Browsing by Author "Shaidi, Leonard Paulo"

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    Explaining crime and social control in Tanzania mainland: an historical social economic perspective
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1985) Shaidi, Leonard Paulo
    The central hypotheses of this thesis dwells around the following themes: first, the explanation of crime as a creation of the state (criminalization of conduct). Secondly, the explanation of conduct (acts and omissions) as a product of the society. Third, although the major function of criminal law is to foster social control, the state employs other non-coercive measures to achieve the same goal which cannot be ignored. Fourth, criminal law and coercive measures are sometimes directed at goals which have no immediate relationship with social control, especially in states with a poor economic base. Traditionally crime or criminal conduct has been regarded as inherently ‘bad’ behaviour, and treated as if this has eternally been so. Contrary to this belief it is argued that there is nothing intrinsically ‘criminal’ in censured behaviour. In other words the ‘criminality’ of an act or omission lies in the social censure and not in its inherent nature. The state having censured certain acts and omissions with the support of its coercive and ideological apparatuses manages to stigmatize such practices and the participants as abnormal. Through an historical analysis of the phenomenon of crime and social control, it is argued that most censured practices or crimes are a form of individual self preservative conditions of a class society. The victims are nor sick or abnormal, but normal human beings responding in a normal and often rational way to the prevailing socio-economic conditions. It is shown historically how changes in the social formation breeds new forms of behaviour, and how the state responds in both regulating and suppressing those forms of behaviour which threaten the reproduction of the prevailing social relations. This thesis is divided into five chapters corresponding generally to the historical stages in the development of Tanzania, with exception of chapter one which deals with basic theoretical questions considered to be relevant to this work.
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    The problem of corruption in Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 1975) Shaidi, Leonard Paulo
    The primary aim of this thesis is to examine the problem of corruption in Tanzania. In this connection, therefore, an inquiry into the causes of corruption and attempts made towards eradication corruption is made. After defining corruption on the introductory part of the thesis, chapter one deals with the anatomy of corruption. Different forms of corruption, together with the effects of corruption, are examined in detail. It is argued that large scale corruption is mainly concentrated amongst the petty bourgeoisie. Corruption is seen as promoting inefficiency contrary to the views held by many bourgeois scholars that it promotes efficiency. The causes of corruption are discussed in chapter two. Any scientific inquiry into this problem has to take a historical approach. In analyzing the development of mankind therefore, in different modes of production, it is shown how corruption developed and at the same time how corruption is part and parcel of some modes of production. In particular, the slavery, feudal and capitalist modes of production are singled out as having the material base of corruption. Fractural evidence that corruption is rampant in Tanzania can be seen in chapter three. General and particular corruption scandals are discussed. Chapter four examines attempted solutions to this problem in Tanzania. Tanzania's socio-economic structure, which is largely neo-colonial and capitalist in nature is conducive to corruption. In the final part it is, therefore, argued that the long term solution to the problem lies in the socialist revolution, which provides a mode of production with no material base for corruption. The Arusha Declaration is seen as a declaration of intention towards this direction.