Browsing by Author "Kombe, Luinasia Elikunda"

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    The formation of relative clauses in kivunjo
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2010) Kombe, Luinasia Elikunda
    Different languages have different strategies of relative clauses construction. The present study is an investigation into relative clause construction in Kivunjo using an earlier version of TG conceptual framework. Data was collected from native speakers using a questionnaire and tape-recorded semi-structured interviews. The study has revealed that Kivunjo lacks lexical relative pronoun but uses instead verbal tone to signal relativization. The process of deriving surface relative structures from two underlying sentence structures having identical or co- referential NPs involves several transformations. Essentially, the process involves three major operations namely pronominalization, focus deletion and insertion of high tone. Other processes may also include fronting and postposition depending on the function of NP to be relativized. In relation to Keenan Accessibility Principle, the grammatical relations that could be relativized in Kivunjo are the subject, direct and indirect object and oblique. However, there is no evidence that positions below the oblique, namely the genitive and object of comparison could undergo relative transformations. Different types of relative clause formation are unveiled and they broadly include restrictive and non-restrictive. Other minor constructions are free and bound clauses, cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions and emphatic constructions which are also involved in constituent questioning. Given the complex nature of relativization in Kivunjo, there might be more aspects that are related to the phenomenon than those covered here, and this attracts further investigations, not only in Kivunjo but other languages as well.
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    Uchambuzi wa sintaksia ya uambatanishaji katika lugha ya kiswahili
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) Kombe, Luinasia Elikunda
    Tafiti zinaonyesha kwamba lugha nyingi ulimwenguni zinaonekana kuwa na tungo ambatani za aina fulani, ingawa kuna tofauti nyingi za kiisimu Camacho,2003;Haspelmath, 2004; Drellishak,2004; Zhang,2009). Utafiti huu ulilenga kuchunguza sintaksia ya uambatishaji katika lugha ya kiswahili kwa kubainisha viunganishi ambatanishi, kuchambua sintaskia ya viunganishi hivyo na kufafanua mwenendo wa lugha ya kiswahili kuhusu masharti ya uambatanishaji. Data za utafiti huu zilipatikana maktabani katika hotuba ya viongozi, ripoti ya serikali, riwaya na magazeti. Mbinu ya usomaji wa maandiko na ununuzi wa tungo ambatani zilitumika kukusanyia data ambazo zilichambuliwa kiuelezi. Utafiti huu ulitumia mkabala wa kitaamuli na uliongozwa na Nadharia Rasmi Panufu. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanaonyesha kuwa kiswahili huambatanisha vipashio vyake kwa kutumia viunganishi ambatanishi dhahiri na viunganishi ambatanishi visivyo dhahiri. Mkato katika maandishi. Viungatanishi ambatanishi hivyo vina dhima ya uongezi,uchaguzi, utebguzi, ukanushi na uwakati. Nafasi ya viunganishi ambatanishi katika tungo ambatani ni tatu. Kwanza, viunganishi ambatanishi ambavyo ni maneno huru huwekwa kati ya viambatanishwa. Pili, kiambishi huwekwa ndani ya kitenzi cha kila kiambatanishwa isispokua kiambatanishwa cha kwanza. Tatu, alama ya mkato inayowakilishwa kiimbo huwekwa baada tu ya kila kiambatanishwa isipokua kiambatanishwa cha mwisho. Baadhi ya viunganishi ambatanishi vya lugha ya Kiswahili huambatanishwa vipashio zaidi ya viwili ilhali vingine huambatanisha vipashio viwili tu. Vilevile, imebainika kua baadhi ya vianganishi ambatanishi huambatanisha katerogia zote za vapashio wakati vingine huambatanisha tu kategoria za vipashio zenye kitenzi ndani yake. Aidha, kuhusu sharti la kuambatanisha vipashio vyenye hadhi sawa, matokeo yanaonyesha kuwa kiswahili huambatanisha vipashio vyenye hadhi sawa kinyume na madai yaliyoyolewa na De Vos na Riedel(2017) kuwa kiswahili huambatanisha vipashio visivyo na hadhi sawa. Vilevile, kuhusu shartizuizi la tungo ambatani, matokeo yanaonyesha kuwa linaakisiwa katika lugha ya kiswahili. Hii ni kwa sababu viulizi vya Kiswahili huwa havioneshi uhamishaji wa vipashio bali hukaa mahali pa kawaida pa vipashio husika,kiambatanishwa cha mwisho katika tungo ambatani kinaweza kufanywa kuwa swali jambo ambalo ni kinyume na sharti hilo. Hii inaonesha kuwa ni vigumu kuwa na kanuni moja inayoakisiwa katika lugha zote kwa sababu kila lugha ina upekee wake. Matokeo haya yanamchango mkubwa katika kuonesha upekee wa lugha ya kiswahili katika uwanja wa umbatanishaji. Hivyo, utaiti huu unapendekeza tafiti zaidi kuhusu sintaksia ya uambatanishaji katika lugha za kibantu ili kuonesha upekee wa lugha hizi katika uwanja huu wa uambatanishaji. Kinadharia, utafiti huu umethibitisha kwamba suala la muundo wa ndani na muundo wa nje wa tungo bado lina mashiko katika uchambuzi wa lugha kwa sababu baadhi ya tungo zinazotumika katika mawasiliano ni matokeo ya mageuzi yaliofanyika katika miundo ya ndani ya tungo hizo. Hivyo bni vigumu kupata matokeo sahihi kwakuchunguza miundo ya nje pekee bila kuhusisha miundo ya ndani.