and destroyed the self-sufficient nature of peasant production. Penetration of capitalism made precapitalist societies unable to meet their reproduction demands. This forced them to take up cash crop production. Increasingly, this became an economic necessity for peasant households. They became forced to participate in commodity production in order to meet their reconstitution. This study demonstrates that the introduction of cash crop production in Umatengo is not necessarily the result of spontaneous response by the Matengo to entrepreneurs. The study attempts to show how the development of commodity production in Umatengo is intertwined with the crisis of capital accumulation for the colonial metropolitan economy. This factor which is decisive in determining the form and content of commoditization in Matengo society. The study demonstrates that cash crop production initiated process of transition from precapitalist relations to colonial capitalist production relations. The incorporation and transformation of pre-capitalist societies varied from one society to another. It is therefore very important to examine concrete situations. The study demonstrates that the Matengo social formation was organized in collective clan based units. The economy was characterized by production for use with agriculture being the main activity. These pre-colonial structures were undermined as they were impacted upon by the development of commodity production during the colonial period. This gave rise to private property in the form of family based economic units, increasingly responding to cash nexus in their production system. This disintegration of the Matengo pre-capitalist social formation should be viewed within this context.
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    Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism in Bacillus fastidiosus
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1993) Muruke, Masoud Hadi Salum
    Some aspects of nitrogen metabolism in Bacillus fastidiosus are reported. Chapter 1 deals with the general information on B. fastidiosus as reported by other workers. The organism is reported to exhibit complex behaviour in terms of its nutritional requirements. General characteristics of the organism are studied and reported in Chapter 2. Growth experiments confirmed that only urate, allantoin and allantoate are used either as sole carbon and nitrogen source or as nitrogen source in the presence of glycerol as carbon source. Chapter 3 reports on the growth of B. fastidiosus on ammonium as a nitrogen source under defined conditions . In the presence of small amounts of brain heart infusion (BHI) and allantoin (or allantoate or urate), B. fastidiosus utilized externally supplied ammonia as a nitrogen source. Contrary to the previous observations, transport of ammonia into the cells was thus possible. The internal ammonium pools of allantoin/glycerol-grown cells did not differ with cells grown on ammonia/glycerol, but generally increased with the increase in allantoin concentration. In Chapter 4 additional nitrogen sources for B. fastidiosus are reported. Urea and ureidoglycolate were used as growth substrates only in the presence of brain heart infusion and allantoin. The specific activities of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) of cells grown on different concentrations of allantoin, ammonia, urea and ureidoglycolate are reported. The results indicate that NADPdependent GDH activity is regulated only by the allantoin concentrations. Furthermore, the regulation is not linked with the internal ammonium concentrations of the cells or the concentration of the externally supplied ammonia. Chapter 5 describes the results on the regulation of some enzymes involved in allantoin degradation namely, allantoinase, urease, glyoxylate carboiigase and NADPdependent GDH, and an enzyme involved in glycerol metabolism, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Only NADP-dependent GDH was found to be regulated by allantoin or allantoate. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be induced by the presence of glycerol but not regulated by its concentrations. Other enzymes studied were found to be constitutive. Specific activities of NADP-dependent GDH and urease were influenced by BHI. Chapter 6 reports on a two step purification of urate oxidase from B. fastidiosus using Fast Flow Columns. The procedure was found to be faster than the previous methods and convenient for large scale production of uricase. Having a low generation time, B. fastidiosus could be a suitable source of the enzyme uricase.