Browsing by Author "Kaoneka, Salehe"

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    The morpho-syntax of relative clauses in Shambala
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2018) Kaoneka, Salehe
    The primary goal of this thesis is to describe and analyse relative clause constructions in Shambala. This thesis presents an account of the salient and linguistic properties of the relative clauses with a particular focus on the strategies which are employed in the formation of relative clause constructions. Shambala, just like other Bantu languages, employs different mechanisms in forming relative clauses. The data collected quest to see whether Shambala behaves in the same manner as other Bantu languages or these is a unique strategy in that language. The data for the study was in form of two hundred, eighty three relative clause constructions which were extracted from oral, written and audio-visual sources. The results revealed that morphological relative clause markers are the sole technique that is employed in the formation of relative constructions in Shambala. The common relative clause markers identified are –o, e-, and ndi-. The study also established that the distributions of these relative markers are triggered by the tense/aspect variations. This means that, in Shambala, every relative constructions in Shambala. The common relative markers occurs in different environments. One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that Shambala relative clauses are tense sensitive. Tense distinctions in relative clauses lead to different positioning of relative markers. In unmarked relative constructions, different relative markers represent different tenses. A relative marker –o occurs at the post verbal position after the tensed –iye or –a and it is related to clauses which indicate past tense. The relativization of the relative marker e- occurs before the verb stem and after the subject/agreement marker and it denotes the present tense. The relative marker ndi- occurs with relative clauses in future tense. However, in marked relative constructions, ndi- relative constructions may refer to other tenses. In this study other research areas are proposed. Firstly, the phonological phrasing in relative clauses is an area of research which can be done in Shambala relative clauses. Secondary, the tense/aspect sensitivity deserves a special attention in a Shambala relative clause. Secondly, the tense/aspect sensitivity deserves a special attension in Shambala relative clauses.
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    Verb extensions in Shambala:their occurrence and co-occurrence constraints
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2009) Kaoneka, Salehe
    This dissertation is an in-depth study of verbal extensions in Shambala, with a focus on derivational morphology. In it the exploration of morphology, syntax and the semantic implication of each extension, argument structure, constraints against ordering and co-occurrence are made.This study is descriptive and it has attested the following approaches: Mirror Principle (MP), LFG specifically its elaborate sub-theory Lexical Mapping Theory (LMT), Templatic morphology and Argument Structure. These approaches have been adopted in order to test their applicability in Bantu languages like Shambala. However, a conclusion is made that no single approach can account for the ordering of affixes across Bantu languages. In an attempt to meet the objectives of this study, each verb root and its extension are fragmented into appropriate formatives with the aim of seeing the patterns between particular verbal extensions. Then, all verbal extensions were identified in order to discuss their thematic roles, argument structure and co-occurrence constraints in their orderings. Finally, all verbal extension formatives were combined in an attempt to establish the possible combinations. It is revealed that the verb root can maximally accommodate up to four extensions with different semantic implications and the productivity of verbal extensions varies from one extension to another. Some extensions increase the argument structure in the case of the applicative and causative, while others decrease the argument structure like the stative, passive and reciprocal. It is also revealed that the order and co-occurrence of verb extensions in Bantu are constrained by a number of factors, such as morphological, syntactic, semantic and predicate structure. Further researches are recommended on the maximum limit of extensions to co-occur due to variations of data provided by different speakers and a theory which can fully handle cases of verbal extension orderings in Bantu languages.