Browsing by Author "Zahor, Zahor Khalifa"

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    Assessing the determinants of forest change and their impacts on community livelihood in Ngezi area, Micheweni district, Pemba, Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2014) Zahor, Zahor Khalifa
    The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of forest change and their impacts on the community livelihood in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest area, Pemba. To accomplish this, the study was conducted in ten villages namely Jiwemoja, Tondooni, Makangale, Kijiji, Mkia wa ngómbe, Kibatini, Gombani, K/kwa mmanda, Bandari kuu and K/Kipangani. A total of 219 respondents which is 18% of the entire population in the study area were selected as a sample to represent the entire population. To investigate the forest change in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest area, the study mainly employed the participatory approach using Participatory Mapping technique. Other data collection techniques involved were semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and field observation. The target groups included the forest communities living in and around Ngezi Vumawimbi forest as well as government forestry officials at both local and national levels. Both spatial and non-spatial techniques such as Microsoft Excel, SPSS and GIS were used to analyze the data while tables, graphs, charts, boxes and maps were used to present the findings. The results of this study show that socio-demographic factors such as household size, income, educational level, marriage and occupation have substantively influenced the occurrence of deforestation and forest degradation in Ngezi Vumawimbi area. In addition to that the study findings showed that increasing population, in-migration and poverty, low level of livelihood options, poor technology and low level of education continue to affect Ngezi Vumawimbi forest reserve. Furthermore, the study reveals that the local residents have recognized the negative change of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest. They described that large part of the forest have been replaced by houses, roads and agriculture. Alongside this, they understand that some of plant and animal species such as milicia, erthophloem, phonix leaves, chesi and wild pigs have become rare or almost extinct. This perception is also supported by a scientific tool like GIS which shows that Ngezi Vumawimbi forest reserve and forests surrounding it have drastically changed over the years due to encroachment from human activities, especially the western and southern areas of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest. The study further shows that deforestation and forest degradation are the major ecological problems in Ngezi Vumawimbi forest area. According to the community perceptions, the observed changes of the forest were attributed to both anthropogenic factors (unsustainable harvest of forest products, sand quarrying, declining of traditional system of managing forest and some of the illegal forest practices) and political factors such as land tenure and sectarian conflicts. Forest degradation and deforestation have negative socio-economic and cultural implications to the community livelihood in the study area. It has reduced availability of various forest products upon which local communities solely depends on it. These include; food, money, wood materials for house construction and cooking. The study puts the following conclusions; there is need for Ngezi areas to shift the forest management approach toward more local participatory management. The respondents require sound management decisions that are publicly acceptable, economically feasible and ecologically sustainable. In order to achieve the everlasting solution of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest, other intervention measures were also proposed. For example, areas for socio-economic and cultural activities such as agriculture, forest products, and road and conservation are adequately discussed and their ‘proper’ location proposed. The study believes that, this strategy will contribute greatly to poverty reduction, improve the community livelihood and sustainable conservation of Ngezi Vumawimbi forest reserve.
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    Socio-economic impacts of rural-urban migration in Chake-Chake district, Pemba
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2009) Zahor, Zahor Khalifa
    The aim of this study is to examine the social economic impacts of rural- urban migration in Chake-Chake district, Pemba. Also, to examine the root causes which make young people to out-migrate their home land. Lastly, to determine to what extent the government has contributed to overcome this problem. To reach the aim of the study three villages were selected namely Shamiani, Wawi and Fidel Castro. About 10% of the population in the areas concerned was selected as a sample to represent the entire population which was about 170 people. Also, the study was made in Unguja where the Wapemba use as their destination area where 30migrants were interviewed. The Access, Excel, SPSS, Central Tendency methods such as mean, mode and medium were used to analyze the data. Tables, graphs and charts were used to present the findings. The findings from the study indicated that many people are involving in migration specifically the young males. They are forced to leave their homes because of unequal distribution of resources which lead to difficulties and hardship life in the area concerned. Poor education, poor social services and political harassment also were among the factors that pushed them to leave their area of origin. Further the study shows that the migrants when they reach the area of destination they maintain the contact with their home land and invest at households and community level. For example, they send money which are used to buy the basic needs such as food and enable to pay educational services for their children and their sisters and brothers. Also, assists their homes by building modern houses and fishing which are strategic mechanisms to adapt the difficult condition in the study area to those who remain there. On the other side, the study indicated that the absence of young people in the study area have negative impacts such as shortage of labour force, overburden of task and responsibilities to the women, families are broken, poor performance of the students and hence increased dependency ratio. Further the study shows that although there were massive impacts of migration in the study area, no efforts were undertaken by government to solve the problems. The study confirmed that now the problem of out-migration has become critical in the study area and so immediate actions are necessary to rectify the situation before the condition becomes terrible. The following measures has been recommended by the study:- To equalize distribution of resources by providing and improving social services, such as transport and communication, water supply, health services, improve the quality of education in Pemba which include the establishment of quality universities, good and competent teachers, instruments, references and other equipments, reliable electricity and other services. Also, the improvement of employment and price of the crops of the farmers and solve the problem of political conflicts.