Browsing by Author "John, Maria"

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    Effect of different dietary protein sources on growth performance of rufiji tilapia, oreochromis urolepis urolepis (Norman, 1922)
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2015) John, Maria
    One of the challenges facing intensive tilapia aquaculture development in developing countries is finding suitable alternatives to fishmeal (FM) from easily available and cheap local dietary protein sources. A 56 days experiment was therefore conducted in 80-liter plastic containers to investigate the suitability of blood meal (BM), sunflower meal (SFM) and Azola meal (AM) as alternative dietary protein sources on growth performance and feed utilization of the Rufiji tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis urolepis Norman (1922). Dry pelleted BM, SFM and AM containing 35% crude protein and 10% lipid were used as a protein sources and FM was used as a control in feeding two sets each containing 10 fingerlings with an average weight of 0.92±0.They were fed twice a day at a daily ration of 5% of the body weight. Water parameters monitored during the study were pH, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in growth performance and feed utilization in terms of weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and specific growth rate in all the three diets used. From the results of the present study fish meal can be replaced up to 15%, 45% and 60% with Azolla, sunflower and blood meals respectively without affecting the general growth performance of the experimental fish. Cost analysis showed that fish feeding on BM was most cost effective followed by AM then SFM.
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    The impact of team conflicts on the performance of project based organizations: the case study of youth empowerment project in Njombe district, Tanzania
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) John, Maria
    The objective of this study was to assess the impact of project team conflicts on the performance of Youth Empowerment Project (YEP) in Njombe district. The specific objectives of the study were to investigate types and source of conflicts the effects of project team conflicts in YEP and lastly, examine strategies and styles employed in managing project team conflicts in YEP. Through qualitative case study, data were collected using documents review, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions from 52 respondents. Study respondents included project manager, heads of project sections, wards' representatives and project officers. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. Data collected were analyzed qualitatively through content analysis. The study has revealed that competition over scarce resources; work place interdependence, poor communication and individual differences like cultural and educational backgrounds are common sources of conflicts in the project. Moreover, the study revealed that intrapersonal, interpersonal and interdepartmental conflicts were the kinds of conflicts occurring in the project team. Performance wise, conflict was found to be constructive at the time it inspired great work and commitments of project officers towards project efficiency. On the other side, it was destructive when project officers were engaging in misunderstandings that were emotional and personal in nature and hence reducing their commitment and teamwork toward project efficiency. Furthermore, avoidance, accommodation, collaboration and compromise were revealed to be the used styles in managing conflicts in YEP. Clearly defined roles and priorities, effective communication, good governance and leadership as well as proper utilization of resources were proactive strategies for conflict management. Joint discussion with parties in conflict and issuing of warnings to parties in conflict were reactive strategies in managing conflict. Conclusively, the study concluded that conflicts are inevitable among individuals forming a team in a project. Conflict situation and behavior of those in conflicts influence largely the effect of conflicts on performance, that is, can be either constructive or destructive. Also styles and strategies to be used in managing conflict depend on the situation and individuals in conflicts. The study recommends that, members in project need to embrace that they differ in backgrounds, culture, interest and perceptions. Therefore, interpersonal relationship should be encouraged among them. Moreover, project managers should ensure that the available scare resources are utilized wisely and effectively in a project for the benefit of project organization. Project officers should struggle working towards achieving functional conflicts rather than the dysfunctional conflicts. Lastly, project manager should develop and encourage the use of appropriate conflict management strategies and styles as conflict can be constructive and destructive at the same time. In addition, the study recommends a similar study to be done by using both qualitative and quantitative approach for comparative purposes.
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    Investigating whether code-switching is a liability or asset for English language learning in Tanzania a case of two Secondary Schools in Lushoto District
    (University of Dar es Salaam, 2019) John, Maria
    This study sought to find out whether code-switching is a liability or asset in EFL classes in Tanzania using two secondary schools in Lushoto District, Tanga Region. The study examines the causes of code-switching among learners of a foreign language, and suggests how code-switching could be used, as a facility in foreign language classes especially at initial stages of teaching and learning English at secondary school level.The theoretical framework which guided this study was the comprehensible input hypothesis by Krashen (2013). He listed a number of principles that govern his theory of foreign language acquisition. This theory suggests the creation of native like environment when learning a foreign language. Eighty students, forty from each school, were involved in filling in the questionnaire. Eight teachers who filled in the questionnaire and took part in the interview were involved in the study. As for interviews, only twenty students - ten from each school were involved.The data was collected through a questionnaire, interview and observation. The study used a purposive sampling technique to get the intended sample. Also, this study was a case study in design. The data collected was analysed qualitatively. The findings indicate that the use of code-switching in learning a foreign language helps teachers to clarify their target language instruction especially when students fail to understand such instruction in the target language. This study recommends that code-switching may be used in the beginning classes but should gradually be abandoned as students go into higher classes.